Have breakfast speech style. Speech styles in Russian. Types of functional speech styles

Characteristic of various types of communication. Each style is characterized by its own set of speech means, is appropriate in a certain area, has its own genres, and purpose of use.

What are the different speech styles? Let's take a closer look at their classification.

Colloquial. This is the style in which we communicate every day in everyday life. He is characterized by colloquial vocabulary, a large set of emotionally charged words (for example, “boy”, “cool”, etc.). In colloquial speech, it is permissible to use incomplete sentences, the meaning of which is clear from the context, and informal addresses. Genres of style can be conversation or conversation (oral forms), notes, letters (written form).

Art style. Its purpose is to influence readers, shape their feelings and thoughts, using a variety of images. The genres of this style are prose, drama, poetry. In order to convey images, writers use all styles of speech, all the richness of the Russian language.

The scientific style is intended to explain scientific works, and its scope of use is research activities. A distinctive feature of scientific speech is the abundance of terms - words that have a single, most precise, comprehensive meaning. Genres of science include reports, textbooks, abstracts, and scientific works.

The official business style is intended for communication between citizens and institutions or institutions among themselves. For this purpose, protocols, official letters, laws, regulations, announcements, etc. are used. This style contains a lot of cliches (set expressions), business vocabulary, and official addresses.

Journalistic style has a strictly defined purpose. Translated from Latin, the word means “state”, “public”. It is needed for:

• propaganda of ideas;
• influence on public opinion;
• transmitting vital information while simultaneously influencing a person;
• instilling ideas, views;
• incentives to perform certain actions;
• agitation.

The sphere of use of this style is cultural, social, economic, and political relations. It is used in the media, public speaking, propaganda and political spheres. Features of the journalistic style of speech are:

• consistency of the narrative;
• imagery of speech means;
• emotionality of performances;
• narrative evaluation;
• appeal of speeches.

It is quite natural that the emotional coloring of the style corresponds to no less emotional linguistic means. Political and social vocabulary and a wide variety of syntactic constructions are widely used here. The use of appeals, slogans, and incentive offers is allowed.

Genres of journalism:

• interview;
• essays;
• reports;
• articles;
• feuilletons;
• speeches (oratorical, judicial);
• speeches.

To some extent, journalistic and scientific styles of speech are close. Both must reflect only verified facts, be reliable, strictly substantiated, and specific.

Some articles or speeches in journalism are even structured in the likeness of a scientific text. A thesis is put forward, followed by arguments, facts, and examples. Then a conclusion is drawn. But, unlike the scientific one, the journalistic style is characterized by high emotionality, tension, and often a personal attitude to what is happening.

Unfortunately, modern journalists do not always fulfill the requirements mandatory for publicists. Often their articles are based on unverified data, and to create sensational material, some publicists use deliberately false information.

When constructing your speech, addressing someone, creating an artistic or scientific text, you need to remember: parts of speech were not invented by chance. The ability to convey one’s thoughts accurately and appropriately characterizes a person as an educated, cultural person.

Style is the main element of speech. In essence, this is the “clothing” of the text, its design. And people's clothes speak volumes.

A man in a formal suit is probably a business worker, and a guy in sneakers and stretched sweatpants is either out to buy bread or is still an athlete.

Likewise, by the stylistic “clothing” of the text one can understand in what area it “works” - functions.

Speaking scientifically, style is a system of various linguistic means and the ways in which they are organized, which has developed over the entire historical period of language development. The use of each of the existing systems is typical for a strictly defined sphere of communication between people: for example, the scientific sphere, official business, the sphere of media activity, fiction, or the sphere of communication in everyday life or on the Internet.

By the way, please note: in some sources text styles are called speech styles. Both phrases are the same thing.

Types of text (speech) styles

The Russian language has historically developed four functional styles. Later, the style of fiction emerged from the journalistic style.

Thus, there are currently five styles of speech:

How to distinguish one style from another? For example, a men's business suit is a combination of trousers, shirt, tie, jacket and shoes. And style is also a combination of certain “subjects” - elements: words, sentences (syntactic structures) and text structure.

Characteristics of speech styles

So, how can you recognize the scientific style by “clothes”?

Rich expressive and emotional vocabulary. Metaphors and comparisons at every step. “Colorful” words are slang, abusive, outdated. Sentence structures that are easy to understand (“It was getting dark”). Bright author's position.

How to identify?

First of all, this is a style for everyday live communication between people. In writing, it is used when the author wants to establish a closer, personal contact with his readers. Personal notes on a blog, selling texts, notes from social networks, etc. are often written in a conversational style. It is characterized by lively speech, pronounced expression, colloquial and colloquial words and phrases, colorfulness, high subjectivity and evaluativeness, repetitions, incomplete sentences . Sometimes obscene language is also used.

Thus, when working on a text, it is important to combine stylistic elements. Otherwise, you risk being left without a reader, and your manuscript being locked in the desk. Why? Are you going to apply for an office job in torn jeans and an elongated T-shirt? I think not.

So you shouldn’t write in a scientific style. However, in an artistic style you can use elements of each - scientific, conversational, journalistic... The main thing is to understand why you are doing this, for what purpose, what effect you want to achieve.

Therefore, in order not to look stupid, find out the features of different styles, their elements and - learn to work with them.

And don’t forget – you are greeted by your clothes. And not only people, but also texts.

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As already noted, the literary language can be used in any communication situation: in official and informal settings, in the field of science, office work, in the media, in fiction, in everyday life. Naturally, such a variety of functions performed cannot but lead to the fact that several variants are gradually formed in the literary language, each of which is intended for communication in a certain field of human activity.

In modern Russian literary language there are usually five styles:

• official business (business),

  newspaper-journalistic (journalistic),

  art,

  colloquial.

Each style has a number of specific speech characteristics, which are formed depending on the area in which communication takes place and what functions the language performs.

Scientific, official business and journalistic styles are similar in that they are intended to convey rather complex content and function in the sphere of official communication, mainly in written form. That's why they are called book styles.

In particular, this is manifested in the stylistic stratification of Russian vocabulary. So, along with commonly used words, that is, words that are used by everyone and in all cases (for example: mother, earth, water, run), used in book styles book vocabulary, that is, one that looks alien in casual conversation.

For example, in a friendly letter it is hardly appropriate to use terms, clerical words, etc.: On green spaces the first leaves appeared; We were walking in the forest and sunbathed by the pond.

All book styles are contrasted with the conversational style, which is used in informal, everyday, everyday communication, usually in oral speech that has not been prepared in advance. And here, along with commonly used words, there is frequent use of colloquial vocabulary, that is, one that is inappropriate in book styles, but is inherent in informal everyday speech.

For example, in everyday life we ​​use the word potatoes, liver, and in a textbook on botany and biology they are inappropriate precisely because they are colloquial. Therefore, the terms will be used there potatoes, liver.

Stratification of vocabulary by use in certain styles ( common vocabulary - book And colloquial vocabulary) should not be confused with the stratification of vocabulary according to the presence or absence of evaluation and emotional-expressive coloring of a word (although in some cases these characteristics overlap each other). Emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions, feelings. Expressive - expressive, containing the expression of feelings, experiences (from the Latin expressio - “expression”). From this point of view, neutral vocabulary is contrasted with evaluative, emotional-expressive vocabulary.

Neutral vocabulary is words devoid of stylistic coloring. They can indicate emotions, express an assessment of phenomena ( joy, love, good, bad), but in this case the expression of emotions or assessment constitutes the very meaning of the word, and is not layered on it.

A feature of emotional-evaluative and emotionally-expressive vocabulary is that evaluation and emotional-expressive coloring are “overlaid” on the lexical meaning of the word, but are not reduced to it. Such a word not only names this or that phenomenon, but also expresses an assessment, the speaker’s attitude towards this object, phenomenon, feature, etc. This is easy to demonstrate by comparing neutral and emotionally expressive synonyms, that is, words that are close or identical in meaning:

eyes - eyes, balls; face - muzzle, face; son - son; stupid is a fool.

Emotionally expressive vocabulary is usually divided into high and low. High vocabulary is used in pathetic texts and in solemn acts of communication. Reduced- combines words of low social significance and, as a rule, containing elements of harsh assessment. In addition to this general characteristic, expressively colored words can acquire various stylistic shades, as indicated by marks in dictionaries.

For example: ironically - democrat(“rubber baton” in colloquial speech); disapprovingly - rally; contemptuously - sycophant; playfully - newly minted; familiarly - not bad; vulgar - grabber.

Emotionally expressive vocabulary requires careful attention. Its inappropriate use can give the speech a comical sound. This often manifests itself in student essays.

A special place in the style system is occupied by language of fiction. Since literature reflects all spheres of life, it can use for aesthetic purposes, to create artistic images, the means of any styles of literary language, and, if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, jargons, and vernacular. The main function of artistic style is aesthetic. And here everything is determined by specific tasks, a sense of proportion and the artistic taste of the writer.

Of course, the specifics of each style are manifested not only in vocabulary, but also in grammar, in the peculiarities of text construction, etc. But all these linguistic features are determined precisely by the functions that each style performs, and by the areas of communication in which this style is used. This leads to the fact that each style has a certain dominant, that is, an organizing feature of this style.

Exercises for the topic “5.1. General characteristics of styles. Stylistic stratification of vocabulary. Emotionally expressive coloring of the word"

Speech style- this is a separate system of language elements, a form of utterance and presentation of information, which are determined by the purpose and conditions for presenting information, in other words: how, where, with whom and why we are talking at the moment.

There are five styles in the Russian language, four of which are book styles:

official business;

journalistic;

scientific;

art,

the fifth style in the Russian language is colloquial.

Examples of speech styles in Russian.

Formal business style:

By this receipt, I, Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov, undertake to pay the amount of 50,000 (fifty thousand) rubles by 01/01/2016.


Journalistic style:

Former deputy board director of Moscow City Bank Vasily Yakin was sentenced to 5 years in prison for the theft of about 130 million rubles in bank funds.


Scientific style:

Speech styles are systems of linguistic elements within a literary language, delimited by the conditions and tasks of communication.


Art style:

A fog, like fresh milk, quietly spread over the river. The birds almost fell silent in the forest. Another July morning was approaching.


Conversational style:

Hello my dear! How are you doing? Everything is fine with me, I got a new job, and now I have absolutely no time.

As you can see, each style has its own, characteristic only for it means of language: words, phrases, types of sentences, methods of stylistic coloring of speech. For example, in a scientific, official business or journalistic style, what may be acceptable or even obligatory in an artistic or conversational style is unacceptable.

Each of the speech styles is embodied in speech genres - certain forms or types of texts. Genres of speech- this is a form of organization of speech that distinguishes and characterizes types of texts. Genres of speech also distinguish the nature of the speech activity of the language and the form of its use, for example, interview- genre dialogue; journalistic article- genre monologue; article - written genre; report- oral genre, etc.

Most often, each genre of speech is characteristic of a certain style of speech, but there are genres that are characteristic of several styles at once ( inter-style genres), for example: genre interview typical for official business style and journalistic style, and genres feature article, article And essay characteristic of journalistic and scientific styles.

Stylistics(the word “style” comes from the name of the needle, or stiletto with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) - this is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of literary language (functional styles of speech), the patterns of language functioning in different spheres of use, the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in depending on the situation, content and purpose of the statement, the sphere and condition of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech.

Stylistics teaches the conscious and purposeful use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech.

There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: stylistics of language and stylistics of speech (functional stylistics). Language stylistics examines the stylistic structure of language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar.

Functional stylistics studies, first of all, different types of speech, their dependence on different purposes of utterance. M. N. Kozhina gives the following definition: “Functional stylistics is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of language functioning in various types of speech corresponding to certain spheres of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the resulting functional styles and “norms.” “selection and combination of linguistic means.”

At its core, stylistics must be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection between different types of speech with the topic, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, and the attitude of the author to the subject of speech. The most important category of stylistics is functional styles- varieties of literary speech (literary language) serving various aspects of public life. Styles are different ways of using language when communicating.

Each style of speech is characterized by the originality of the selection of linguistic means and their unique combination with each other.

Thus, five styles of the Russian literary language are distinguished:

Colloquial;

Official business;

Scientific;

Journalistic;

Art.

Colloquial speech serves for direct communication, when we share our thoughts or feelings with others, exchange information on everyday issues. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. The conversational style is characterized by emotion, imagery, concreteness, and simplicity of speech.

In colloquial speech, the emotionality of a statement, unlike artistic speech, is not the result of creative work or artistic mastery. She is a living reaction to events, to the actions of people around her.

Unforced communication leads to greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words (stupid, rotozey, talking shop, giggle, cackle), colloquial words (neigh, rokhlya, aho-vy, klutz), slang words (ancestors - parents) are more widely used ).

In colloquial speech, words with evaluation suffixes, especially diminutives, are often used: candle, candle (neutral candle), window, window (neutral window), etc.

The conversational style is characterized by simple sentences, a dialogical form of speech, and addresses. The content of colloquial speech heard during direct communication is supplemented by the context of the speech. Therefore, the conversational style is characterized by incomplete sentences: they express only what complements the interlocutor’s remarks with new information that develops the topic of speech.

Example of colloquial speech: A month before leaving Moscow, we ran out of money - it was dad who was preparing for fishing... And then the fishing began. The father sat down on the shore, laid out all his belongings, lowered the fishpond into the water, threw out the fishing rods - there were no fish.

Scientific style is the style of scientific communication. Its genres are scientific articles and educational literature.

The scientific style of speech is characterized by the use of terms and abstract words; emotional vocabulary of a colloquial nature, phraseological units, etc. are completely excluded; widespread use of verbal nouns, participles and gerunds, the predominance of the genitive and nominative case of the name, verbal forms of the present tense of the 3rd person, etc.; the use of complex sentences, including multi-component ones, etc.

The main purpose of a scientific text is to describe phenomena, objects, name them and explain them. Common features of scientific style vocabulary are: the use of words in their literal meaning; lack of figurative means (epithets, metaphors, artistic comparisons, hyperboles, etc.)? extensive use of abstract vocabulary and terms. For example: The most important economic and biological characteristics of varieties are: resistance to growing conditions (climate, soil, pests and diseases), durability, transportability and storage duration. (G. Fetisov)

Formal business style used for reporting, informing in an official setting (the sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). Within the framework of this style, various documents are drawn up: laws, orders, regulations, specifications, protocols, receipts, certificates.

In an official business style there is no room for the manifestation of the author's individuality, therefore its main stylistic feature is formality and precision. Business style is characterized by special vocabulary (decree, protocol, resolution, etc.) and stable combinations (make a decision, consider invalid, should be indicated, should be kept in mind, etc.).

An example of a formal business style of speech:

SYSTEM MENU

The system menu is called up by the button located in the upper left corner of the window. The commands in this menu are standardized for all applications in the Windows environment. The system menu is available in each document window. It can be called even if the window is minimized to an icon by clicking on the icon once with the mouse button. There is also a way to open the system menu using the keyboard - using the key combination.

System menu commands are selected using the mouse, cursor keys, or by entering the underlined letters in the command name along with . (V. Pasko)

Journalistic style- this is the style of newspapers, magazines, literary critical books and articles, speeches on socio-political topics in any audience in direct contact with the addressees of the speech, as well as speeches on radio, television, etc.

The main task is to influence the listener or reader in order to motivate him (them) to action, reflection, etc. The main topics are socio-political and moral-ethical problems.

In speeches on socio-political topics there is a lot of specific vocabulary and phraseological units: society, debates, parliament, tough measures, social explosion, stand on guard, etc.

In order to influence the listener or reader in journalism, words and expressions are widely used that have a positive evaluative (valiant, wonderful, etc.) and negative evaluative connotation (false humanity, thugs, yellow press, and etc.).

The journalistic style is more free in the choice of linguistic means than the scientific and business style. In journalism, proverbs, catchphrases, phraseological units, artistic and visual means (comparisons, metaphors, etc.), colloquial vocabulary are appropriate; Interrogative (often rhetorical questions) and exclamatory sentences, appeals and other techniques are widely used.

An example of a journalistic style of speech:

Needless to say, Russia is rich in natural resources and mineral reserves—everyone knows about this. But its real wealth is people, their intelligence, knowledge and experience. Outside Russia they have long understood what the truly inexhaustible source of our wealth is. Many young scientists are still trying to go to the West. And the reason for this is not always money. Often there is no necessary equipment in laboratories or working conditions. How to fix the situation? First of all, you need to learn how to correctly evaluate knowledge - as they do in all developed countries (according to V. A. Makarov)

Artistic speech- speech of fiction (prose and poetry). Artistic speech, influencing the imagination and feelings of readers, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the wealth of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality.

The emotionality of artistic speech differs significantly from the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles, primarily in that it performs an aesthetic function.

Elements of other styles easily penetrate into artistic speech if they are necessary to achieve certain goals and objectives, therefore it is distinguished by its diversity and stylistic multicolor. Thus, to recreate a historical era, writers use historicisms (or archaisms), to describe the life of people of a particular locality - dialectisms, etc.

An example of artistic speech:

“Everything you meet on Nevsky Prospekt is full of decency: men in long frock coats, with their hands in their pockets, ladies in hats. Here you will meet the only sideburns, worn with extraordinary and amazing art under a tie, sideburns velvet, satin, black, like sable or coal, but, alas, belonging only to one foreign college...

Here you will meet a wonderful mustache, not depicted by any pen, by any brush; a mustache, to which the best half of life is dedicated, is the subject of long vigils during the day and night, a mustache on which the most delicious perfumes and aromas are poured out... Thousands of varieties of hats, dresses, scarves - colorful, light, ... - will even dazzle someone on Nevsky Prospekt. (N. Gogol)