Presentation on the topic myths of ancient Greece. Presentation on the topic "myths of ancient Greece." Who are called heroes in myths?
Religious ideas of the ancient Greeks about the world of the gods The religious ideas and religious life of the ancient Greeks were in close connection with their entire historical life. The gods lived on Mount Olympus. There was a hierarchy between them, like between people: there were main Gods, minor ones, demigods (heroes in Greek mythology, for example Hercules). The gods were present in the life of the Greeks as naturally as all Greek nature. They often interfered in people's lives and competed with each other for influence on people.
THE BIRTH OF ZEUS Cronus was not sure that power would forever remain in his hands. He was afraid that his children would rebel against him and would subject him to the same fate to which he doomed his father Uranus. He was afraid of his children. And Kron ordered his wife Rhea to bring him the children that were born and mercilessly swallowed them. Rhea was horrified when she saw the fate of her children. Cronus has already swallowed five: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades (Hades) and Poseidon.
Rhea did not want to lose her last child. On the advice of her parents, Uranus - Heaven and Gaia - Earth, she retired to the island of Crete, and there, in a deep cave, her youngest son Zeus was born. In this cave, Rhea hid her son from her cruel father, and instead of her son she gave him a long stone wrapped in swaddling clothes to swallow. Krohn had no idea that he had been deceived by his wife.
Zeus, meanwhile, grew up in Crete. The nymphs Adrastea and Idea cherished little Zeus; they fed him with the milk of the divine goat Amalthea. The bees brought honey to little Zeus from the slopes of the high mountain Dikta. At the entrance to the cave, the young Kuretes struck their shields with swords every time little Zeus cried, so that Kronos would not hear him cry, and Zeus would not suffer the fate of his brothers and sisters.
ZEUS OVERTHROWS THE CROWN. THE STRUGGLE OF THE OLYMPIAN GODS WITH THE TITANS The beautiful and powerful god Zeus grew up and matured. He rebelled against his father and forced him to bring back into the world the children he had absorbed. One after another, Kron spewed out his children from the mouth - the gods, beautiful and bright. They began to fight with Kron and the Titans for power over the world.
Finally, Zeus decided to free the hundred-armed giants - the Hecatoncheires - from the bowels of the earth; he called them to help. Terrible, huge as mountains, they emerged from the bowels of the earth and rushed into battle. They tore entire rocks from the mountains and threw them at the titans. Hundreds of rocks flew towards the titans when they approached Olympus. The earth groaned, a roar filled the air, everything around was shaking. Even Tartarus shuddered from this struggle.
Zeus threw fiery lightning and deafeningly roaring thunder one after another. Fire engulfed the entire earth, the seas boiled, smoke and stench covered everything with a thick veil. Finally, the mighty titans wavered. Their strength was broken, they were defeated. The Olympians chained them and cast them into gloomy Tartarus, into eternal darkness. At the copper indestructible gates of Tartarus, the hundred-armed hecatoncheires stood guard, and they guard so that the mighty titans do not break free from Tartarus again. The power of the titans in the world has passed.
THE FIGHT OF ZEUS WITH TYPHON But the struggle did not end there. Gaia - The Earth was angry with the Olympian Zeus for treating her defeated children - the Titans - so harshly. She married the gloomy Tartarus and gave birth to the terrible hundred-headed monster Typhon. Huge, with a hundred dragon heads, Typhon rose from the bowels of the earth.
He shook the air with a wild howl. The barking of dogs, human voices, the roar of an angry bull, the roar of a lion were heard in this howl. Turbulent flames swirled around Typhon, and the earth shook under his heavy steps. The gods shuddered with horror, but Zeus, the thunderer, boldly rushed at him, and the battle broke out.
Hundreds of fiery arrows rained down - the lightning of the thunderer Zeus; it seemed as if their fire was making the very air burn and the dark thunderclouds were burning. Zeus incinerated all of Typhon's hundred heads. Typhon collapsed to the ground; such heat emanated from his body that everything around him melted.
Zeus raised Typhon's body and threw it into the gloomy Tartarus, which gave birth to him. But even in Tartarus, Typhon also threatens the gods and all living things. It causes storms and eruptions; he gave birth to Echidna, a half-woman - half-snake, the terrible two-headed dog Orff, the hellish dog Kerberus, the Lernaean hydra and the Chimera; Typhon often shakes the earth.
The great thunderer Zeus saw her, fell in love and kidnapped her from Thetis. The gods celebrated the wedding of Zeus and Hera magnificently. Iris and the Charites clothed Hera in luxurious clothes, and she shone with her youthful, majestic beauty among the host of gods of Olympus, sitting on a golden throne next to the great king of gods and people, Zeus.
All the gods presented gifts to the queen Hera, and the Earth goddess Gaia grew from her bowels a wondrous apple tree with golden fruits as a gift to Hera. Everything in nature glorified Queen Hera and King Zeus. Hera reigns on high Olympus. She, like her husband Zeus, commands thunder and lightning, at her word the sky is covered with dark rain clouds, and with a wave of her hand she raises menacing storms.
The great Hera is beautiful, hair-eyed, lily-armed, wondrous curls fall from under her crown in a wave, her eyes glow with power and calm majesty. The gods honor Hera, and her husband, the cloud suppressor Zeus, honors her, and often consults with her. But quarrels between Zeus and Hera are also common. Hera often objects to Zeus and argues with him at the councils of the gods. Then the Thunderer gets angry and threatens his wife with punishment. Then Hera falls silent and restrains her anger. She remembers how Zeus subjected her to scourging, how he bound her with golden chains and hung her between the earth and the sky, tying two heavy anvils to her feet.
Hera is powerful, there is no goddess equal to her in power. Majestic, in long luxurious clothes woven by Athena herself, in a chariot drawn by two immortal horses, she rides down from Olympus. The chariot is all made of silver, the wheels are made of pure gold, and their spokes sparkle with copper. Fragrance spreads across the ground where Hera passes. All living things bow before her, the great queen of Olympus.
APHRODITE Aphrodite was originally the goddess of the sky, sending rain, and also, apparently, the goddess of the sea. The myth of Aphrodite and her cult were strongly influenced by Eastern influence, mainly by the cult of the Phoenician goddess Astarte. Gradually Aphrodite becomes the goddess of love. The god of love Eros (Cupid) is her son. It is not for the pampered, flighty goddess Aphrodite to interfere in bloody battles. She awakens love in the hearts of gods and mortals. Thanks to this power, she reigns over the whole world.
No one can escape her power, not even the gods. Only the warrior Athena, Hestia and Artemis are not subject to her power. Tall, slender, with delicate features, with a soft wave of golden hair lying like a crown on her beautiful head, Aphrodite is the personification of divine beauty and unfading youth. When she walks, in the radiance of her beauty, in fragrant clothes, then the sun shines brighter, the flowers bloom more luxuriantly.
Wild forest animals run towards her from the thicket of the forest; Birds flock to her as she walks through the forest. Lions, panthers, leopards and bears meekly caress her. Aphrodite walks calmly among the wild animals, proud of her radiant beauty. Her companions Ora and Harita, goddesses of beauty and grace, serve her. They dress the goddess in luxurious clothes, comb her golden hair, and crown her head with a sparkling diadem.
Near the island of Cythera, Aphrodite, daughter of Uranus, was born from the snow-white foam of sea waves. A light, caressing breeze brought her to the island of Cyprus. There the young Oras surrounded the goddess of love who emerged from the sea waves. They clothed her in gold-woven clothing and crowned her with a wreath of fragrant flowers.
Wherever Aphrodite stepped, flowers grew magnificently. The whole air was full of fragrance. Eros and Himerot led the wondrous goddess to Olympus. The gods greeted her loudly. Since then, golden Aphrodite, forever young, the most beautiful of goddesses, has always lived among the gods of Olympus.
APOLLO God of light, golden-haired Apollo, was born on the island of Delos. His mother Latona, driven by the wrath of the goddess Hera, could not find shelter for herself anywhere. Pursued by the dragon Python sent by Hera, she wandered all over the world and finally took refuge in Delos, which at that time was rushing along the waves of a stormy sea. As soon as Latona entered Delos, huge pillars rose from the depths of the sea and stopped this deserted island.
But then the god of light Apollo was born, and streams of bright light spread everywhere. They covered the rocks of Delos like gold. Everything around blossomed and sparkled: the coastal cliffs, Mount Kint, the valley, and the sea. The goddesses gathered on Delos loudly praised the born god, offering him ambrosia and nectar. All nature around rejoiced along with the goddesses.
THE FIGHT OF APOLLO WITH PYTHON AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE DELPHIC ORACLE Young, luminous Apollo rushed across the azure sky with a cithara in his hands, with a silver bow over his shoulders; golden arrows rang loudly in his quiver. Proud, jubilant, Apollo rushed high above the earth, threatening everything evil, everything born of darkness. He strove to where the formidable Python lived, pursuing his mother Latona; he wanted to take revenge on him for all the evil that he caused her.
Apollo quickly reached the gloomy gorge, the home of Python. Rocks rose all around, reaching high into the sky. Darkness reigned in the gorge. A mountain stream, gray with foam, rushed rapidly along its bottom, and mists swirled above the stream. The terrible Python crawled out of his lair. His huge body, covered with scales, twisted between the rocks in countless rings. Rocks and mountains trembled from the weight of his body and moved from place.
The furious Python brought devastation to everything, he spread death all around. The nymphs and all living things fled in horror. Python rose, powerful, furious, opened his terrible mouth and was ready to devour the golden-haired Apollo. Then the ringing of the string of a silver bow was heard, as a spark flashed in the air of a golden arrow that could not miss, followed by another, a third; arrows rained down on Python, and he fell lifeless to the ground.
The triumphant victory song (paean) of the golden-haired Apollo, the conqueror of Python, sounded loudly, and the golden strings of the god’s cithara echoed it. Apollo buried the body of Python in the ground where the sacred Delphi stands, and founded a sanctuary and an oracle in Delphi in order to prophesy in it to people the will of his father Zeus.
From a high shore far out to sea, Apollo saw a ship of Cretan sailors. In the guise of a dolphin, he rushed into the blue sea, overtook the ship and flew up from the sea waves to its stern like a radiant star. Apollo brought the ship to the pier of the city of Chris and led the Cretan sailors through a fertile valley, playing the golden cithara, to Delphi. He made them the first priests of his sanctuary.
ARES God of war, frantic Ares, is the son of the thunderer Zeus and Hera. Zeus doesn't like him. He often tells his son that he is the most hated among the gods of Olympus. Zeus does not like his son for his bloodthirstiness. If Ares had not been his son, he would have long ago cast him into the gloomy Tartarus, where the titans languish. The heart of the ferocious Ares is pleased only by brutal battles. Furious, he rushes among the roar of weapons, screams and groans of battle between the combatants, in sparkling weapons, with a huge shield. Following him rush his sons, Deimos and Phobos - horror and fear, and next to them is the goddess of discord Eris and the murderous goddess Enyuo.
The battle is boiling and roaring; Ares rejoices; The warriors fall with a groan. Ares triumphs when he slays a warrior with his terrible sword and hot blood flows to the ground. He strikes indiscriminately both right and left; a pile of bodies around a cruel god. Ares is fierce, furious, and formidable, but victory does not always accompany him. Ares often has to give way on the battlefield to the warlike daughter of Zeus, Athena - Pallas. She defeats Ares with wisdom and a calm consciousness of strength.
Often, mortal heroes defeat Ares, especially if they are helped by the bright-eyed Athena - Pallas. This is how the hero Diomedes struck Ares with a copper spear under the walls of Troy. Athena herself directed the blow. The terrible cry of the wounded god echoed far across the army of the Trojans and Greeks. As if ten thousand warriors screamed at once, entering into a fierce battle, Ares, covered in copper armor, screamed in pain. The Greeks and Trojans shuddered in horror, and the frantic Ares rushed, shrouded in a dark cloud, covered in blood, complaining about Athena to his father Zeus. But Father Zeus did not listen to his complaints. He does not love his son, who only enjoys strife, battles and murder.
POSEIDON AND THE DEITIES OF THE SEA Deep in the depths of the sea stands the wonderful palace of the great brother of the thunderer Zeus, the earth shaker Poseidon. Poseidon rules over the seas, and the waves of the sea are obedient to the slightest movement of his hand, armed with a formidable trident. There, in the depths of the sea, lives with Poseidon and his beautiful wife Amphitrite, the daughter of the prophetic sea elder Nereus, who was kidnapped by the great ruler of the sea depths Poseidon from her father. He once saw how she led a round dance with her sisters - the Nereids on the shore of the island of Naxos. Deep in the depths of the sea stands the wonderful palace of the great brother of the thunderer Zeus, the earth shaker Poseidon. Poseidon rules over the seas, and the waves of the sea are obedient to the slightest movement of his hand, armed with a formidable trident. There, in the depths of the sea, lives with Poseidon and his beautiful wife Amphitrite, the daughter of the prophetic sea elder Nereus, who was kidnapped by the great ruler of the sea depths Poseidon from her father. He once saw how she led a round dance with her sisters - the Nereids on the shore of the island of Naxos.
The god of the sea was captivated by the beautiful Amphitrite and wanted to take her away in his chariot. But Amphitrite took refuge with the titan Atlas, who holds the vault of heaven on his mighty shoulders. For a long time Poseidon could not find the beautiful daughter of Nereus. Finally, a dolphin opened her hiding place to him; For this service, Poseidon placed the dolphin among the celestial constellations. Poseidon stole the beautiful daughter Nereus from Atlas and married her.
Since then, Amphitrite has lived with her husband Poseidon in an underwater palace. Sea waves roar high above the palace. Hundreds of sea deities surround Poseidon, obedient to his will. Among them is Poseidon's son Triton, who with the thunderous sound of his shell trumpet causes menacing storms. Among the deities are Amphitrite’s beautiful sisters, the Nereids. Poseidon rules over the sea. When he rushes across the sea in his chariot drawn by wondrous horses, then the ever-noisy waves part and make way for the ruler Poseidon.
Equal in beauty to Zeus himself, he quickly rushes across the boundless sea, and dolphins play around him, fish swim out of the depths of the sea and crowd around his chariot. When Poseidon waves his formidable trident, then sea waves, covered with white crests of foam, rise like mountains, and a fierce storm rages on the sea. Then the sea waves crash noisily against the coastal rocks and shake the earth. But Poseidon extends his trident over the waves, and they calm down. The storm subsides, the sea is calm again, smooth as a mirror, and barely audibly splashes along the shore - blue, boundless. Equal in beauty to Zeus himself, he quickly rushes across the boundless sea, and dolphins play around him, fish swim out of the depths of the sea and crowd around his chariot. When Poseidon waves his formidable trident, then sea waves, covered with white crests of foam, rise like mountains, and a fierce storm rages on the sea. Then the sea waves crash noisily against the coastal rocks and shake the earth. But Poseidon extends his trident over the waves, and they calm down. The storm subsides, the sea is calm again, smooth as a mirror, and barely audibly splashes along the shore - blue, boundless.
Many deities surround Zeus's great brother, Poseidon; among them is the prophetic sea elder, Nereus, who knows all the innermost secrets of the future. Nereus is alien to lies and deception; He reveals only the truth to gods and mortals. The advice given by the prophetic elder is wise. Nereus has fifty beautiful daughters. Young Nereids splash merrily in the waves of the sea, sparkling among them with their divine beauty. Holding hands, a line of them swim out of the depths of the sea and dance in a circle on the shore under the gentle splash of the waves of the calm sea quietly rushing onto the shore. The echo of the coastal rocks then repeats the sounds of their gentle singing, like the quiet roar of the sea. The Nereids patronize the sailor and give him a happy voyage.
Among the deities of the sea is the old man Proteus, who, like the sea, changes his image and turns, at will, into various animals and monsters. He is also a prophetic god, you just need to be able to catch him unexpectedly, master him and force him to reveal the secret of the future. Among the companions of the earth shaker Poseidon is the god Glaucus, the patron saint of sailors and fishermen, and he has the gift of divination. Often, emerging from the depths of the sea, he revealed the future and gave wise advice to mortals. The gods of the sea are mighty, their power is great, but the great brother of Zeus, Poseidon, rules over them all.
All seas and all lands flow around the gray Ocean - God is a titan, equal to Zeus himself in honor and glory. He lives far on the borders of the world, and the affairs of the earth do not disturb his heart. Three thousand sons - river gods and three thousand daughters - Oceanids, goddesses of streams and springs, near the Ocean. The sons and daughters of the great god Ocean give prosperity and joy to mortals with their ever-rolling life-giving water; they water the whole earth and all living things with it.
THE KINGDOM OF DARK HADES (PLUTO) Deep underground reigns the inexorable, gloomy brother of Zeus, Hades. His kingdom is full of darkness and horror. The joyful rays of the bright sun never penetrate there. Bottomless abysses lead from the surface of the earth to the sad kingdom of Hades. Dark rivers flow through it. The chilling sacred river Styx flows there, the gods themselves swear by its waters.
Cocytus and Acheron roll their waves there; the souls of the dead resound with their groaning, full of sadness, on their gloomy shores. In the underground kingdom flow the waters of the spring of Lethe, giving oblivion of all earthly things. Across the gloomy fields of the kingdom of Hades, overgrown with pale asphodel flowers, ethereal light shadows of the dead rush. They complain about their joyless life without light and without desires. Their moans are heard quietly, barely perceptible, like the rustling of withered leaves driven by the autumn wind. There is no return for anyone from this kingdom of sadness. The three-headed hellish dog Kerber, on whose neck snakes move with a menacing hiss, guards the exit. The stern, old Charon, the carrier of the souls of the dead, will not carry a single soul through the gloomy waters of Acheron back to where the sun of life shines brightly. The souls of the dead in the dark kingdom of Hades are doomed to an eternal, joyless existence.
In this kingdom, to which neither the light, nor the joy, nor the sorrows of earthly life reach, Zeus’s brother, Hades, rules. He sits on a golden throne with his wife Persephone. He is served by the inexorable goddesses of vengeance Erinyes. Formidable, with whips and snakes, they pursue the criminal; they do not give him a minute of peace and torment him with remorse; You can’t hide from them anywhere, they find their prey everywhere. At the throne of Hades sit the judges of the kingdom of the dead - Minos and Rhadamanthus. Here, at the throne, is the god of death Tanat with a sword in his hands, in a black cloak, with huge black wings.
These wings blow with grave cold when Tanat flies to the bed of a dying man to cut off a strand of hair from his head with her sword and tear out his soul. Next to Tanat are the gloomy Kera. On their wings they rush, frantic, across the battlefield. The Kers rejoice as they see the slain heroes fall one after another; With their bloody red lips they fall to the wounds, greedily drink the hot blood of the slain and tear out their souls from the body.
Here, at the throne of Hades, is the beautiful, young god of sleep Hypnos. He silently flies on his wings above the ground with poppy heads in his hands and pours a sleeping pill from the horn. He gently touches people's eyes with his wonderful rod, quietly closes his eyelids and plunges mortals into a sweet sleep. The god Hypnos is powerful; neither mortals, nor gods, nor even the thunderer Zeus himself can resist him: and Hypnos closes his menacing eyes and plunges him into deep sleep.
The gods of dreams also rush about in the dark kingdom of Hades. Among them there are gods who give prophetic and joyful dreams, but there are also gods who give terrible, depressing dreams that frighten and torment people. There are gods of false dreams, they mislead a person and often lead him to death. The kingdom of the inexorable Hades is full of darkness and horror. There the terrible ghost of Empus with donkey legs wanders in the darkness; it, having lured people into a secluded place in the darkness of the night by cunning, drinks all the blood and devours their still trembling bodies.
The monstrous Lamia also wanders there; she sneaks into the bedrooms of happy mothers at night and steals their children to drink their blood. The great goddess Hecate rules over all ghosts and monsters. She has three bodies and three heads. On a moonless night she wanders in deep darkness along the roads and at the graves with all her terrible retinue, surrounded by Stygian dogs. She sends horrors and painful dreams to the earth and destroys people. Hecate is called upon as an assistant in witchcraft, but she is also the only assistant against witchcraft for those who honor her and sacrifice dogs to her at the crossroads, where three roads diverge. The kingdom of Hades is terrible, and people hate it.
Myths of Ancient Greece (Hellas)Myths are stories,
created many years ago.
Many of them talk about
lives of gods and heroes.
The Greeks believed that
there are many gods.
The main one is Zeus the Thunderer.
The gods live on the mountain
Olympus.
Argos
Gods and heroes of Ancient Greece.
ZeusGrayi
Orpheus
Hercules
Athena
Charon
Achilles
Perseus
Icarus
Daedalus
Theseus
Hades
Hermes
Poseidon
Hypnos and
Thanatos
Medusa Gorgon
Atlanta
Prometheus
Odysseus
Jason
Zeus.
Zeus is the supreme god.God of sky, thunder and
lightning, supreme
guardian
justice,
patron of those who pray
and wanderers. Son
Titan Kronos and Rhea.
Throwing into Tartarus
his father Kronos,
became the ruler of the gods and
of people. Attributes
Zeus had the aegis
(shield), scepter, sometimes
eagle;
residence
Olympus (Zeus Olympian) was considered. Brother of Hades
Demeter and Poseidon.
Zeus corresponds
Roman Jupiter. Hypnos and
Thanatos
Hypnos is the personification of sleep,
deity of sleep. Son of Nikta-night
and the twin brother of Thanatosdeath. Father of the god of sleep Morpheus.
Athena
Athena (Pallas Athena)- goddess of just war and
victory, as well as wisdom,
knowledge, arts and crafts;
warrior, patroness
cities and states, sciences and
crafts, intelligence, dexterity,
ingenuity,
daughter of Hera and favorite daughter of Zeus.
Hades
Hades (Hades, Pluto) -god of the underworld and
kingdom of the dead. His
name means
"invisible" and
replaces another name,
inspiring people
religious horror. Hades
- also the kingdom itself
dead. To this kingdom
never penetrate
the lights of a sun.
Cerberus
Charon
To the kingdom of Hades across the riverAcheron transports souls
dead old Charon. Here
sacred flows
people and gods the river Styx and
comes out of the bowels of the earth
spring of Summer, giving
oblivion to everything earthly.
The gloomy fields of Hades are overgrown
wild tulips, and above
they carry light shadows
dead, whose groans are like
the quiet rustle of leaves.
Three headed ferocious dog
Kerberus (Cerberus), on the neck
which with hissing
snakes move, let in
he doesn’t let everyone out here
no one. No one gets here
joy or sorrow of earth
life.
Charon
Daedalus and Icarus
Daedalus ("skilled") Born in Athens, wherebecame famous as a skilled architect and
inventor. Was sentenced to death for
what he killed out of envy of his more
talented student - nephew of Talas,
throwing him off the cliff of the Acropolis. The gods, however,
helped him escape to Crete, where he was
accepted by Minos. On his instructions he built
Labyrinth for containing the Minotaur. Minos
generously rewarded Daedalus and offered
stay in Crete forever, to which Daedalus
refused. Minos forbade taking
Daedalus to the ships. Then he ran away from him
through the air on wings of feathers,
sealed with wax, completed together with
son Icarus flight with Fr. Crete on
coast of M. Asia, then to Sicily. Icarus,
rising too close to the sun (from
the rays of which the wax melted) fell into the sea.
Hermes
Depicted with wingssandals and a helmet with
wings.
God of trade, profit,
intelligence, dexterity,
deception, theft and
eloquence giving
wealth and income in
trade, god of gymnastics.
Patron of heralds,
ambassadors, shepherds and
travelers; patron
magic and astrology.
Messenger of the gods and
conductor of the souls of the dead in
underground kingdom of Hades.
Invented measures, numbers,
the alphabet and taught people.
Medusa Gorgon
Gorgons - three sisters (Pheno, Euryale andMedusa), winged female monsters with
snakes instead of hair, with fangs; sight
Gorgons turned all living things into stone. From
three Gorgons, the only mortal is Medusa,
Perseus killed her. Gorgons lived in the west
the shores of the Ocean, near the Hesperides.
In the beginning the gorgons were beautiful
girls. Athena began to envy them, and
on her initiative the girls were banished to the extreme
West. There their appearance gradually changed:
the heads of the gorgons were covered with dragon scales,
they grew huge fangs, copper hands
and golden wings. However, this did not quench
Athena's envy. To kill a mortal
Medusa she chooses Perseus, who
with the help of the gods he completed the task.
Grayi
Graii - (Greek old women),two or three daughters
the stormy sea of Phorkis and
abyss of Keto, sisters
Gorgon. Had
beautiful cheeks and
gray from birth
hair. Agreed
help Perseus find and
kill the gorgon Medusa
after the hero
stole from them
the only one for three
an eye and a single tooth.
Orpheus and Eurydice
Orpheus - Thracian singer, son of the muse Calliope andthe god Apollo charmed the gods with miraculous singing and
people, tamed the wild forces of nature. Orpheus
took part in the campaign of the Argonauts to Colchis, and,
although he was not a great warrior, it happened that
It was he who saved his comrades with his songs. So,
when the Argo sailed past the island of the Sirens, Orpheus
sang even more beautifully than the sirens, and the Argonauts did not
succumbed to their charms.
No less than with his art, Orpheus
became famous for his love for his young wife
Eurydice. Orpheus went down to Hades for Eurydice and
charmed the guard of Cerberus with his singing. Hades and
Persephone agreed to let Eurydice go, but with
condition that Orpheus will go ahead and not
turns around to look at his wife. Orpheus
violated this prohibition, turned to look at her, and
Eurydice disappeared forever. Coming to earth, Orpheus did not
lived for a long time without a wife.
Musey's teacher or father.
Perseus
Perseus Famous hero,son of Zeus and Danae, daughters
Argive king Acrisius.
Akrisius once was
it is predicted that he will die from
grandson's hands. To avoid
this, Acrisius concluded to Danae
into the copper tower, where there was no
access to no mortal.
To a mortal - yes, but Greece was
inhabited not only by mortals
people... Zeus was cunning
infiltrate Danae's tower
in the form of golden rain
result through due process
that time she gave birth to Perseus. Danaë is the mother of Perseus.
Perseus is depicted with his head
Gorgon Medusa.
Poseidon
Poseidon(in Roman mythology Neptune) -
in Greek mythology one of
main Olympian gods.
It can be assumed that
it was originally associated with
ancient deity
revered in the form of a horse. About
that's what the nickname says
Poseidon Hippias, mention
among the sons of Poseidon horses
and the fact that he was later revered
as a patron of horse breeding; V
his honor was arranged
Isthmian Games with Horses
run.
Who are called heroes in myths?
The hero is the son ordescendant of a deity and
mortal man. Parthenon
Atlanta
When your heart is heavy and your chest is cold,Come to the steps of the Hermitage at dusk.
Where, without drink and bread, forgotten for centuries,
Atlanteans hold the sky on stone hands...
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Myths of Ancient Greece Introduction
- Introduction
- Zeus overthrows Cronus. The fight of the Olympian Gods with the Titans
- The fight between Zeus and Typhon
- Aphrodite
- Apollo
- The struggle between Apollo and Python and the founding of the Dolphinian oracle
- Poseidon and the Sea Deities
- Kingdom of Dark Hades
- Religious ideas of the ancient Greeks about the world of the gods
- The religious ideas and religious life of the ancient Greeks were in close connection with their entire historical life. The gods lived on Mount Olympus. There was a hierarchy between them, like between people: there were main Gods, minor ones, demigods (heroes in Greek mythology, for example Hercules). The gods were present in the life of the Greeks as naturally as all Greek nature. They often interfered in people's lives and competed with each other for influence on people.
- An example is the legendary Trojan War, the cause of which was a quarrel between Athena and her relatives Hera and Aphrodite. According to Greek mythology, all the Gods were relatives, and their ancestors were Zeus and Hera.
- Kron was not sure that power would remain in his hands forever. He was afraid that his children would rebel against him and would subject him to the same fate to which he doomed his father Uranus. He was afraid of his children. And Kron ordered his wife Rhea to bring him the children that were born and mercilessly swallowed them. Rhea was horrified when she saw the fate of her children. Cronus has already swallowed five: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades (Hades) and Poseidon.
- Rhea did not want to lose her last child. On the advice of her parents, Uranus-Heaven and Gaia-Earth, she retired to the island of Crete, and there, in a deep cave, her youngest son Zeus was born. In this cave, Rhea hid her son from her cruel father, and instead of her son she gave him a long stone wrapped in swaddling clothes to swallow. Krohn had no idea that he had been deceived by his wife.
- Zeus, meanwhile, grew up in Crete. The nymphs Adrastea and Idea cherished little Zeus; they fed him with the milk of the divine goat Amalthea. The bees brought honey to little Zeus from the slopes of the high mountain Dikta. At the entrance to the cave, the young Kuretes struck their shields with swords every time little Zeus cried, so that Kronos would not hear him cry, and Zeus would not suffer the fate of his brothers and sisters.
- The beautiful and powerful god Zeus grew up and matured. He rebelled against his father and forced him to bring back into the world the children he had absorbed. One after another, Kron spewed out his children-gods, beautiful and bright, from the mouth. They began to fight with Kron and the Titans for power over the world.
- This struggle was terrible and stubborn. The children of Kron established themselves on high Olympus. Some of the titans also took their side, and the first were the titan Ocean and his daughter Styx and their children Zeal, Power and Victory. This struggle was dangerous for the Olympian gods.
- Their opponents, the Titans, were powerful and formidable. But the Cyclopes came to the aid of Zeus. They forged thunder and lightning for him, Zeus threw them at the titans. The struggle had already lasted ten years, but victory did not lean on either side.
- Finally, Zeus decided to free the hundred-armed giants Hecatoncheires from the bowels of the earth; he called them to help. Terrible, huge as mountains, they emerged from the bowels of the earth and rushed into battle. They tore entire rocks from the mountains and threw them at the titans. Hundreds of rocks flew towards the titans when they approached Olympus. The earth groaned, a roar filled the air, everything around was shaking. Even Tartarus shuddered from this struggle.
- Zeus threw fiery lightning and deafeningly roaring thunder one after another. Fire engulfed the entire earth, the seas boiled, smoke and stench covered everything with a thick veil.
- Finally, the mighty titans wavered. Their strength was broken, they were defeated. The Olympians chained them and cast them into gloomy Tartarus, into eternal darkness. At the copper indestructible gates of Tartarus, the hundred-armed hecatoncheires stood guard, and they guard so that the mighty titans do not break free from Tartarus again. The power of the titans in the world has passed.
- But the struggle did not end there. Gaia-Earth was angry with the Olympian Zeus for treating her defeated titan children so harshly. She married the gloomy Tartarus and gave birth to the terrible hundred-headed monster Typhon. Huge, with a hundred dragon heads, Typhon rose from the bowels of the earth.
- He shook the air with a wild howl. The barking of dogs, human voices, the roar of an angry bull, the roar of a lion were heard in this howl. Turbulent flames swirled around Typhon, and the earth shook under his heavy steps. The gods shuddered with horror, but Zeus the Thunderer boldly rushed at him, and the battle broke out.
- Lightning flashed again in the hands of Zeus, and thunder rumbled. The earth and the firmament were shaken to the core. The earth flared up again with a bright flame, just as during the fight with the titans. The seas were boiling at the mere approach of Typhon.
- Hundreds of fiery lightning arrows rained down from the thunderer Zeus; it seemed as if their fire was making the very air burn and the dark thunderclouds were burning. Zeus incinerated all of Typhon's hundred heads. Typhon collapsed to the ground; such heat emanated from his body that everything around him melted.
- Zeus raised Typhon's body and threw it into the gloomy Tartarus, which gave birth to him. But even in Tartarus, Typhon also threatens the gods and all living things. It causes storms and eruptions; he gave birth to Echidna, half-woman, half-snake, the terrible two-headed dog Orph, the hellish dog Kerberus, the Lernaean Hydra and the Chimera; Typhon often shakes the earth.
- The Olympian gods defeated their enemies. No one could resist their power anymore. They could now calmly rule the world. The most powerful of them, the thunderer Zeus, took the sky for himself, Poseidon took the sea, and Hades took the underground kingdom of the souls of the dead.
- The land remained in common possession. Although the sons of Kron divided the power over the world among themselves, the lord of the sky, Zeus, still reigns over them all; he rules people and gods, he knows everything in the world.
- The great goddess Hera, the wife of the aegis-power Zeus, patronizes marriage and protects the holiness and inviolability of marriage unions. She sends the spouses numerous offspring and blesses the mother during the birth of the child.
- The great goddess Hera, after she and her brothers and sisters were spewed out of her mouth by the defeated Zeus, was carried by her mother Rhea to the ends of the earth to the gray Ocean; Hera was raised there by Thetis. Hera lived for a long time away from Olympus, in peace and quiet.
- The great thunderer Zeus saw her, fell in love and kidnapped her from Thetis. The gods celebrated the wedding of Zeus and Hera magnificently. Iris and the Charites clothed Hera in luxurious clothes, and she shone with her youthful, majestic beauty among the host of gods of Olympus, sitting on a golden throne next to the great king of gods and people, Zeus.
- All the gods presented gifts to the queen Hera, and the goddess Earth-Gaia grew from her bowels a wondrous apple tree with golden fruits as a gift to Hera. Everything in nature glorified Queen Hera and King Zeus.
- Hera reigns on high Olympus. She, like her husband Zeus, commands thunder and lightning, at her word the sky is covered with dark rain clouds, and with a wave of her hand she raises menacing storms.
- The great Hera is beautiful, hair-eyed, lily-armed, from under her crown a wave of wondrous curls fall, her eyes glow with power and calm majesty. The gods honor Hera, and her husband, the cloud suppressor Zeus, honors her, and often consults with her. But quarrels between Zeus and Hera are also common. Hera often objects to Zeus and argues with him at the councils of the gods. Then the Thunderer gets angry and threatens his wife with punishment. Then Hera falls silent and restrains her anger. She remembers how Zeus subjected her to scourging, how he bound her with golden chains and hung her between the earth and the sky, tying two heavy anvils to her feet.
- Hera is powerful, there is no goddess equal to her in power. Majestic, in long luxurious clothes woven by Athena herself, in a chariot drawn by two immortal horses, she rides down from Olympus. The chariot is all made of silver, the wheels are made of pure gold, and their spokes sparkle with copper. Fragrance spreads across the ground where Hera passes. All living things bow before her, the great queen of Olympus.
- Aphrodite was originally the goddess of the sky, sending rain, and also, apparently, the goddess of the sea. The myth of Aphrodite and her cult were strongly influenced by Eastern influence, mainly by the cult of the Phoenician goddess Astarte. Gradually Aphrodite becomes the goddess of love. The god of love Eros (Cupid) is her son.
- It is not for the pampered, flighty goddess Aphrodite to interfere in bloody battles. She awakens love in the hearts of gods and mortals. Thanks to this power, she reigns over the whole world.
- No one can escape her power, not even the gods. Only the warrior Athena, Hestia and Artemis are not subject to her power. Tall, slender, with delicate features, with a soft wave of golden hair lying like a crown on her beautiful head, Aphrodite is the personification of divine beauty and unfading youth. When she walks, in the radiance of her beauty, in fragrant clothes, then the sun shines brighter, the flowers bloom more luxuriantly.
- Wild forest animals run towards her from the thicket of the forest; Birds flock to her as she walks through the forest. Lions, panthers, leopards and bears meekly caress her. Aphrodite walks calmly among the wild animals, proud of her radiant beauty. Her companions Ora and Harita, goddesses of beauty and grace, serve her. They dress the goddess in luxurious clothes, comb her golden hair, and crown her head with a sparkling diadem.
- Near the island of Cythera, Aphrodite, daughter of Uranus, was born from the snow-white foam of sea waves. A light, caressing breeze brought her to the island of Cyprus. There the young Oras surrounded the goddess of love who emerged from the sea waves. They clothed her in gold-woven clothing and crowned her with a wreath of fragrant flowers.
- Wherever Aphrodite stepped, flowers grew magnificently. The whole air was full of fragrance. Eros and Himerot led the wondrous goddess to Olympus. The gods greeted her loudly. Since then, golden Aphrodite, forever young, the most beautiful of goddesses, has always lived among the gods of Olympus.
- The god of light, golden-haired Apollo, was born on the island of Delos. His mother Latona, driven by the wrath of the goddess Hera, could not find shelter for herself anywhere. Pursued by the dragon Python sent by Hera, she wandered all over the world and finally took refuge in Delos, which at that time was rushing along the waves of a stormy sea. As soon as Latona entered Delos, huge pillars rose from the depths of the sea and stopped this deserted island.
- He became unshakable in the place where he still stands. All around Delos the sea roared. The cliffs of Delos rose sadly, bare without the slightest vegetation. Only sea gulls found shelter on these rocks and filled them with their sad cry.
- But then the god of light Apollo was born, and streams of bright light spread everywhere. They covered the rocks of Delos like gold. Everything around blossomed and sparkled: the coastal cliffs, Mount Kint, the valley, and the sea. The goddesses gathered on Delos loudly praised the born god, offering him ambrosia and nectar. All nature around rejoiced along with the goddesses.
- Young, radiant Apollo rushed across the azure sky with a cithara in his hands, with a silver bow over his shoulders; golden arrows rang loudly in his quiver. Proud, jubilant, Apollo rushed high above the earth, threatening everything evil, everything born of darkness. He strove to where the formidable Python lived, pursuing his mother Latona; he wanted to take revenge on him for all the evil that he caused her.
- Apollo quickly reached the gloomy gorge, the home of Python. Rocks rose all around, reaching high into the sky. Darkness reigned in the gorge. A mountain stream, gray with foam, rushed rapidly along its bottom, and mists swirled above the stream. The terrible Python crawled out of his lair. His huge body, covered with scales, twisted between the rocks in countless rings. Rocks and mountains trembled from the weight of his body and moved from place.
- The furious Python brought devastation to everything, he spread death all around. The nymphs and all living things fled in horror. Python rose, powerful, furious, opened his terrible mouth and was ready to devour the golden-haired Apollo. Then the ringing of the string of a silver bow was heard, as a spark flashed in the air of a golden arrow that could not miss, followed by another, a third; arrows rained down on Python, and he fell lifeless to the ground.
- The triumphant victory song (paean) of the golden-haired Apollo, the conqueror of Python, sounded loudly, and the golden strings of the god’s cithara echoed it. Apollo buried the body of Python in the ground where the sacred Delphi stands, and founded a sanctuary and an oracle in Delphi in order to prophesy in it to people the will of his father Zeus.
- From a high shore far out to sea, Apollo saw a ship of Cretan sailors. In the guise of a dolphin, he rushed into the blue sea, overtook the ship and flew up from the sea waves to its stern like a radiant star. Apollo brought the ship to the pier of the city of Chris and led the Cretan sailors through a fertile valley, playing the golden cithara, to Delphi. He made them the first priests of his sanctuary.
- The god of war, the frantic Ares, is the son of the thunderer Zeus and Hera. Zeus doesn't like him. He often tells his son that he is the most hated among the gods of Olympus. Zeus does not like his son for his bloodthirstiness. If Ares had not been his son, he would have long ago cast him into the gloomy Tartarus, where the titans languish. The heart of the ferocious Ares is pleased only by brutal battles. Furious, he rushes among the roar of weapons, screams and groans of battle between the combatants, in sparkling weapons, with a huge shield. Following him rush his sons, Deimos and Phobos - horror and fear, and next to them is the goddess of discord Eris and the murderous goddess Enyuo.
- The battle is boiling and roaring; Ares rejoices; The warriors fall with a groan. Ares triumphs when he slays a warrior with his terrible sword and hot blood flows to the ground. He strikes indiscriminately both right and left; a pile of bodies around a cruel god. Ares is fierce, furious, and formidable, but victory does not always accompany him. Ares often has to yield to the warlike daughter of Zeus, Pallas Athena, on the battlefield. She defeats Ares with wisdom and a calm consciousness of strength.
- Often, mortal heroes defeat Ares, especially if they are helped by the bright-eyed Pallas Athena. This is how the hero Diomedes struck Ares with a copper spear under the walls of Troy. Athena herself directed the blow. The terrible cry of the wounded god echoed far across the army of the Trojans and Greeks. As if ten thousand warriors screamed at once, entering into a fierce battle, Ares, covered in copper armor, screamed in pain. The Greeks and Trojans shuddered in horror, and the frantic Ares rushed, shrouded in a dark cloud, covered in blood, complaining about Athena to his father Zeus. But Father Zeus did not listen to his complaints. He does not love his son, who only enjoys strife, battles and murder.
- Deep in the depths of the sea stands the wonderful palace of the great brother of the thunderer Zeus, the earth shaker Poseidon. Poseidon rules over the seas, and the waves of the sea are obedient to the slightest movement of his hand, armed with a formidable trident. There, in the depths of the sea, lives with Poseidon and his beautiful wife Amphitrite, the daughter of the prophetic sea elder Nereus, who was kidnapped by the great ruler of the sea depths Poseidon from her father. He once saw how she led a round dance with her Nereid sisters on the shore of the island of Naxos.
- The god of the sea was captivated by the beautiful Amphitrite and wanted to take her away in his chariot. But Amphitrite took refuge with the titan Atlas, who holds the vault of heaven on his mighty shoulders. For a long time Poseidon could not find the beautiful daughter of Nereus. Finally, a dolphin opened her hiding place to him; For this service, Poseidon placed the dolphin among the celestial constellations. Poseidon stole the beautiful daughter Nereus from Atlas and married her.
- Since then, Amphitrite has lived with her husband Poseidon in an underwater palace. Sea waves roar high above the palace. Hundreds of sea deities surround Poseidon, obedient to his will. Among them is Poseidon's son Triton, who with the thunderous sound of his shell trumpet causes menacing storms. Among the deities are Amphitrite’s beautiful sisters, the Nereids. Poseidon rules over the sea. When he rushes across the sea in his chariot drawn by wondrous horses, then the ever-noisy waves part and make way for the ruler Poseidon.
- Equal in beauty to Zeus himself, he quickly rushes across the boundless sea, and dolphins play around him, fish swim out of the depths of the sea and crowd around his chariot. When Poseidon waves his formidable trident, then sea waves, covered with white crests of foam, rise like mountains, and a fierce storm rages on the sea. Then the sea waves crash noisily against the coastal rocks and shake the earth. But Poseidon extends his trident over the waves, and they calm down. The storm subsides, the sea is calm again, smooth as a mirror, and barely audibly splashes along the shore - blue, boundless.
- Many deities surround Zeus's great brother, Poseidon; among them is the prophetic sea elder, Nereus, who knows all the innermost secrets of the future. Nereus is alien to lies and deception; He reveals only the truth to gods and mortals. The advice given by the prophetic elder is wise. Nereus has fifty beautiful daughters. Young Nereids splash merrily in the waves of the sea, sparkling among them with their divine beauty. Holding hands, a line of them swim out of the depths of the sea and dance in a circle on the shore under the gentle splash of the waves of the calm sea quietly rushing onto the shore. The echo of the coastal rocks then repeats the sounds of their gentle singing, like the quiet roar of the sea. The Nereids patronize the sailor and give him a happy voyage.
- Among the deities of the sea is the old man Proteus, who, like the sea, changes his image and turns, at will, into various animals and monsters. He is also a prophetic god, you just need to be able to catch him unexpectedly, master him and force him to reveal the secret of the future. Among the companions of the earth shaker Poseidon is the god Glaucus, the patron saint of sailors and fishermen, and he has the gift of divination. Often, emerging from the depths of the sea, he revealed the future and gave wise advice to mortals. The gods of the sea are mighty, their power is great, but the great brother of Zeus, Poseidon, rules over them all.
- All seas and all lands flow around the gray Ocean - the titan god, equal to Zeus himself in honor and glory. He lives far on the borders of the world, and the affairs of the earth do not disturb his heart. Three thousand sons - river gods and three thousand daughters - Oceanids, goddesses of streams and springs, near the Ocean. The sons and daughters of the great god Ocean give prosperity and joy to mortals with their ever-rolling life-giving water; they water the whole earth and all living things with it.
- Deep underground reigns the inexorable, gloomy brother of Zeus, Hades. His kingdom is full of darkness and horror. The joyful rays of the bright sun never penetrate there. Bottomless abysses lead from the surface of the earth to the sad kingdom of Hades. Dark rivers flow through it. The chilling sacred river Styx flows there, the gods themselves swear by its waters.
- Cocytus and Acheron roll their waves there; the souls of the dead resound with their groaning, full of sadness, on their gloomy shores. In the underground kingdom flow the waters of the spring of Lethe, giving oblivion of all earthly things. Across the gloomy fields of the kingdom of Hades, overgrown with pale asphodel flowers, ethereal light shadows of the dead rush. They complain about their joyless life without light and without desires. Their moans are heard quietly, barely perceptible, like the rustling of withered leaves driven by the autumn wind. There is no return for anyone from this kingdom of sadness. The three-headed hellish dog Kerber, on whose neck snakes move with a menacing hiss, guards the exit. The stern, old Charon, the carrier of the souls of the dead, will not carry a single soul through the gloomy waters of Acheron back to where the sun of life shines brightly. The souls of the dead in the dark kingdom of Hades are doomed to an eternal, joyless existence.
- In this kingdom, to which neither the light, nor the joy, nor the sorrows of earthly life reach, Zeus’s brother, Hades, rules. He sits on a golden throne with his wife Persephone. He is served by the inexorable goddesses of vengeance Erinyes. Formidable, with whips and snakes, they pursue the criminal; they do not give him a minute of peace and torment him with remorse; You can’t hide from them anywhere, they find their prey everywhere. At the throne of Hades sit the judges of the kingdom of the dead - Minos and Rhadamanthus. Here, at the throne, is the god of death Tanat with a sword in his hands, in a black cloak, with huge black wings.
- These wings blow with grave cold when Tanat flies to the bed of a dying man to cut off a strand of hair from his head with her sword and tear out his soul. Next to Tanat are the gloomy Kera. On their wings they rush, frantic, across the battlefield. The Kers rejoice as they see the slain heroes fall one after another; With their blood-red lips they fall on the wounds, greedily drink the hot blood of the slain and tear out their souls from the body.
- Here, at the throne of Hades, is the beautiful, young god of sleep Hypnos. He silently flies on his wings above the ground with poppy heads in his hands and pours a sleeping pill from the horn. He gently touches people's eyes with his wonderful rod, quietly closes his eyelids and plunges mortals into a sweet sleep. The god Hypnos is powerful; neither mortals, nor gods, nor even the thunderer Zeus himself can resist him: and Hypnos closes his menacing eyes and plunges him into deep sleep.
- The gods of dreams also rush about in the dark kingdom of Hades. Among them there are gods who give prophetic and joyful dreams, but there are also gods who give terrible, depressing dreams that frighten and torment people. There are gods of false dreams, they mislead a person and often lead him to death. The kingdom of the inexorable Hades is full of darkness and horror. There the terrible ghost of Empus with donkey legs wanders in the darkness; it, having lured people into a secluded place in the darkness of the night by cunning, drinks all the blood and devours their still trembling bodies.
- The monstrous Lamia also wanders there; she sneaks into the bedrooms of happy mothers at night and steals their children to drink their blood. The great goddess Hecate rules over all ghosts and monsters. She has three bodies and three heads. On a moonless night she wanders in deep darkness along the roads and at the graves with all her terrible retinue, surrounded by Stygian dogs. She sends horrors and painful dreams to the earth and destroys people. Hecate is called upon as an assistant in witchcraft, but she is also the only assistant against witchcraft for those who honor her and sacrifice dogs to her at the crossroads, where three roads diverge.
- The kingdom of Hades is terrible, and people hate it.
Slide 1
The most ancient deities were the ones who embodied the forces of nature. From the union of Gaia - earth and Uranus - sky, the titans appeared, the eldest was Ocean, the youngest was Kronos. According to mythology, Kronos decided to take revenge on his father for imprisoning his Cyclops brothers in Tartarus. While Uranus was sleeping, Kronos dealt a heavy blow to him and became the king of all gods. The children of Kronos - the gods led by Zeus, in a fierce battle with the titans, won and shared power over the world.
Slide 2
Gods
Mount Olympus was considered the home of the twelve supreme gods, led by Zeus. The Thunderer Zeus became the king of gods and people, Poseidon - the seas, springs and waters, Hades - the dark underground kingdom. Hera, the wife of Zeus, was the patroness of marriage and family, Zeus’s sister Demeter was the goddess of fertility, and another sister, Hestia, was the patroness of the home. The beloved daughter of Zeus, Athena, was revered as the goddess of military wisdom and wisdom in general; she patronized knowledge and crafts.
Slide 3
Heroes
In addition to myths about gods, there were legends about heroes, the most beloved of which was Hercules, who performed twelve great labors. Myths and legends about gods and heroes formed into entire cycles, which later became the source of plots for literature, drama and sculpture.
Slide 4
Childhood of Hercules
Alcmene, the mother of Hercules, who descends from Perseus, and Zeus is the father - the king of the gods. Zeus tells the gods that the next baby, who belongs to the family of Perseus, will be the ruler of the Peloponnese. Hera, the wife of Zeus, realizes that her husband has deceived her. She delays the birth of Hercules and accelerates the birth of Eurystheus. Zeus cannot break his oath, and Eurystheus gains power. So Hercules remains in the service of his cowardly relative for many years. When Hercules was a baby, Hera sent two snakes to his cradle. She wanted to kill Hercules. The brother of Hercules, the son of Alcmene and Amphitryon, seeing the snakes, screamed, and Hercules grabbed and strangled the snake with his bare hands.
Slide 5
12 labors of Hercules
Strangulation of the Nemean Lion Killing of the Lernaean Hydra Extermination of the Stymphalian Birds Capture of the Cerynean Hind Taming of the Erymanthian Boar and the Battle with the Centaurs Cleaning of the Augean Stables Taming of the Cretan Bull Victory over King Diomedes (who threw strangers to be devoured by his horses) Theft of the belt of Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons Theft of three-headed cows Oh the giant Geryon The theft of gold apples from the garden of the Hesperides Taming of the guardian of Hades - the dog Cerberus Strangling of the Nemean lion Killing of the Lernaean hydra Extermination of the Stymphalian birds Capture of the Kerynean fallow Taming of the Erymanthian boar and the battle with the centaurs Cleaning of the Augean stables Taming of the Cretan bull Victory over King Diomedes (who threw strangers to be devoured by his horses ) Theft of Hippolyta's Belt , queen of the Amazons The theft of the cows of the three-headed giant Geryon The theft of golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides The taming of the guardian of Hades - the dog Cerberus
Slide 6
Strangulation of the Nemean LionHercules receives an order from Eurystheus, he must get the skin of a lion that lives near the city of Nemea. No weapon can hurt this lion.
Hercules tries to hit the lion with arrows, but to no avail. Then Hercules decides to drive the lion into his lair and stuns him with a blow of his club and strangles him with his hands. He uses the claws of the same killed lion to remove the skin. Hercules puts on the skin of the Nemean lion, and he becomes invulnerable
Slide 7
Taming of the Erymanthian Boar
The Erymanthian boar was the most terrible beast for the inhabitants of Psophis, because through the fault of this beast people lost most of their harvest. The Mycenaean king Eurystheus ordered Hercules to catch the boar. Hercules chased the boar, drove it into deep snow, tied it up and brought it to Mycenae.
Slide 8
Animal Farm of King Augius
According to legend, Augeas owned numerous herds, for which huge stables were built in the barnyard; manure was not removed from here for years; cleaning Augeas's farmyard in one day became one of the labors of Hercules: he blocked the Alpheus River with a dam and directed its waters to the farmyard. According to the condition, he was supposed to receive a tenth of his herds as a reward from Augeas, but Augeas did not give what he promised. The expression “Augean stables” has become a catchphrase and means “great disorder, neglect in business.”
Slide 9
Apples of the Hesperides
On the shores of the Ocean, at the very edge of the earth, a wonderful tree grew that brought golden apples. This tree grew in the beautiful garden of the giant Atlas, who held the sky on his shoulders. This magical tree was looked after by the nymphs Hesperides, the daughters of the giant, and it was guarded by a terrible hundred-headed dragon named Ladon, whose eye could see even in a dream. After long wanderings, Hercules came to the country where the giant Atlas held the sky on his shoulders. Atlas promised Hercules to get golden apples for him if he agreed to hold the vault of heaven on his shoulders for that time. Hercules agreed and shouldered the sky on his mighty shoulders. At this time Atlas went for apples and brought them to Hercules. He invited the hero to hold the sky a little longer, and in return he promised to take the golden apples to distant Mycenae. Hercules figured out Atlas's trick and was able to deceive him. Having received the apples, the hero returned to Mycenae.
Slide 10
Dog Cerberus
The upset Eurystheus realizes that he will not be able to get rid of Hercules. The twelfth labor for Hercules: he must bring Cerberus, who guards the kingdom of Hades, Eurystheus. In the hope that Hercules will not return from the kingdom, but Hercules copes with this feat. To do this, Hercules has to strangle the dog, and then release him into the kingdom of shadows, so that he guards the kingdom. Hercules, with his mighty hands, strangles Cerberus, the three-headed dog guarding Hades.
Slide 11
Hercules and DeianiraHercules completed his exploits, but his trials do not end. He chooses Princess Deianira as his wife. While traveling, they need to cross a river that has overflowed. Deianira sits on the back of the centaur Nessa, this centaur wants to kidnap her. Then Hercules decides to shoot an arrow at the centaur, dying, the centaur advises his wife to collect his blood in order to preserve her husband’s love. But a few years later, Hercules falls in love with another woman. Then Dejanira decides to use the centaur's magical blood. But the blood of Nessus, who died from an arrow smeared with poison, has already turned into poison. Death of a hero Writhing in pain, trying to tear off all his clothes, which are soaked in the blood of Nessus and are torn off along with his skin. Deianira realizes that she herself killed her husband and commits suicide. Hercules throws himself into a big fire to get rid of his torment. He becomes a hero, whom the gods allow to Olympus and endow him with immortality. Hercules dies in fire and gains immortality. He remains the most famous Greek hero.
Slide 12
The image of Hercules in art
Hercules is a very popular hero; films are made about him, music is created, even computer games are created.
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Slide description:
Myth and mythology. Myth is a unique form of ancient man’s worldview, the desire to understand the world. Myth as an aesthetic phenomenon. Main categories of myths. The emergence of myths. Myth (from the Greek mythos (“mythos”) - legend, legend) is the oldest form of a person’s presentation of his worldview. Mythology 1) A set of myths (stories, narratives about gods, heroes, demons, spirits, etc.) that reflected the fantastic ideas of people in pre-class and early class society about the world, nature and human existence. 2) Science that studies myths (their origin, content, distribution).
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Slide description:
In the process of transferring knowledge and information about ordinary and unusual phenomena from generation to generation, a special form of consolidating the memory of mankind is formed - myth. Myths Ancient man, in the form of myths and legends, tried to answer such global questions as the emergence of the most important phenomena of nature, animals and humans. A significant part of mythology consists of cosmogonic myths dedicated to the origin and structure of the universe as a whole. Much attention in myths is paid to the various stages of people's lives, the mysteries of birth and death, the knowledge of posthumous existence or non-existence, and the various trials that a person undergoes on the path of life. A special place is occupied by myths about the achievements of people: making fire, inventing crafts, developing agriculture, taming wild animals, etc.
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Slide description:
Etiological myths (literally “causal”, i.e. explanatory) are myths that explain the appearance of various natural and cultural features and social objects. Cosmogonic myths tell about the origin of the cosmos as a whole and its parts connected in a single system. Part of the cosmogonic myths are anthropogonic myths - about the origin of man, the first people, or tribal ancestors (the tribe in myths is often identified with “real people”, with humanity). Calendar myths are closely connected with the cycle of calendar rituals, usually with agrarian magic, focused on the regular change of seasons, especially the revival of vegetation in the spring (solar motifs are also intertwined here), and ensuring the harvest.
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Heroic myths record the most important moments in the life cycle, are built around the biography of the hero and may include his miraculous birth, trials from older relatives or hostile demons, the search for a wife and marriage trials, fights with monsters and other feats, and the death of the hero. Eschatological myths about “last” things, about the end of the world, arise relatively late and are based on the models of calendar myths, myths about the change of eras, and cosmogonic myths. In contrast to cosmogonic myths, eschatological myths tell not about the emergence of the world and its elements, but about their destruction - the death of land in the global flood, the chaotization of space, etc.
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Mythological heroes and characters. Heroes (from the Greek ἥρωας, “valiant man, leader”) are the children of a deity or the descendants of a deity and a mortal person. Usually mythological heroes were endowed with great physical strength and cruelty. The main difference between heroes and gods is that heroes are mortal. Most heroes are warriors who destroy ancient monsters and fight among themselves. With the development of ancient culture, heroes, in addition to traditional military prowess, began to be endowed with special wisdom, musical talent or cunning. Heroes-soothsayers (Tiresias, Amphiaraus, Kalkhant, Trophonius, Mopsus (soothsayer), Branchus, Idmon), hero-masters (Daedalus, Zetus and Amphion), hero-musicians (Orpheus, Linus), legislators (Theseus) are distinguished. Odysseus, the cunning hero, occupied a peculiar niche. The hero is called upon to carry out the will of the Olympians on earth among people, ordering life and introducing justice, measure, and laws into it, despite the ancient spontaneity and disharmony. Usually the hero is endowed with exorbitant strength and superhuman capabilities, but he is deprived of immortality, which remains the privilege of a deity. Hence the inconsistency and contradiction between the limited capabilities of a mortal being and the desire of the heroes to establish themselves in immortality.
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Olympus Olympus (O l u m p o z) is a mountain in Thessaly where the gods live. The name Olympus is of pre-Greek origin (a possible connection with the Indo-European root ulu / uelu, “to rotate”, i.e. an indication of the roundness of the peaks) and belongs to a number of mountains of Greece and Asia Minor. On Olympus are the palaces of Zeus and other gods, built and decorated by Hephaestus. The gates of Olympus are opened and closed by the Oras (daughters of Zeus and Themis) as they ride out in golden chariots. Olympus is thought of as a symbol of the supreme power of the new generation of Olympian gods who defeated the Titans.
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Zeus Zeus, Diy (Z e u z) · supreme deity, father of gods and people, head of the Olympian family of gods. Zeus is a native Greek deity; his name is of purely Indo-European origin and means "bright sky". In antiquity, the etymology of the word “Zeus” was associated with the roots of the Greek words “life”, “boiling”, “irrigation”, “that through which everything exists”. Zeus is the son of Kronos (hence the names Zeus Kronid, Kronion) and Rhea, he belongs to the third generation of gods who overthrew the second generation - the Titans.
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The father of Zeus, fearing to be deposed by his children, each time swallowed the child just born to Rhea. Rhea deceived her husband by letting him swallow a wrapped stone instead of the born Zeus, and the baby, secret from his father, was sent to Crete on Mount Dikta. According to another version, Rhea gave birth to Zeus in the cave of Mount Dikta and entrusted his upbringing to the Curetes and Corybantes, who fed him with the milk of the goat Amalthea. It was in Crete that the most ancient fetishistic symbols of the veneration of Zeus of Crete were preserved: a double ax (labrys), a magical weapon that kills and gives life, destructive and creative power.
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Apollo Apollo, in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and the Titanide Leto, twin brother of the virgin goddess of the hunt Artemis. He occupied one of the main places in the Greek and Roman traditions and was considered the arrow god, soothsayer, and luminous patron of the arts.
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Dionysus Dionysus, (Roman Bacchus, Bacchus) in Greek mythology, the eternally young god of the fruitful forces of the earth, vegetation, viticulture and winemaking, known as the “god with bull horns”, because he loved to take the form of this powerful animal, the son of Zeus and the Theban princess Semele. Zeus, who appeared before the princess in a flash of lightning, accidentally incinerated his mortal beloved, but managed to snatch the premature Dionysus from the flames and sewed him into his thigh. In due time, God gave birth to a child and gave it to the nymphs to raise. Having matured, Dionysus, wandering around the candle, met Ariadne, abandoned by Theseus, and married her. Dionysus was famous as a god who frees people from worries and removes the shackles of a measured life, so the procession of Dionysus was of an ecstatic nature; satyrs, bacchantes and maenads took part in it.
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Neptune Neptune is one of the most ancient gods of the Roman pantheon. He was identified with the Greek mythological god Poseidon. In Ancient Rome, on July 23, a holiday was celebrated in honor of the god Neptune, hoping in this way to save the harvest from drought. Almost nothing is known about the origin of this god, but there is no doubt that Neptune has always been associated with water. The god's retinue included such deities as Salacia and Vanilla. The Romans identified Salacia with the Greek goddesses Thetis and Amphitrite. Neptune was mainly revered by people who were in one way or another connected with the sea: sailors, traders, fishermen. This god was also credited with protecting horses. In honor of the equestrian Neptune, festivals and equestrian competitions were organized.
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Jupiter Jupiter, in Roman mythology, the almighty god of the sky, the king of the gods. Jupiter was revered as the supreme deity, the lord of thunder and lightning. One of his nicknames - Lucetius ("light-brightening") - suggests that he was also considered the god of light. The image of Jupiter combined the features of many ancient Italian deities. He was credited with patronage of agriculture and protection of borders; God ensured that the oaths were observed and granted the commanders victory in battle. Roman military leaders, returning in triumph from campaigns, made thanksgiving sacrifices to Jupiter and carried laurel wreaths to his temple.
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Aurora Aurora in ancient Greek mythology is the goddess of the dawn. The word "aurora" comes from the Latin aura, which means "pre-dawn breeze". The ancient Greeks called Aurora the ruddy dawn, the rose-fingered goddess Eos. Aurora was the daughter of the titan Hipperion and Theia (in another version: the sun - Helios and the moon - Selene). From Astraeus and Aurora came all the stars that burn in the dark night sky, and all the winds: the stormy northern Boreas, the eastern Eurus, the humid southern Note and the gentle western wind Zephyr, which brings heavy rains.
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Athena Athena, in Greek mythology, the goddess of wisdom, just war and crafts, daughter of Zeus and the Titanide Metis. Zeus, having learned that his son from Metis would deprive him of power, swallowed his pregnant wife, and then himself gave birth to a completely adult Athena, who, with the help of Hephaestus, emerged from his head in full battle garb. Athena was, as it were, a part of Zeus, the executor of his plans and will. She is the thought of Zeus, realized in action. Her attributes are a snake and an owl, as well as an aegis, a shield made of goat skin, decorated with the head of the snake-haired Medusa, which has magical powers, frightening gods and people. According to one version, the palladium statue of Athena supposedly fell from heaven; hence her name - Pallas Athena.
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Themis Themis, in ancient Greek mythology, the goddess of justice. The Greeks called the goddess by different names, for example Themis, Themis. Themis was the daughter of the sky god Uranus and Gaia, the second wife of Zeus and the mother of numerous offspring. Her daughters were the goddesses of fate - the Moiras. In one of the legends, Themis acts as the mother of the titan Prometheus, who initiated her son into the secret of the fate of Zeus. The Thunderer was supposed to die from one of his children born to Thetis. The myth of Prometheus tells that the hero discovered this secret only after thousands of years of torment to which Zeus doomed him. In Olympia, the inhabitants of Ancient Greece placed altars to Zeus, Gaia and Themis side by side, which shows how much they revered this goddess of law and order.
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Hades Hades, Hades, Pluto (“invisible”, “terrible”), in Greek mythology the god of the kingdom of the dead, as well as the kingdom itself. Son of Kronos and Rhea, brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter and Hestia. During the division of the world after the overthrow of his father, Zeus took the sky, Poseidon the sea, and Hades the underworld; The brothers agreed to rule the land together. Hades' second name was Polydegmon ("recipient of many gifts"), which is associated with the countless shadows of the dead living in his domain. The messenger of the gods, Hermes, conveyed the souls of the dead to the ferryman Charon, who transported across the underground river Styx only those who could pay for the crossing. The entrance to the underground kingdom of the dead was guarded by the three-headed dog Kerberus (Cerberus), who did not allow anyone to return to the world of the living.
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Hercules Hercules - in Greek mythology - a Greek folk hero, the son of Zeus and the mortal woman Alcmene. In the service of Eurystheus, Hercules performed twelve labors: -1- strangled the Nemean lion with his hands; -2- killed the Lernaean hydra -3- caught the Erymanthian boar alive; -4- caught a Kerynean doe; -5- exterminated the Stymphalian birds; -6- obtained the belt of the Amazon queen Hippolyta; -7- cleaned the stables of Augeas; -8- overpowered the Cretan fire-breathing bull; -9- defeated King Diomedes; -10- stole the cows of Geryon and the three-headed giant; -11- obtained the golden apples of the Hesperides; -12- defeated the guardian of Hades, the hellish dog Kerberus. Hercules was depicted: - as a child strangling snakes; - young men resting after a feat or performing a feat; - a powerful bearded man, armed with a club and dressed in the skin of the Nemean lion he killed
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Achilles Achilles, Achilles (A c i l l e u z) · one of the greatest heroes of the Trojan War, the son of the Myrmidon king Peleus and the sea goddess Thetis. In an effort to make her son invulnerable and thus give him immortality, Thetis tempered him in fire at night and rubbed him with ambrosia during the day. One night, Peleus, seeing his young son on fire, snatched him from his mother’s arms (Apollod III 13, 6). According to another version (Stat. Ach. III I 269 trace), Thetis bathed Achilles in the waters of the underground river Styx in order to thus make him invulnerable, and only the heel by which she held him remained vulnerable (hence the expression “Achilles’ heel”) . Insulted by Peleus' interference, Thetis left her husband, and he gave Achilles to be raised by the wise centaur Chiron, who fed him with the entrails of lions, bears and wild boars, taught him to play the sweet-sounding cithara and sing
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Odysseus Odysseus (O d u s s e u z), Ullis (Ulixes) · king of the island of Ithaca, son of Laertes and Anticlea (Homer “Iliad”, IX 308). The genealogy of Odysseus is closely connected with the general character of the hero - smart and cunning. According to some versions of the myth, Odysseus is the son of Sisifus (Soph. Philoct. 417, 1311; Eur Iphig. A. 524), who seduced Anticlea before her marriage to Laertes (Schol. Soph. Ai. 190). Moreover, Anticlea's father Autolycus - “the great oathbreaker and thief” (Hom. Od. XIX 396 seq.) was the son of Hermes and helped him in all his tricks (396-398); hence the inherited intelligence, practicality, and dexterity of Odysseus, coming from Hermes.
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Medea Medea, in ancient Greek mythology, is a sorceress, the daughter of the Colchian king Eetus and the Oceanid Idia, the granddaughter of Helios.
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Europe Europe, in Greek mythology, is the daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor, who became the object of passion of the thunderer Zeus. Flying over the city of Sidon, Zeus saw girls dancing in circles in the meadow and weaving wreaths of bright flowers. The most beautiful of all was Europe - the daughter of the local king. Zeus descended to earth and appeared in the guise of a wonderful white bull, standing at the feet of Europa. Europe, laughing, sat on his broad back. At that same moment, the bull rushed into the sea and carried her to the island of Crete, where Europe gave birth to Zeus three sons - Minos, Radamanthos and Sarpedon, and then married the local king Asterius ("star"), who adopted her sons from God. Zeus mercifully gave his rival the mighty copper pelican Talos, who was supposed to guard Crete, walking around the island three times a day. And he placed the divine bull in the sky - the constellation Taurus, as a reminder to Europe of his great love for her.
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Narcissus Narcissus, in Greek mythology, is the unusually beautiful son of the Boeotian river god Cephissus and the nymph Liriope. When the parents asked the soothsayer Tiresias about the future of the child, the sage replied that Narcissus would live to old age if he never saw his face. Narcissus grew up to be a young man of rare beauty, and many women sought his love, but he was indifferent to everyone. Among those rejected by him was the nymph Echo, who dried up from grief so that only her voice remained. The women, offended by Narcissus's inattention, demanded the gods to punish him, and the goddess of justice Nemesis heeded their pleas. One day, returning from a hunt, Narcissus looked into an unclouded spring and, seeing his reflection in the water, fell in love with it. The young man could not tear himself away from contemplating his face and died of self-love. According to legend, at the site of Narcissus’s death, a field of amazing plants and herbs appeared, in the center of which grew a healing flower, marked by strict beauty, which was named after the young man.
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Ancient myth: the origin of the world and the gods: “The Birth of Zeus”, “Olympus”. “In the beginning was the word... Everything came into being through him...” Gospel of John (Chapter 1) Initially, only eternal, boundless, dark Chaos existed. It contained the source of life. Everything arose from boundless Chaos - the whole world and the immortal gods. He was, as it were, the raw material from which everything that ever existed came into existence. Obeying an unknown force that forced it to rotate and create, Chaos gave birth to the most ancient thing in our nascent Universe - Time. The Hellenes called him Chronos. And now everything happened in time, because... the space was still in its infancy. Chronos gave birth to three elements - Fire, Air and Water. But this was after the Earth appeared. Following Chronos, Eros and Anteros arose simultaneously, like twin brothers. (Subsequently, such double birth is very common and was considered almost sacred by the Greeks) Eros - Love, and Anteros - Denial of Love.
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Chaos gave birth to something similar to itself - Erebus, as the embodiment of Darkness. Behind him is Niktu - the dark starless Night. And also the Incomprehensible Abyss - Tartarus. Tartarus was emptiness itself, a black hole. Throughout history, the Gods have used its depths as punishment for the defeated. No one could escape from the Abyss on their own. Tartarus was the most terrible place in the Universe. But from Darkness and Night were born the Eternal Light - Ether and the Shining Day - Hemera. "Black Night and gloomy Erebus were born from Chaos. Night Ether gave birth to the shining Day, or Hemera: She conceived them in her womb, uniting with Erebus in love." Hesiod: “The Origin of the Gods” Erebus and Nyx had more children: the gloomy Charon - the ferryman across the River Styx in the kingdom of the dead and three daughters - the twins Tisiphone, Alecto and Megaera - the goddess of vengeance Erinyes. The remnants of the primeval Chaos were already spinning at tremendous speed and turned into an Egg. This egg was the embryo of the Earth. But then it split into two parts. The upper half of the shell became the Starry Sky - Uranus, the lower half - the Mother Earth - Gaia. And the liquid spread over the body of the Earth is the Boundless Sea - the Pontus. He became Gaia's first husband. The second was Uranus-Sky. From their marriage came all the Olympian gods.
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Homer Homer is an ancient Greek poet. To date, there is no convincing evidence of the reality of the historical figure of Homer. According to ancient tradition, it was customary to imagine Homer as a blind wandering singer-aed; seven cities argued for the honor of being called his homeland. He was probably from Smyrna (Asia Minor), or from the island of Chios. It can be assumed that Homer lived around the 8th century BC. Homer is credited with authoring two of the greatest works of ancient Greek literature, the Iliad and the Odyssey. In ancient times, Homer was recognized as the author of other works: the poem “Batrachomachia” and the collection of “Homeric hymns.” Modern science assigns only the Iliad and the Odyssey to Homer, and there is an opinion that these poems were created by different poets and at different historical times. Even in ancient times, the “Homeric question” arose, which is now understood as a set of problems related to the origin and development of the ancient Greek epic, including the relationship between folklore and literary creativity itself.
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Biographical information about Homer given by ancient authors is contradictory and implausible. “Seven cities, arguing, are called the homeland of Homer: Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Pylos, Argos, Ithaca, Athens,” says one Greek epigram (in fact, the list of these cities was more extensive). Regarding the life of Homer, ancient scholars gave various dates, starting from the 12th century BC (after the Trojan War) and ending with the 7th century BC; There was a widespread legend about a poetic competition between Homer and Hesiod. Most researchers believe that Homer's poems were created in Asia Minor, in Ionia in the 8th century BC, based on mythological tales about the Trojan War. There is late antique evidence of the final edition of their texts under the Athenian tyrant Pisistratus in the mid-6th century BC, when their performance was included in the festivals of the Great Panathenaia.
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“Iliad” and “Odyssey” The works of Homer, the poems “Iliad” and “Odyssey”, are the first known monuments of ancient Greek literature and at the same time the first monuments of literature in Europe in general. Containing a huge number of different kinds of legends and being very significant in size (there are 15,693 poetic lines in the Iliad, 12,110 in the Odyssey), these poems could not appear suddenly, in the form of the work of only one brilliant writer. Even if they were compiled by one poet, they were compiled on the basis of centuries-old folk art, in which modern science establishes a reflection of the most diverse periods of the historical development of the Greeks. These works were recorded for the first time only in the second half of the 6th century. BC e. Consequently, the folk materials for these poems were created even earlier, at least two or three centuries before this first recording, and, as modern scholarship shows, the Homeric poems reflect even older periods of Greek or perhaps even pre-Greek history. The plot of Homer's poems is different episodes of the Trojan War. Troy and the region where this city was the capital, Troas, were located in the northwestern corner of Asia Minor and were inhabited by a tribe of Phrygians. The Greeks, who inhabited the Balkan Peninsula, waged wars in Asia Minor for many centuries. One such war, namely with Troy, was especially imprinted in the memory of the ancient Greeks, and many different literary works and, in particular, several special poems were dedicated to it. They told about the Trojan War, the reasons that caused it, the capture of Troy and the return of the victorious Greeks to their homeland. To understand the content of the Iliad and the Odyssey, it is necessary to know all the legends about the Trojan War, since both poems depict only individual moments of this war.
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Greek myths tell that the Earth, burdened with an overgrown population, asked Zeus (the supreme deity of the ancient Greeks) to spare it and reduce the number of people living on it. For the sake of the request of the Earth, by the will of Zeus, the Trojan War begins. The closest reason for the war was that Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, kidnapped Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus. To take revenge for this kidnapping and bring Helen back, Menelaus’ brother and the king of Argolis, neighboring Sparta, Agamemnon advises Menelaus to gather all the Greek kings with their squads and start a war with Troy. Among the Greek kings involved, especially notable are the fleet-footed Achilles, the king of Phthia, who amazes with his power, and Odysseus, the king of the island of Ithaca (to the west of the Balkan Peninsula). All Greek tribes send their troops and their leaders to Aulis, from where the pan-Greek army moves across the Aegean Sea and lands near Troy, which is several kilometers from the coast. Agamemnon is elected supreme leader of the entire Greek army. The war has been waged with varying success for 10 years. And only after 10 years did the Greeks manage to get into the city itself, burn it, kill the men, and take the women captive. Scattered throughout the Iliad and Odyssey are only hints of the war as a whole. But the poems do not contain a special narrative about the causes of the war, nor about its first 9 years, nor about the capture of Troy. Both poems are each dedicated to a special plot, namely, “The Iliad” - one episode from the tenth year of the war, and “The Odyssey” - tales of Odysseus’ return to his homeland after the war.
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"Odyssey". The main content of the Odyssey is the tale of Odysseus' return to Ithaca after the end of the war with Troy.
