Types of volunteer activities. - initiative groups of the population

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GBOU SPO Construction College №30

“Volunteer movement”

moscow 2012

Volunteering: what is it?

Areas of Volunteering in Russia

Analysis of foreign experience in organizing volunteer activities

From the history of international volunteer organizations

Modern volunteer projects in Russia and countries of the world Topic 6 Personality of a volunteer Topic 7 Technologies for organizing volunteer activities Topic 8 Interaction with state and public organizations 2 Topic 1 Volunteering: what is it?

In Ushakov’s explanatory dictionary, we find the following definition: a volunteer (from the French volontaire) is a volunteer, a volunteer; reckoned at his own expense and of his own free will, in wartime, to the army, but not enlisted. Of course, at the present stage, this definition has lost its direct meaning. Today, volunteers are called those who voluntarily contribute to the development of a wide range of activities for the benefit of the public and without any monetary compensation, i.e. gratis.

According to L.E. Sikorsky, volunteering is nothing but a “way of preserving and strengthening human values, such as kindness, free assistance to any person, regardless of his position in society, cultural and ethnic characteristics, religion, age, gender.

Volunteering is a creative social force that contributes to building a more humane and just society through universal cooperation. ” (L.E. Sikorska, see anthology)) The history of the volunteer movement is rather difficult to trace, since no one has ever recorded actions of this kind. But the history of mankind itself indicates that no society was alien to the ideas of voluntary and selfless help. Volunteering - the concept is as ancient as the concept of "society". There have always been people in society for whom the method of self-realization, self-improvement, communication and communication with other people was work for the benefit of others, for the benefit of the community in which this person happened to be born and live.

(O. Yankovskaya, see anthology) The volunteer movement appeared and gained development in the 20s of the XX century in Europe. During this period, a large number of young people volunteered to rebuild Europe, which was destroyed during the First World War.

Young people - French and Germans, met and came up with a wonderful thought, which later became the motto of the volunteer movement: "It is better to work together than to fight against each other." In 1920, in France, near Strasbourg, the first volunteer project was carried out with the participation of German and French youth, in which volunteers restored destroyed farms. Volunteers did not receive money for their work, but they were regularly provided with accommodation, meals and medical insurance by the interested party - this principle of organizing volunteer work has been preserved to this day.

The idea spread throughout the planet. In the 60s, dozens of volunteer programs arose with a peacekeeping mission to make friends of Eastern and Western Europe. Since the 80s of the XX century, environmental projects have become widespread.

And in subsequent years, the volunteer movement became even more widespread, both among young people and among older people. Since then, volunteering has managed to gain scope and popularity worldwide.

Volunteering is based on the principle of gratuitousness and solidarity, so its motives are not in material compensation, but in the satisfaction of social and spiritual needs.

Therefore, volunteers participate in research, social, charity programs, which in themselves do not bring profit.

In Russia, one of the earliest official mentions of volunteerism dates back to 1894. This year, city guardianship of the poor was established, in which voluntary donations were made and where volunteers worked.

It is believed that the volunteer movement in Russia began to emerge in the late 80s. However, it is worth agreeing with the fact that it existed earlier, for example, in the form of the service of sisters of mercy, the Timurov and pioneer movements, various nature conservation societies and monuments. Let us give an example: during the years of World War II, 1941-1945. Timurov teams and detachments operated in schools, orphanages, at palaces and houses of pioneers and other out-of-school institutions, at the place of residence;

in the RSFSR alone, there were over 2 million Timurovites. They patronized hospitals, families of soldiers and officers of the Soviet Army, orphanages and kindergartens, helped to harvest, worked for the defense fund. In the post-war period, they provided assistance to the disabled and veterans of war and labor, the elderly, looked after the graves of dead soldiers.

In Soviet times, volunteers went to the virgin lands and BAM, worked on community work days, harvesting.

The volunteer movement got its modern development in connection with a growing number of social problems, in which the volunteers are irreplaceable in the current economic situation.

Unlike the pioneer and Komsomol organizations that existed once, in the Russian Federation volunteers are not united and do not have a single state or non-state support. It is possible to speak of the volunteer movement as a phenomenon only taking into account that all volunteers are guided in their activities by one general principle - helping people.

Who are we calling volunteers today? Volunteers are people who are ready to donate their personal time, energy to the service of society or a specific person. A synonym for the word “volunteer” is the word “volunteer”. Sometimes volunteers are called public assistants, freelance volunteers, assistants, leaders, intermediaries. The common thing that unites them is voluntariness (money is not the main motive for work).

The declaration of the International Association of Volunteers, adopted at the 11th Congress of the International Association of Volunteers in Paris on September 14, 1995, (see Textbook) provides the following definition of volunteering (volunteering). Volunteering is:

  - voluntary choice, reflecting personal views and positions;

  - active participation of a citizen in the life of the human community;

  - contributes to improving the quality of life, personal improvement and deepening solidarity;

  - expressed, as a rule, in joint activities in the framework of various kinds of socially significant projects;

  - contributes to the implementation of basic human needs on the path to building a more just and peaceful society;

  - contributes to a more balanced economic and social development, the creation of new jobs and new professions.

The Federal Law “On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations” (No. 135-ФЗ dated August 11, 1995) thus interprets the concept of “volunteers”: these are “citizens who carry out charitable activities in the form of gratuitous work in the interests of the beneficiary, including in the interests of charity organization. ”

The law of the city of Moscow, regulating the interaction of non-profit organizations (NPOs) and state authorities, gives the following definition: “Voluntary activity (volunteering) is voluntary free socially significant activity of individuals - volunteers, implemented on behalf of and (or) on a guarantee of a non-governmental non-profit organization” . (Sikorsky) In the Concept of Long-Term Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period Until 2020, approved by decree of the Government of Ross Federation of November 17, No. 1662-r, the main goal of state youth policy is formulated as creating the conditions for successful socialization and effective self-realization of youth, the development of youth potential and its use in the interests of the country's innovative development.

One of the priority areas noted in the Strategy for State Youth Policy in the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation in December 2006 No. 1760-r, is the project “Volunteer of Russia”, which is addressed to young people aged 14 to 25 years. This project is aimed at the systematic involvement of youth in various social projects, including in the areas of mass youth sports, tourism and youth leisure and the development of independent life skills through the organization of voluntary (volunteer) activities. The main goal of the “Volunteer of Russia” project is to create mechanisms for involving young people in diverse social activities aimed at improving the quality of life of Russians.

The active participation of youth in the volunteer movement will help solve the important task of increasing the competitiveness and professional competence of young people by obtaining primary experience in participating in professional activities, increasing the opportunities for professional orientation and the formation of basic personal and social competencies necessary for professional activities in the development of an innovative economy.

The organization of systemic voluntary (volunteer) activities of youth will help solve the problem of staff shortages in the implementation of social policies and strengthen human resources. At the same time, the volunteer movement enhances the economic efficiency of social policy, improves the quality of life of youth, promotes the development of initiative and responsibility, and increases the level of tolerance. By analyzing the experience of various voluntary organizations, we tried to formulate the principles that underlie their activities.

The fundamental principle, of course, is voluntariness, voluntary choice, reflecting a person’s personal position. Each person has the right to participate in voluntary activities of their own free will. A person also has the right to refuse to participate in voluntary activity in accordance with his obligations voluntarily and knowingly.

The decision to participate in volunteer activities cannot be made under direct or indirect pressure. For example, non-participation in volunteer activities should not negatively affect the assessment of a person’s fulfillment of his basic duties: an employment contract, military duty or civil liability.

The principle of voluntariness does not deny the existence of certain obligations.

During the implementation of volunteer activities, it is necessary to take into account all the obligations that a person must assume for the effective implementation of activities. These obligations must be specified in a special agreement or a voluntary contract and, if necessary, may be legally binding. These obligations include:

material, if necessary, use and manage material resources;

professional, if necessary, the strict implementation of professional requirements;

ethical, if necessary, especially observe ethical standards and requirements when carrying out volunteer activities.

Along with it, one can also cite principles such as:

  - gratuitousness (disinterestedness) - the goals of volunteering - helping other people and their own personal, moral improvement through the provision of such assistance. The performance of volunteer activities should not be a condition for the material well-being of a person. Unlike main employment, volunteer work should not play the role of a source of income necessary to meet natural human needs:

food, shelter, clothes and more. With respect to primary employment, volunteer work must be complementary.

  - social significance - volunteering should be of a nature that meets the goals and needs of the local community, national interests and principles of development of the world community.

The social significance of volunteerism is determined by its relevance, timeliness and effective result.

  - respect for the individuality and inner world of each person and acceptance of him as a unique person;

  - the union of people on a mission of good and service to others;

  - providing equal opportunities for spiritual, physical and intellectual development to all people, regardless of their gender, physical condition, religion and financial situation;

  - Education in young people of leadership qualities and moral values. Volunteering is not only a resource for social development, but also an opportunity that society provides citizens with for their full personal growth.

The opportunity to participate in volunteerism is a service that a democratic society can provide to its citizens.

  - increasing civic activity by attracting young people to solve social problems of society, as well as providing them with the opportunity to take responsibility at all levels of the volunteer organization;

  - conscientiousness, bringing to the end of the undertaken obligations;

  - legality, the activities of the volunteer must not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation. No matter how well-motivated the volunteers are guided, their unlawful actions cannot be justified. Strict adherence to the requirements of the law, rules and norms adopted in the life of the local community is a necessary condition for any voluntary activity.

The governments of these countries support the volunteer movement, which has acquired a truly global character. International volunteer organizations work. At the XVI World Volunteer Conference of the International Association of Voluntary Efforts (IAVE) in Amsterdam in January 2001, the Universal Declaration of Volunteering was proclaimed. It outlines the meaning and goals, the basic principles of movement. (see. Reader) Theme of Volunteering Activities in Russia There is a very wide range of activities where volunteer assistance is required, so each young person can choose for himself that type of volunteer activity that meets his needs and allows him to realize his own aspirations.

The analysis of the activities of various organizations allows us to identify the following, most relevant for youth forms and areas of volunteer activity:

  - work with socially vulnerable groups of the population (orphans, disabled people, the elderly, the homeless, refugees, former prisoners and others);

  - service in hospitals;

  - psychological and pedagogical support of children and adolescents;

  - prevention of a healthy and safe lifestyle, educational activities aimed at the prevention of drug addiction, AIDS;

  - work aimed at restoring and preserving historical and natural monuments;

  - assistance to animals, work in animal shelters, voluntary assistance to zoos and nature reserves;

  - environmental Protection;

  - leisure and creative activities (organization of free time for children and adolescents, organization of concerts, theatrical performances, contests, holidays, etc.);

  - local history activity;

  - Internet volunteering (Wikipedia) and others.

It should be noted that a volunteer organization can work in any one area of \u200b\u200bactivity, for example, only helping orphanages or promoting a healthy lifestyle, and can implement its projects in various social and public spheres of life.

^ Work with socially unprotected groups of the population Volunteers who choose this area of \u200b\u200bactivity, give their free time, provide assistance and support to older people in the nursing home, orphans in orphanages and orphanages. Old people and children are the most unprotected categories that most need spiritual support, mercy, affection and attention. The staff of the boarding houses for children and the elderly, with all their desire, does not have the physical ability to pay enough attention to everyone living in such an institution. Volunteers help older people to meet old age with dignity, provide support, because old people, like children, need constant care, sympathy and attention.

Separately, I would like to say about children brought up in orphanages, orphanages and boarding schools. It is well known that for the normal development of a child, a complete social environment is needed. Therefore, children who are deprived of the necessary human communication in the early stages of their development, even without physical problems, develop with a noticeable lag behind their peers who are brought up in the family. The active participation of volunteers in the social, psychological and intellectual rehabilitation of orphans allows them to become full members of our society.

^ Service in hospitals To date, Russia has not yet developed a service for organizing the life of a child in a hospital, as, for example, in a number of other countries. The need for volunteers is extremely high. However, the specifics of work in this direction leads to the fact that many do not stand up and leave. Therefore, the problem of selecting volunteers who are able to work in a hospital and provide effective assistance is relevant. The work of a volunteer, even if it is only a few hours a week, helps to implement a holistic approach to the patient in the hospital, gives the patients themselves a chance to feel their life to be full, and themselves - a necessary and important person, personality.

In the future, the development of volunteer service in the hospital, volunteers, having received appropriate training, can perform more complex tasks, such as caring for children with disabilities, playing therapy, assisting and caring for terminal patients and their relatives in the hospital and at home. Which, in turn, requires appropriate steps of trust on the part of medical personnel, more detailed search strategies, and attracting various categories of volunteers, including students who are ready and able to actively learn.

^ Psychological and pedagogical support of children and adolescents Both children with normal and impaired development need help. In the framework of this area, it is carried out: tutoring, holidays, leisure activities, etc. One of the main problems of children with special mental and physical development is the lack of opportunities for their socialization in a society of healthy people. Contact with volunteers counteracts the social isolation of disabled children, and leads to an increase in the tolerance of society towards them.

^ Prevention of a healthy and safe lifestyle A very important area is the work of volunteers with youth, aimed at improving the youth environment and the prevention of drug and alcohol addiction.

As part of the implementation of this activity, targeted training seminars, trainings, and anti-drug actions are held, and control over possible channels of drug trafficking to the youth environment is being strengthened. There are also such forms of work as the work of the Trust telephone, the provision of advisory assistance, psychological support, and thematic round tables with the involvement of specialists.

^ Restoring and preserving the monuments of nature, history and culture Protected natural areas need the unselfish practical help of volunteers, because it is the volunteers who do the necessary work for which employees often do not have the strength, nor the means, nor the time. Very often the entrance to these territories is closed to visitors, only volunteers are allowed to visit places not touched by civilization in order to help preserve the living heritage of our land with a good deed.

The participation of volunteers in such projects allows them not only to provide all possible assistance in preserving the natural and cultural wealth of our country, but also, in the literal sense, get to know more about many natural and cultural monuments and join the cultural heritage.

^ Environmental protection Volunteering to protect the environment involves the participation of young people in a variety of activities to attract the attention of society or government to environmental issues that need to be addressed.

Volunteers assist in disseminating information on various environmental projects. This is primarily the conduct of lectures and stories about modern technologies that make it possible to make your life and your workplace more environmentally friendly without high costs. Among the active activities include environmental inspections: the identification of illegal felling of trees and shrubs, unauthorized landfills, etc.

Volunteers of the famous Greenpeace organization speak of their work as follows:

“The widespread development of environmental volunteering can significantly change the mindset and lifestyle of many people. We are trying to give the opportunity to the maximum number of people to participate in practical environmental activities, to see the direct result of our work. It can be planted trees, extinguished forest fires, stopped illegal logging. ”

^ Help for animals Volunteers involved in helping homeless animals try to implement the ideas of humane treatment of animals and the introduction of truly effective measures to reduce the number of stray animals. Young people engaged in educational activities:

  - regularly conduct informational and educational actions;

  - distribute materials, the purpose of which is to familiarize citizens with the problem of street animals, disclose the criminal activities of “resellers” and vagrants, explain the need and advantages of sterilization, etc.

Volunteers assist in animal shelters, help street animals - thanks to this, many animals find old or new owners. They take measures to identify and suppress cases of bullying of animals, conduct actions to arrange animals "in the family."

^ Creative activity Young people who choose to participate in the aesthetic direction of volunteer activity have the opportunity to join the world of art, communicate with musicians, world-class artists, broaden their horizons in the field of art and music. They assist in the implementation of specific projects, are on duty at exhibitions, concerts, distribute advertising booklets, concert programs. Volunteers who know foreign languages \u200b\u200bcan attach themselves as an escort to a foreign musician, introduce the guest to the city, etc. In addition, sometimes assistance is required in the translation of foreign books and other materials necessary for planning concert activities.

Activities in museums include assistance in organizing and conducting exhibitions in the museum: installation of the exhibition, monitoring visitors, distribution of information booklets about the upcoming event among friends, etc.

Another type of activity in this direction is work on the Internet: searching for necessary information, notifying students about upcoming concerts or exhibitions by e-mail. Volunteers in the field of art can be young people with training in aesthetic subjects, as well as ordinary students and schoolchildren. . Children who are going to connect their lives with a profession in the field of art, get the opportunity to replenish their professional baggage, gain experience, which is necessary when applying for a job.

^ Local history activities The participation of young people in volunteer projects devoted to the study of the history of their region allows, through excursions, travels, systematic local history observations, to broaden the horizons of children and adolescents, to instill in them versatile practical skills, to cultivate patriotism in them, and love for the country.

To solve the research problems of this area of \u200b\u200bvolunteer activity, young people during the expeditions collect oral information from the population, photograph, map objects, and analyze the collected materials and artifacts. Along with research, volunteers conduct educational work, including conducting talks, lectures, and discussions on the history of their native land.

Project participants have the opportunity to get acquainted with the methodology of collecting oral history and the rules for conducting field research, receive tourist training. Participants' environmental education is also an important component of these projects. In addition, students are becoming more interested in studying the history and culture of the Russian province, as well as the formation of independent skills research workworking with historical sources.

^ Historical and educational activities Among the tasks carried out within the framework of the historical and educational direction, we can name such as: supporting initiatives and implementing projects aimed at educating and educating young people in the spirit of the ideas of non-violence, peacemaking, respect for human rights, the ideals of democracy and humanism stimulating youth participation in socially useful activities. Important is the direct contact of youth with history, with its material and documentary evidence, and even better - with its lively and active participants.

Volunteers participate in collecting memories from the local population, are engaged in the search for material evidence related to certain historical events, for example, related to the history of political repressions in the USSR.

Projects of this kind provide for a diverse educational and cultural program for the volunteers themselves: excursions, discussions, discussions, meetings with human rights defenders and former political prisoners, watching films, creative classes, etc.

Internet volunteering Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia created by joint efforts of volunteers, a website whose structure and contents users can together change using tools provided by the website itself.

^ Topic Analysis of foreign experience in volunteer work. In 1998, about 2,000 projects were implemented in 84 countries of the world. This is a form of international mutual assistance, an opportunity to show one’s civic position in practice by providing all possible assistance to those in need. The purpose of each volunteer camp is to help a country (city, village) in the implementation of any project for the implementation of which this country (city, village) does not have sufficient funds. The idea of \u200b\u200b"leaning the whole world" on a solution to a problem finds numerous supporters and enthusiasts and works very efficiently. It is especially popular in such prosperous countries as the USA, England, Germany, Spain, France, Finland, Switzerland, etc. Pupils, students, university professors, people of various professions participate in the volunteer movement - they are quite prosperous and respectable, but prefer to spend their vacation in active building.

Currently, organizations from 50 countries of the world, united by a coordinating council at UNESCO, annually conduct more than five hundred international youth work camps. They all work on the same principle: the project should be socially significant, useful to people.

In the USA, the peak of the volunteer movement was in the 30s of the 20th century (about 3 million young people participated in it). The Civilian Conservation Corps volunteer organization was created by President Franklin Roosevelt to reduce unemployment and to carry out important work to preserve the population. This organization has excelled in both directions. About 90% of the population supported its activities. During the war, the work of Civilian Conservation Corps was discontinued. The next peak in the volunteer movement occurred in 1961, when President Kennedy created the organization “Servants of the World”. This organization has received the support of most universities. This success came about thanks to Kennedy’s statement that he considered participation in The Ministers of the World as an alternative to military service. But later he abandoned this idea, because she was too innovative.

Also, two small ups in volunteering were in the 70s. The second rise was related to the resurgence by President Carter of the Civilian Conservation Corps. But at that time only thousands of people joined the movement. The 80s were accompanied by a decline in the activities of volunteers, as President Reagan did not support the revival of Civilian Conservation Corps. And only a few cities and states continued to operate at the local level. Only eight thousand young people participated in the movement in those years. The volunteer movement under President Clinton, since 1993, has reached its largest size. He contributed $ 1.5 million to the organization’s three years of operation. Despite the fact that only part of this amount was allocated, the ranks of volunteers replenished (by 1996 there were 35 thousand of them).

One of the features of the Clinton program is that it initiated the participation of youth in youth services both before their studies at universities and after their completion. (Yankovskaya) A variety of volunteer projects are currently underway in the United States. They differ in areas of activity, in those goals and objectives that they are called to solve. Among them:

environmental projects aimed at protecting the environment, in particular, the unique national American reserves, for example Volunteers In Parks (Humanitarian volunteer projects: social counseling aimed at solving problems with performance among primary school students and at preventing asocial phenomena among children; and also, projects aimed at integrating persons with disabilities (disabled) into a healthy society, breaking stereotypes about these people and overcoming existing ones barriers between them and other residents of the country;

cultural and historical, aimed at preserving historical monuments, for example, the Historical Interpretation Volunteers project, whose goal is to attract volunteers to the Historical Project in order to recreate the reality of the 18th century.

In Canada, there are two main categories of people who volunteer. First of all, these are elderly, materially well-off people (most often pensioners), accustomed to work, who want to continue to live an active life, using their knowledge and practical experience. They are conscientious, attentive and will readily answer you any questions. Work fills their life with content and meaning. Another category of people uses volunteer work as a launching pad for starting or continuing a career.

Among volunteer projects  in Canada there are those that are aimed at solving internal national problems, for example, the Katimavik project.

The problems that this project seeks to solve are the inadequacy of certain regions of the country, insufficient funding for local societies and organizations, the need for restoration of historical and cultural heritage monuments, and a mandatory condition for the participant in the programs of this project must be Canadian citizenship or permanent residence in the country. Another very interesting, in our opinion, project is called Mothers Against Drink Drinking (MADD) - Mothers Against Drunk Driving. The objectives of this project are anti-alcohol propaganda, prevention of car accidents due to drunk driving, assistance to victims, etc. The MADD youth program is designed for more than 750,000 schools across the country.

Along with internal projects in Canada, there are transnational ones.

For example, the Help the Aged program, aimed at solving the problems of the older generation (social exclusion of the elderly, their disability, low living standards, health problems, etc.), is implemented in 11 countries, including Canada, Congo, India, Haiti, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Ghana, Haiti, Jamaica, etc.

Among European countries, one of the largest indicators of the number of volunteers among the population is observed in the UK.

A Eurovol-Studie study found that in 1994, 27% of the UK population volunteered, while in Germany this figure was only 16%. People voluntarily work in the social, cultural, political, economic spheres, as well as in the field of environmental protection. In the UK, social work is traditionally one of the main areas of volunteer activity.

Although in recent years there has been an increase in the interest of volunteers in other areas, such as, for example, sports and environmental protection. In the UK, volunteers have a wide field of activity: from helping others, to participating in civic initiatives and self-help groups.

Work as a volunteer is perceived as an opportunity to participate in public life. Volunteering, in this regard, means taking personal responsibility for others and for the community as a whole.

In France, a citizen of a country aged 16 years (up to 16 years old - with the consent of parents), a citizen of the European Union or a citizen legally residing in France for more than a year can take part in public volunteer associations. Young people are given the opportunity to work full time in a village, association or foundation, as part of a mission. Such areas of activity are being implemented as: charitable, educational, scientific, social, humanitarian, sports and cultural. Volunteers are recruited to serve in local government and government.

Statistics: 19% of the adult population of France at least once in their lives participated in volunteer activities. Of these, 60% regularly participate in volunteer work, giving her more than 20 hours a month. 46% of respondents said that they became volunteers because they feel a great desire to help others. (Nikolai Ovodkov.

Volunteer movement yesterday, today, tomorrow or to be or not to be).

Volunteers are involved in projects in areas such as healthcare, the fight against isolation and discrimination, environmental protection, education, and culture. The conditions for participation in various programs take into account the different needs and expectations of young people. When recruiting volunteers, it is declared that they can perform their civil service in various forms and in various reception organizations:

you can work in France;

can work even if you are in the educational process;

you can work in the national police or public security organs;

you can work in embassies or consulates as part of international volunteering;

in international associations - for those who wish to join a humanitarian action with a view to international solidarity;

in local authorities or associations for those who wish to contribute to the development of their region.

In Germany, a huge number of non-profit organizations work - about 70 thousand. Voluntarily, over 2 million people are employed. In Germany, there is a law on the “social year”, ie after graduating from high school, a young person can engage in social work for 1 year. Subsequently, it is of great importance when hiring a given young man for work.

Common in Germany is the Volunteer Center system. They exist in almost every city and are designed to connect organizations and volunteers, to harmonize relations between them. In Germany, they believe that the following is necessary for the full development of volunteering:

recognition of volunteerism (including in the sphere of production and in the family) as a socially necessary and important work;

recognition of volunteer work as an experience in hiring;

marks on voluntary work in school certificates and other certificates of completion of any courses;

recognition of many years of volunteering as a pensioner experience;

improving the insurance of volunteers by organizations in which unconditional reimbursement of all expenses incurred by volunteers in the process of fulfilling their duties;

improving training and counseling for volunteers; target education for volunteers performing qualified suppression of the use of volunteer labor solely as a means of saving money;

the attractiveness of volunteering for the unemployed (currently unemployed are not allowed to volunteer for more than one year) Statistics: Every third German, which makes up 34% of the German population, is a volunteer, devoting more than 15 hours a month to working in volunteer associations, projects and self-help groups.

Many consider volunteering a unique opportunity to gain life knowledge and experience.

The Japanese concept of volunteer activity proceeds from the fact that it is it that is the most convenient form of manifestation of social activity, a universal expression of people's solidarity, a tool for solving many complex problems facing all of humanity.

One of the main forms of social activity of the Japanese is volunteering, which people engage in exclusively of their own free will.

The planet is facing acute problems of population growth, environmental destruction, and environmental crisis. It is these areas that determine the strategic course of Japanese volunteering in collaboration with other countries and international organizations, but, of course, the main practical work is carried out in various areas within the country.

Previously, the Japanese volunteer work was considered as a manifestation of the social activity of an insignificant group of conscious citizens, but now many people regard it as an integral part of their life. Such an understanding helps to involve in this work not only active, by definition, young people, but, what is extremely important, middle-aged and older people, and also very significantly expands the scope of its application.

Statistics: 26% of Japanese people have experienced volunteering in the past. Of these, 48% are sure that volunteer work is very useful for personal growth and society as a whole.

Volunteers have played and continue to play a significant role in promoting progress and improving the general well-being of industrialized and developing countries, both within the framework of national programs and the UN programs for humanitarian assistance, technical assistance, respect for human rights, democratization of society and the consolidation of peace. The activities of many non-governmental organizations, professional associations, trade unions and other civic organizations are based on the ideas of voluntary assistance. Many campaigns to eradicate illiteracy, immunize the population, and protect the environment are largely dependent on the efforts made by volunteers.

Involvement in volunteering has no religious, racial, age or even political boundaries. Numerous transnational platforms and networks of volunteer non-profit organizations attract over hundreds of millions of people annually in their projects and programs.

Topic International Volunteer Organizations Volunteering has long been recognized at the highest international level. The international volunteer movement consists of many large organizations, such as the Salvation Army, the Red Cross, UN Volunteers and others. For example, in IАВЕ (International Association for Volunteer Effort) - the international association of volunteer efforts includes more than 90 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and both Americas. These large organizations have representatives in most countries of the world, including Russia (Sikorsky).

International social policy considers volunteerism (as well as social service in general) as the most important resource of a democratic society, aimed at providing citizens, members of local communities with opportunities for active participation in the life of fellow citizens and their communities.

Today, volunteer organizations exist in 80 countries.

The governments of these countries support the volunteer movement, which has acquired a truly global character. International volunteer organizations work. On September 14, 1990, in Paris at the XI-th World Conference of the International Association of Volunteer Efforts, the Universal Declaration of Volunteers was adopted. It outlines the meaning and goals, the basic principles of movement.

^ In 1920, the World Civil Service was founded - this is a worldwide pacifist movement created under the motto "Cause, no words", i.e. priority should be given to concrete actions as a way of establishing peace and tolerance. The organization was founded in 1920 by Peter Serezoli, a Swiss engineer who initially organized the World Civil Service as a pacifist and humanist movement. The World Civil Service seeks to improve mutual respect for different cultures by creating worldwide networks of friends and developing global volunteering. The World Civil Service has 80 years of international volunteer service experience. Currently, the organization has branches in Europe, Asia and one branch in Africa. The main areas of activity of the World Civil Service are the coordination and initiation of volunteer service projects for international volunteer teams based on both long-term and short-term periods. More than four thousand volunteers participate in such projects annually.

According to the World Civil Service, international volunteerism is one of best ways  for individuals to achieve a higher level of intercultural understanding and tolerance as part of the educational process for peace and international understanding.

^ The United Nations Volunteer Program was created in the year, but it is not youth. Her volunteers are about 40 years old. Until now, this program has in fact excluded young people, the minimum age for recruits was 25 years, and the requirements included higher education or technical diplomas and at least 5 years of work experience. A few years ago, the United Nations Volunteer Program created a new group of volunteers who could join the program at the age of 21. But such volunteers make up only 41% of all United Nations volunteers. In February 2000, another project began to distribute volunteer assignments over the Internet.

Managed Volunteer program  United Nations, the project adds a new dimension to existing volunteering opportunities.

UN Volunteers - an organization directly reporting to the UN that is committed to supporting sustainable global development on the planet by promoting volunteerism and mobilizing volunteers to solve specific practical problems on our planet. Near UN Volunteers, there were as of April 2003 working with refugees, HIV-infected, children, and people with disabilities; in the field of child and adult education, health care, urban development, electoral law and the protection of voters' rights, women's rights, etc.

in almost all UN member countries.

^ European Volunteer Service. The Alliance of European Volunteer Organizations, founded in 1982, is the focal point for European national volunteer organizations, specializing in coordinating short and long-term volunteer work camps promoting international cooperation, peace and understanding.

Since 1998, the European Volunteer Service has been offering young people aged 18 to 25 the opportunity to volunteer for 6-12 months abroad. Each project has partners: a volunteer, a sending organization and a receiving organization. Since 1996, about 5,000 young Europeans have participated in this program.

Since its inception, UNESCO has supported youth volunteering in the form of youth camps or labor camps. At the first session of the year, at the General Conference, it was decided that UNESCO would promote and ensure the equitable distribution of youth camps among the needy areas in the summer of 1947. Thus, under the auspices of UNESCO in 1948, a non-profit organization was created - the Coordination Commission for Labor Camps (later renamed the Coordination Commission for International Volunteer Service).

From 1976 to 1995, UNESCO tried to promote youth volunteering and supported activities, mainly labor camps and several meetings, training seminars and internships through subsidies and contracts of the Coordinating Commission for International Volunteer Services and a limited number of state and non-governmental volunteer organizations, as well as through contacts with interethnic structures such as United Nations Volunteers and the Council of Europe.

^ Youth Action for Peace (YAP) - An international youth organization that began its activities in 1923, promoting ideas of peace and cooperation between countries and actively opposing military conflicts. YAP has branches in 15 countries and brings together politically active youth in a volunteer movement.

YAP organizes volunteer anti-war projects, pacifist seminars and trainings, develops methods for non-violent resolution of military conflicts, works with refugees, socially vulnerable groups, lobbying anti-war and peacemaking ideas among political parties and organizations.

Greenpeace is an international public environmental organization based in Vancouver, Canada on September 15, 1971.

Greenpeace's founder is Canadian businessman David Fraser McTaggart. He was called the "first warrior of the green army."

It was under his leadership that the campaign against the nuclear tests of France in the South Pacific began. For more than 30 years, Greenpeace has grown from a group of enthusiasts to a powerful international environmental organization that is active throughout the world. Greenpeace representative offices exist in more than 40 countries.

The work of Greenpeace ecologists includes the following areas (campaigns):

  - biodiversity campaign: Greenpeace fights against the destruction of forests, barbarian fishing and whaling, seeks to preserve existing and create new protected natural areas;

  - atmosphere protection campaign: the organization seeks to reduce the emission of "greenhouse gases" causing the "greenhouse effect", and to stop using ozone-depleting substances;

  - anti-nuclear campaign: Greenpeace is fighting to reduce nuclear arsenals, ban nuclear tests, curtail dangerous programs for the development of nuclear energy and phase out it;

  - Toxic Substances Campaign: Greenpeace is seeking a ban on hazardous technologies, addressing the problems associated with the generation and processing of hazardous waste, and environmental pollution with highly toxic substances.

The activities of this organization are based on the following principles:

  - action protest: organization and holding of actions that draw public attention to environmental problems and to those who are guilty of their occurrence;

  - non-violence: all Greenpeace actions are the implementation of peaceful protest;

- independence: Greenpeace does not adjoin any political party, does not accept donations from state organizations, commercial structures and political parties;

  - Greenpeace funding is provided exclusively through personal voluntary donations.

In accordance with the decision of the UN General Assembly, 2001 was declared the International Year of Volunteers. The volunteer movement is precisely that sphere where huge masses of people everywhere on the Earth can reveal not only professional, creative, but also human potential. In the resolution of the UN General Assembly, four main tasks of the international year of volunteers were defined: the widespread propaganda of the importance of volunteering, providing it with all kinds of support, the creation of local and integrated networks of volunteer organizations, the targeted direction of such activities to solve pressing problems in modern society. To date, we can say that these tasks have not lost their relevance.

Volunteering is a very serious tool in solving problems such as the struggle to free slaves, to get women equal rights with men, to protect the environment, the rights of buyers, etc. The volunteer movement, which involves people from different generations, ethnic groups, religious denominations, poor and rich, employed in business and non-profit organizations, has the potential to help create partnerships in society, as it overcomes e barriers and borders.

^ Topic Modern volunteer projects in Russia and countries of the world On the basis of generalization and analysis of foreign and domestic experience (as part of our study), four basic types of volunteer projects can be distinguished:

humanitarian projects;

socio-cultural (educational) projects;

information and advisory projects;

environmental projects.

It should be emphasized that each of the above types, as a rule, is complex, that is, it integrates a number of specialized areas that provide a holistic rethinking and solution of the problem (for example, solving the problem of homeless children involves: a) their social protection; b) their legal protection; c) psychological assistance and educational assistance). Therefore, it is advisable to consider their distribution from the point of view of the dominant function — the nature of the social task to be solved as the fundamental criterion for classifying projects.

In terms of dominant social function:

Humanitarian projects solve the problem of helping socially vulnerable groups of the population;

Socio-cultural projects solve the dual task of teaching (knowledge of social reality, history, etc.) and modeling socially positive behavior.

Information and advisory projects are focused on providing special information that consumers of volunteer services need.

It is within the framework of the presented classification that we will try to illustrate the above groups of volunteer projects with examples (although we are aware that listing all, even the most famous projects, is not an achievable task within the framework of our course).

^ Humanitarian projects Humanitarian projects, as mentioned above, are aimed at helping socially vulnerable groups of the population: elderly people, people with disabilities, orphans and others.

One such project is Help the Aged. It is implemented by its non-profit, non-governmental, non-religious, charitable organization “Help the Aged”, created in Canada in 1975. The participants define their mission as follows: “improving the living standards of older people, ensuring their independence and providing services, developing programs to alleviate their suffering, cure diseases and eliminate poverty”. The project is international, implemented in Canada and 10 more countries of the world and is aimed at improving the living standards of elderly people with vision problems, providing medical care, social adaptation, providing food and clothing, etc. Implementation technology includes:

  - holding various presentations in organizations, companies, foundations, publications in the media with the aim of fundraising and attracting volunteers;

  - The project "St. Christopher's Home on Wheels", i.e. a special bus from which volunteers give out food to those in need for free;

  - A special clinic for the poor elderly.

A similar domestic project, "Old Age in Joy." A group of volunteers provides assistance to people with disabilities and older people living in nursing homes. According to the definition of the participants themselves, their goal is to make people living in the homes of the disabled, veterans, nursing homes feel that they are not alone, not abandoned, not forgotten by everyone that they need someone. The project is national and is being implemented in a number of regions of the Russian Federation (Moscow, Tula, Tver, Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Pskov, Bryansk, Kaluga, Sverdlovsk). Implementation technologies are: improving the living conditions of older people, providing care products, clothes, wheelchairs, etc., but the specifics of this project is the correspondence with old people living in a nursing home (“remote grandchildren”). To date, the activities of participants cover 24 nursing homes.

The effectiveness of modern humanitarian projects is determined by a number of the following factors.

Firstly, the long-term and targeted nature of the assistance provided.

Often, the volunteer’s work is directly assisted by a specific person (“mentor - ward” scheme). Such a model of interaction allows you to translate the volunteer’s interest in a personal and applied perspective (through the prism of personal development and the fate of an individual ward), to form a stable emotional relationship between the volunteer mentor and the ward.

Secondly, the balanced and stimulating nature of the assistance offered. In this case, volunteering should not only take into account the material needs of the caregivers (for example, a place for housing, food, medical care), but also create a stimulating psychological background (prospects for a person who needs help to overcome a difficult life situation, independently solve their own life problems).

Thirdly, the emphasis on psychological rehabilitation of consumers of volunteer care. The basis of this direction are the principles of:

  - mutual trust of the volunteer and the person receiving assistance;

  - systemic counseling and psychological activity as an important area - the context of humanitarian actions. This principle is especially important in difficult psychological situations (children with disabilities, elderly people suffering from diseases);

- Adaptation activity, which is aimed at maximizing the differences between “ordinary” people and those who, for a number of reasons (disability, age-related features), are limited in social activity. In these cases, a separate important task solved by volunteers is to ensure the socio-psychological adaptation of such categories of people, to fully reveal their creative abilities and social opportunities (thematic communication and expansion of horizons of social interaction, participation in cultural events, helping others with their parties).

^ Socio-cultural projects Two projects that we have chosen as an example are united by their focus on the preservation (or reconstruction) of historical monuments in the broad sense of the word.

A historic project called ^ Historical Interpretation Volunteers aims to attract volunteers to recreate 18th century reality at Forge Valley National Historic Park in Pennsylvania. The involvement of volunteers is carried out through interaction with public organizations, projects and communities (primarily with youth), as well as through interaction with schools, colleges and universities (advertisements on university online forums). Volunteers working in the park have the opportunity to participate in the reconstruction of the military events of the American Revolution. In addition, an important role is given to research work - volunteers can take part in archaeological excavations.

The project is supported by the Department for the Preservation of Cultural and Natural Monuments.

The motto of the Historical Interpretation Volunteers project is “touch a living story.” This is in tune with the idea of \u200b\u200banother, domestic project “Dobrohoty” - “recognizing the monuments - you recognize yourself”.

The dobrokhotsky movement was founded in the early 1950s in the Mikhailovsky Museum-Reserve. During the season, up to fifty detachments come to the reserve, with a total number of up to one and a half thousand people. Kindnesses provide economic assistance to the Pushkin Nature Reserve. In addition, they actively participate in all museum events, stage performances, give concerts, organize folklore and manor holidays, and conduct research work.

Attracting volunteers is through interaction with public organizations, as well as through interaction with schools, lyceums and universities.

Thus, we can say that participation in socio-cultural projects allows you to:

by volunteers in reserves (national parks, reserves, etc.) to solve problems that are not provided by state funding;

to form a young, caring, non-consumer attitude towards the natural and cultural heritage of young people;

use the results of the scientific work of volunteers, entering them into the concept of the scientific activity of museum reserves.

The effectiveness of modern socio-cultural (educational) projects is determined by a number of the following factors.

First, the relevance of the sociocultural problem under consideration specifically for young people. Turning to the search for volunteers, the organization should clearly present two points:

1. How far is this problem expressed in the reference youth environment (specific locality, school, university, etc.)?

Can its decision really be ensured through the use of a volunteer resource? What should be the number, skills, intellectual and creative level of volunteers involved in the process of solving this social problem?

2. How young people themselves assess the sociocultural problem. Often, a serious obstacle to launching a volunteer project is the fact that young people are poorly aware of the problematic nature of the current social situation.

Secondly, by the effectiveness of the presentation of the problem situation, including through building its relationship with the everyday life of the “potential volunteer”. This factor is especially important for the historical direction.

Historical and search activity, organization of historical excursions, monitoring of the state of national culture monuments are areas that require a clear understanding by young volunteers of the relationship between history and modernity, and their understanding of the importance of their own activities from the point of view of “today's day”. In this regard, it must be emphasized that the backbone of recruiting and organizing an effectively functioning socio-cultural project is the accessibility of the language of the presentation of the problematic situation for young people.

Thirdly, a significant range of creative innovations within the framework of the project (the ability of volunteers to propose and implement their own mechanisms for solving problems: new forms of propaganda, new search routes, programs for conferences and festivals, etc.).

Fourth, the constant feeling of volunteers of their own social utility. Often the effect of the implementation of socio-cultural projects cannot be illustrated in the "human dimension" (positive changes in the life of a particular individual) and is indirectly expressed. In this regard, one of the fundamental foundations for the successful implementation of a socio-cultural project is both a constant visual demonstration of positive statistical dynamics (to what number of people the project helped), and maintaining the prestigious nature of the activities of a young volunteer. In this case, the high social status of the volunteer is a prerequisite: public recognition of the fact that socio-cultural activity is the most important direction in which key social and cultural problems are solved through the mechanism of preventing antisocial deviations and modeling positive behavior.

Fifth, the active use of educational space to form positive sociocultural patterns of behavior. In this context, schools and universities act as platforms for volunteer activity, allowing to broadcast relevant social information to adolescents and youth, to build a dialogue process on the most significant problems of a particular local community (school, district, city).

Information and advisory projects One of the goals of creating information volunteer projects is to create conditions for coordination of volunteer organizations and consumers of their services.

For example, the project ^ L`acse is the national agency for social cohesion and equal opportunities in France. Its purpose is to help an individual or group of people to find voluntary work in their region. Participants are attracted by the opportunity to work in France and the provision of work to students. The project exists due to state support, grants, private investments.

In our country, there are similar projects, for example, "Volunteer - an information portal about volunteers and for volunteers." Its task is to inform experienced volunteers and beginners who are all interested in a variety of volunteer initiatives. The main goal of the “Volunteer” portal is to create a convenient Internet portal, which publishes collected announcements of charity events, as well as information necessary for a potential volunteer (contacts of social services, experience of volunteers, etc.); distribution with a program of charity events; attention is drawn to the project through friendly media. The project is being implemented with the support of the Moscow Charity Council.

The effectiveness of modern informational and consulting volunteer projects is determined by a number of the following factors.

Firstly, the professionalism of voluntary consultants, their focus on systemic work within a specific spectrum of problems (psychological, legal, pedagogical, etc.).

Secondly, the level of social recognition of the information and consulting organization.

Thirdly, the speed of updating information used by volunteers.

It is obvious that in modern conditions it is necessary to respond as quickly as possible to innovations related to resolving issues on which information and counseling is carried out (for example, regularly updating on-line libraries, tracking changes in national migration legislation, introducing new training formats, and methods of correctional pedagogy etc.).

Fourth, the availability of the information field, within which the organization is predominantly positioned. This factor is extremely relevant for the Internet. Often, interested social groups (potential "customers" of the organization) are limited in access to the Network and the skills to search for the necessary information in it (for example, internally displaced persons, adolescents subjected to domestic violence).

Fifth, the long-term nature of the consulting services provided, both professional and personal-emotional interest of the voluntary consultant in the final positive result of the work.

Environmental projects Today in the world there are a large number of environmental projects. Consider three of them.

The first project, entitled “Volunteers in Parks” (Freiwillige in Parks), Germany. The organizer of the project is Europark in Germany (EUROPARC Deutschland). Its purpose is to attract voluntary assistants to work in specially protected natural areas, in reserves and national parks. The project is implemented through the practical protection of species and the protection of the biotope; science observation, work with the public: environmental education, escort of excursions, maintenance of information centers for visitors to the reserve, planning and conducting programs for children and youth groups, maintenance of biological stations and campsites, hiking trails.

Participants are attracted to the project through special training seminars in schools, master classes and the possibility of professional self-improvement.

Another project with the same name, “Volunteers In Parks” (V.I.P. Volunteers In Parks), is an environmental project in the United States that aims to protect unique American national reserves. It is implemented through a variety of environmental measures (Green Day, Save this forest, etc.). New participants are involved in the project through interaction with public organizations, schools, colleges, universities. Since the project is state-owned, it has great coverage: almost all states participate in the program.

The Chipmunk Volunteer Center (Moscow) has been implementing international and national projects for the past five years. Almost all of their projects take place on the territory of nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national and natural parks. The goal is to provide practical assistance to the employees of nature reserves in its most diverse manifestations: caring for plants, landscaping, and much more. Volunteers are attracted through the Internet, through interaction with the Zapovedniki environmental education center.

The effectiveness of modern environmental volunteer projects is determined by a number of the following factors.

Firstly, the special professional skills of the organizers of the volunteer movement in the environmental sphere. (Which environmental protection measures should be carried out? What should be their resource and technological support?) Secondly, the specifics of informational positioning. In this context, in order to interest young people in environmental issues, it must be emphasized that activity in this area is not a social fashion (due to the fact that many Western political and public organizations speak about ecology and environmental problems), but a necessary condition for social comfort and stable development of society.

^ Topic Personality of the volunteer The Center for Volunteers “Moscow House of Mercy” conducted a sociological study on the motives for young people to volunteer. According to the results of this study, the following groups of motives were identified:

- 89% - of the respondents expressed a desire to be socially useful, - 50% - to contribute to changes in society, - 36% - to implement their own initiative, - 36% - to find like-minded people, - 35% - to feel and evaluate themselves as individuals, - 19% - good deeds to answer the help provided to them in the past - 15% - it is interesting to spend leisure time, - 10% - to solve their own problems.

Analyzing the experience of organizing volunteerism, L.E.

Sikorska identifies its leading socially significant motives.

The first group of motives is the self-realization of personal potential.

The most important role for young people engaged in volunteer activities, in their own opinion, is given to the possibility of realizing personal potential, the manifestation of their abilities and capabilities in socially significant social activities. Great importance in maintaining this motivation is attached to a person’s awareness of his own internal potential, determination of his personal mission, choice of life path.

The next important group is social recognition, a sense of social significance. It is important for each person to receive positive reinforcement in the implementation of their activities by significant people around them, establish themselves in their own eyes, and feel ownership of a socially useful cause. This motivation is based on a person’s need for high self-esteem and assessment by others. Such an assessment plays an important role for a person in choosing the goals and objectives of his own activity, the direction of personal growth.

The author defines another group of motives as self-expression and self-determination. Volunteer work provides an opportunity to express oneself, to declare one’s position in life, to find one’s place in the system of social relations, allows a person to express his inner “I” and establish himself in life values. “The need of a person in the consciousness of his own individuality, the uniqueness of his inner world and the desire to fulfill a role in society according to his personality is the basis of the motivation for self-expression and self-determination”

  - considers L.E. Sikorsky. One aspect of self-expression is altruism. Altruism is widespread in volunteerism. It is especially characteristic of older people who have rich life experience. But according to scientists, the process of developing urbanization replaces this motive with other motives aimed at achieving personal well-being in the first place. Altruism, however, provides, first of all, disinterested concern for the well-being of others. (N. Slabzhanin) ^ Professional orientation. Volunteer work allows a young person to get a real idea of \u200b\u200bthe alleged future profession  or choose the direction of professional training, as well as better navigate various types of professional activities. Volunteer work helps to acquire useful skills necessary both in everyday life and for further professional activities. The motives associated with obtaining new skills and recommendations for admission to paid work are also very strong. Often these motives appear due to the fact that employers prefer to hire people who already have some kind of work experience.

^ Acquisition of useful social and practical skills.

Volunteer work allows you to acquire useful practical skills that are not directly related to the professional choice of a person, but important for life. These include the acquisition of experience of interpersonal interaction, computer skills, with various types of equipment, building skills.

Active participation in volunteering will contribute to the development of social skills such as:

  - development of communication skills;

  - experience of responsible interaction;

  - leadership skills;

  - self-organization;

  - performing discipline;

  - protection and assertion of rights and interests;

  - initiative and others.

The ability to communicate, friendly interaction with like-minded people.

Volunteer work allows you to acquire like-minded people, find a meaningful social circle and get support in friendly interaction. Among young people, the need to expand the circle of communication is especially widespread, and therefore, getting into a community, a young man or girl to stay in a group begins to pursue the motives that are characteristic of this community. When a volunteer appears in an organization, it is very important to consolidate and actualize the motives that led him to volunteer so that the person aspires to the team and wants to become a member.

Gaining experience of responsible leadership and social interaction. Volunteer, social work gives the young man the opportunity to prove himself in various models of social interaction, to acquire the skills necessary in future life, for responsible leadership and performing activities.

The need to gain experience in responsible interaction is a conscious social need. For youth, the leading need is the demand for society, its socialization. An important place is occupied by the motives for satisfying the need for communication, and especially in the communication of equals.

The ability to express citizenship. The ability to express one’s civic position not just by declaring one’s own views, but by active activity aimed at protecting one’s own views and values \u200b\u200bis the most important condition for socialization and personal development of a young person.

Fulfillment of public and religious duty. Social service is a natural need of a person, his mission. This need arises from an awareness of religious and ethical duty and indicates a high personal development.

Organization of free time. An important motive for participating in volunteer work is the possibility of organizing your own free time with benefit for business and for the soul. The organization of free time should not be the leading motive for participating in volunteer activities. But in the presence of other motives, it can become an effective incentive for participation in public, voluntary activities.

Volunteering is the realization of those of our personal qualities, which often remain unsolved in our daily lives.

A person, being included in the system of various types of activity, not only improves them, but also improves himself. In other words, it experiences its noticeable and serious effects. Volunteering is no exception. When a person interacts with the outside world, there is always a psychological effect, expressed in a change in personal characteristics, motivational-needful and cognitive spheres, including value orientations, interests and character traits.

The volunteer subject - a volunteer, is characterized by such qualities as sensitivity, sociability, creativity, ability to cooperate, professional attitude, good will to work for free, tolerance, strong motivation and disinterest in obtaining benefits. In addition to this, you can also add such personal qualities as:

  - leadership ability;

  - curiosity;

  - empathy (a feeling of understanding and empathy with the psychological state of another person);

  - goodwill;

  - interest in the problem;

  - insight;

  - positivity, optimism;

  - self-criticism, self-confidence.

Participating in volunteer activities, a young person acquires a number of practical skills necessary for him in everyday life:

  - ability to make decisions;

  - the ability to lead;

  - the ability to attract an interlocutor;

  - the ability to hear and listen;

  - experience working with a group, knowledge of the basics of psychology;

  - organizational skills.

It has been scientifically confirmed that the organization and participation in interpersonal contacts of various social situations contributes to the development of such personal qualities as self-confidence, sociability, conflict-freeness, empathy, and tolerance. Moreover, the adoption of responsibility for interpersonal relationships allows us to talk about the emergence of social courage. The development of creative potential, flexibility and normative behavior is noted, the need for self-development and self-improvement is increasing. An increase in cognitive needs indicates the readiness of the internal cognitive system for cognition of the surrounding world and self-knowledge.

The main neoplasms are social competence, intellectual and social activity, the ability to act in unusual life situations.

If at the initial stage of volunteer activity the motives of its participants are rather individualistic or focused on the group, then subsequently they will become more and more widely social, aimed at other, even strangers. A personality is formed in activity, and it is the nature of socially significant activity in adolescence that determines the worldview of a young man, his attitude to himself and other people, to work. In a joint socially significant activity, the formation of socially responsible behavior takes place, and self-control develops in various life situations, the ability to plan your activity, control its process, analyze the result.

Problem children are more likely than their prosperous peers to help their neighbor. They have a great need for joint activities, in support of a group of peers, which is associated with a deprived need for communication. Providing them with the possibility of self-realization in socially useful activities will allow them to switch their activity in a positive direction. This was clearly demonstrated during a scientific experiment, the essence of which was as follows: orphans raised in a boarding house were involved in volunteer activities as volunteers helping the younger pupils of the same boarding school. In this case, the child does not act as an object of external influence, but as an active socially responsible person, an active and active member of society. The child ceases to perceive himself as a useless and rejected member of society. Now he can help another, which means that his social role is changing, it is becoming positively active. (Astoyants M.S.) An important condition for success is precisely the gradual inclusion of pupils of boarding schools in the activities of already working public organizations. The interaction of “home” and relatively socially safe children with orphans provides not only the possibility of mutually enriching communication, but also serves as a guarantee of the “strength” of the organization.

Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude that active participation in volunteer activities contributes to the formation of the following competencies in young people:

- educational cognitive competence is a combination of skills and cognitive skills. Possession of the mechanisms of goal-setting, planning, analysis, reflection, self-esteem of the success of one’s own activity. Proficiency in action in unusual situations, heuristic methods for solving problems. Possession of measuring skills, the use of statistical and other methods of cognition;

  - information competence is the ability, using information technology, to independently seek, analyze, select, process and transmit the necessary information;

  - communicative competence is the possession of the skills of interaction with other people, the ability to work in a group. Acquaintance with various social roles.

With an increase in work experience, volunteers are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of the activities they perform, realizing that their active life receives appreciation and respect from others.

Today, many young people graduating from universities have the necessary leadership potential and the desire to realize it in the field of positively directed social activities.

The main obstacle that arises in their path remains the lack of experience and practical skills of volunteer work. For this reason, the creation of conditions in society for stimulating and supporting volunteer initiatives of modern youth is very relevant today.

At the same time, there is a wide range of problems in society that, for their resolution, require the use of effective methods and tools that volunteering provides ^ The topic of Technology for attracting volunteers Volunteering can be organized by various organizations and public institutions, such as:

  - municipal and state institutions;

  - religious organizations;

  - public and charitable foundations;

  - political movements;

  - trade union organizations;

  - initiative groups of the population:

  - youth organizations;

  - public organizations (veteran, women's, etc.);

  - private individuals.

Attracting new volunteers to our ranks is one of the most important tasks of institutions providing social assistance. The search, motivation and organization of volunteers is a more complex process than hiring paid workers. In this case, not only the presence of high organizational skills is required, but also a personal example of the volunteerism of the organizer himself.

Among potential volunteers, several groups of people can be distinguished:

1) customers of social institutions;

  2) elderly professionals who have retired and young graduates who do not have a job;

  3) people who receive any service for their free labor.

Volunteer Centers (in other cases, Volunteer Agencies) are the main public governing organizations for volunteering. They work with the media to create publicity about the importance of volunteering; sponsor events held by volunteers, use the authority of community leaders in campaigns to involve as many people as possible in volunteer activities.

Most of the well-known technologies for attracting volunteers are based on foreign experience, where volunteering has existed for a long time and has been enshrined in law for quite some time. Adapting these technologies to Russian conditions and clarifying the legal status of a volunteer will allow domestic public and non-profit organizations to most effectively use the activity of citizens to solve the social problems of our society.

Further, as an example, we give two technologies. These are recommendations for attracting volunteers to a youth volunteer camp (Robert Latypov. Changing the world or how to conduct a volunteer camp. Perm, 2006, see textbook).

To implement the project, it is necessary to conduct thorough preparation.

The preparatory period can take from three months to one year. During this period, work is carried out in the following areas:

internal monitoring: assessed opportunities and resources, practical experience, social and personal relationships, financial opportunities;

necessary volumes and ways of attracting additional resources;

interaction with local authorities, institutions and organizations interested in the implementation of the project;

project budgeting and search for funding sources.

These sources may be city and district budgets, targeted youth programs of the local administration, sponsors, grant assistance;

selection of camp participants;

preparation of the front and the scope of work, a preliminary meeting with the preparation of participants: training, trainings, orientation talks, special professional courses.

You need to choose a strategy for recruiting volunteers. The strategy depends on the type of work: if this is a mass event, where there is a variety of work, then you can contact everyone through the media. This is the easiest way to attract volunteers, but also less effective than directly contacting a person.

The most effective, but also the most time-consuming methods include direct work with the target group. Agitators are being prepared for this work, who invite people to volunteer.

Choosing a strategy, you need to decide on how to attract volunteers. You can use various technologies.

The first is the so-called “spontaneous” set: distribution of brochures or posters of the organization, use of advertising services (newspapers, radio, TV, Internet), contacts with large public associations.

The second is a targeted set, including informational meetings in target audiences (students, schoolchildren).

The third is a set according to the principle of "concentric rings", i.e. attracting volunteers from groups that are already somehow connected with the organization.

And the latest technology is to attract participants from the immediate environment. This is especially effective for "closed systems" - school, club, yard, friends, etc.

When recruiting volunteers, it is necessary to decide whether you will accept volunteers with disabilities, people of different ages (say, adolescents and adults), different social status (for example, children from wealthy families and orphans)? If so, then you need to take care of the acceptable conditions for their work, leisure, and most importantly, to create an atmosphere of mutual understanding in the team.

Example. If you plan to hold a youth camp, then volunteers go to nearby schools, universities and, of course, to youth non-profit organizations.

The announcement of the camp will be readily distributed through their channels to the youth policy and education committees in your area. Recently, the electronic distribution of information letters among NGOs has been very effective.

When compiling an announcement on the recruitment of participants, remember that young people are fascinated by bright social advertising, a show program, the opportunity to visit an interesting place, in a new society and in a new quality for themselves.

It will be great if you prepare an information booklet for each volunteer. This booklet should contain information about your organization (institution), about the goals and objectives of the camp, types of work proposed for volunteers, attractive sides of the camp, a description of the problem that it will be able to solve or contribute to solving, information about previous projects or experience in this direction . There must be information regarding the requirements for camp participants, a list of the necessary things that they need to have with them.

Next, we dwell on such an important event as an interview with potential project participants (volunteers). The following are ten principles that you should rely on when conducting such an interview:

  1. First of all, contact yourself. Talk to yourself first, agitate yourself. Be honest and sincere.

  2. Use face-to-face direct communication as often as possible.

People have more confidence in a personal conversation asking for help or assistance.

  3. Be an enthusiast. Your best ally is confidence in the goals and values \u200b\u200bof the organization.

  4. It is necessary to know firmly what skills are needed for the volunteers to perform their work.

  5. Go “agitate” people where such skills and knowledge are abundant.

Use targeted dialing.

  6. Explain why you are inviting people to volunteer. Be frank about what work will give people.

7. It is important to talk about the expectations of the volunteers themselves. Constantly search for additional motivation for volunteers.

  8. As much as possible answer the questions of potential volunteers.

Show your interest in them. Do not turn away, even if the person first answered “no” to the call to become a volunteer, try to find the appropriate motivation for him.

9. As soon as possible, connect beginners with a specific case. Do your best to engage them in your activity while their interest and enthusiasm is high.

10. Never promise what you cannot provide. If you do not provide what you promised, this can seriously affect the reputation of your organization.

The purpose of the interview is to determine the experience and interest in the work performed, in some cases skills (for example, sociability).

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Yulia Silenko, expert in organizing volunteer activities, head of the Directorate of the Year of the Volunteer in Moscow (2013), member of the Association of Volunteer Centers.

The main directions of volunteering

The volunteers have a choice in which direction to volunteer. In fact, not everyone knows what areas of volunteering generally exist. We can now distinguish 9 main areas of volunteering that are developed and are developing further in Moscow, and where the volunteer can come.

If we talk about each of them in two sentences, the first direction is social volunteering, it is the most famous. This is help to single veterans, help to children, work with the category of people that are called socially unprotected. Social volunteering is a historically established area. Now a lot of charitable foundations and volunteer organizations are involved in social volunteering. Often, when a person comes to the idea that he wants to become a volunteer, the first thing he thinks about is usually about this social aspect. But in fact, volunteering is very different, and there are many other large, interesting areas of volunteering.

If we talk about the second direction in terms of development and degree of recognition, this is sports volunteering. Due to the fact that the Universiade in Kazan was held in Russia in 2013, the Olympics in Sochi in 2014, and now everyone is actively starting to prepare for the World Cup, which will be held in 2018, and other major international and Russian sports events that passed recently, we can say that sports volunteering is a separate event. Sports volunteering has its own differences, because the special competencies of the volunteer are important here - for example, knowledge of a foreign language, since often major sporting events involve the participation of different countries in competitions. This is knowledge of a particular sport, especially if it is volunteering at a championship dedicated to a particular sport. This is a kind of tolerance, openness to the world, a desire to communicate with different people.

The third direction is cultural volunteering. In Moscow, it is often called art volunteering. This direction appeared not so long ago, in fact, at the end of 2014. Throughout 2015, it developed both in the capital and throughout the country. His separation as a special direction is due to the fact that, firstly, many events related to art, culture and cinema appeared. For example, in 2015 Russia was a year of literature, 2016 - the year of Russian cinema - topics directly related to culture. And secondly, the sites themselves - museums, libraries, parks - they also see that the volunteers are able to give them a lot of help, so they open their doors and invite volunteers.

Another quite recognizable direction - environmental volunteering. And here we are talking not only about the conservation of nature in its classical sense, but also about the protection of flora and fauna. And the third important point is the ecology of the metropolis. This is especially true for large cities. Here you can talk about educational work, and about promotions, and about projects; There are foundations and organizations involved in environmental volunteering systematically. Why is it better to screw an energy-saving light bulb than an ordinary one? Why not throw away batteries and where to take them? And there are many more such moments that help a person adapt from the point of view of the ecological footprint that he leaves.

Another area that can also be considered classic is donation. Many people want to become donors and become them. But if we consider donation as volunteering, not only as a direct blood donation, but also as a large educational unit, then of course volunteers are very necessary here. When people begin to recognize and understand an object, they begin to relate to it differently. We often lack donors precisely because people are either afraid or don’t know about donation.

Another direction is event volunteering, or event volunteering. These are volunteers who participate in major events - festivals, forums, some large city projects, for example, City Day. This direction is probably interesting primarily to those people who would like to further develop in the industry of organizing major events or in some narrower specialties. And a nice bonus is the opportunity to look from the inside at the event that is being organized.

ABOUT corporate volunteering  Today it’s also customary to speak as a separate block. This direction is primarily associated with companies that are ready to engage in volunteer activities, attracting their employees after hours. This is a very important block from the point of view of popularizing the voluntary, volunteer movement in general, and supporting charitable foundations. And it is important for company employees to understand that they not only perform their work, but also perform some important social function. After all, this social need of a person does not always succeed in “closing” ... If the company is moving forward and is ready to develop corporate volunteering - of course, this is great!

Public Security Volunteers - also a narrow, unique direction. Unfortunately, this volunteer movement was also discussed at the state level after quite tragic events: a flood in Krymsk, a natural disaster in the Khabarovsk Territory, after natural disasters. Those people who responded then, of course, helped a lot. It is important here that volunteers, volunteers understand what they are going to, what they are subscribing to, and be prepared, trained. There are special programs that train volunteers for public safety. They practically play the role of “accreditation”, when the volunteer can say: “Yes, I know how to provide first aid. I know what to do if the flood. I know what to do if there is a fire. ” But at the same time, there is always the opportunity to participate not directly at the scene of the tragedy, but by some additional actions: for example, by collecting humanitarian aid, when volunteers work in the warehouse - they are packed up, sorted, signed. This is also a very important part. volunteer work  in terms of public safety, because such assistance greatly unloads the organizers.

Another new, narrow, completely “green” direction in volunteering is media volunteering. There are competencies, knowledge and skills, and a person is ready to apply them in order to talk about volunteering to other people. These are photographers, journalists, people who are popular in social networks, designers ... They help tremendously - not to beneficiaries, not directly wards, but to volunteers, volunteer centers, charity foundations, volunteer volunteer movements ... We (the Mosvolontor Resource Center), when we worked with such guys, were very grateful to them that they exist and help us. Now it has become popular, and we can confidently say that there is such a direction as media volunteering.

There are many areas of volunteer activity in Moscow. I just talked about the main ones. Perhaps in the future areas of volunteering will become even more. I would like to ask people who will read this text and decide for themselves that they want to try to become volunteers, still think and consciously make a decision where they will be most useful and effective. Because sometimes it seems to us that there is only one or two options, when in fact there are much more. And if there are any competencies that allow you to be effective in media volunteering or go and develop corporate volunteering in companies, then choose these areas. Do not be afraid, start even if you don’t know anything about it!