Volunteer volunteer organization for the protection of human rights. Social volunteering: general approaches and definition of the concept

1. Translated from French, “volunteer” is a volunteer person. A person who has the habit of taking care of fellow people, helping them absolutely voluntarily and without any benefit (self-interest). And the reward for this is the gratitude and appreciation of the people who received significant assistance. In addition, volunteers receive useful knowledge, new acquaintances, communication with people of different destinies. But that is not all. The main thing is that volunteers get a sense of their usefulness. Thanks to this, volunteers work for the good of their country absolutely free.

   * Volunteering can be organized or unorganized, carried out individually or in a group, in public or private organizations. * Volunteering is organized in our republic. * A volunteer is a person who, working for free, seeks to contribute to the implementation of socially significant projects. * Volunteers are not only altruists, they work to gain experience, special skills and knowledge, and establish personal contacts. * In addition, the volunteer is the right person. Experts say that the future belongs to the volunteer movement. Volunteering allows a person, without “breaking” his life, to supplement it with a very significant part - to realize a sense of personal civic responsibility for what is happening.

   * Volunteer initiatives extend to almost any area of \u200b\u200bhuman activity - * work with socially unprotected sections of the population (people with disabilities, the elderly, marginalized people); * work in the framework of non-formal education aimed at intercultural communication; * development of projects that strengthen the spirit of social tolerance; * peacekeeping, conflict resolution; * environmental protection; * activation of the population in the outback, etc.

* Volunteering as an idea of \u200b\u200bsocial service is almost as ancient as the concept of "society." There have always been people in society for whom work was the way of self-realization, self-improvement, communication and communication with other people for the benefit of the community in which this person happened to be born and / or live. * However, only in the twentieth century, on the European continent, which reeked of war and individualism, did volunteering begin to acquire the features of a general social phenomenon. * After the First World War, in 1920 in France, near Strasbourg, the first volunteer project was carried out with the participation of German and French youth, in which volunteers restored the farms destroyed by the First World War in the area of \u200b\u200bthe most fierce fighting between German and French troops. Since then, volunteering has managed to gain scope and popularity worldwide. In volunteering, a variety of forms, types, duration of activity were determined. * Involvement in volunteering has no religious, racial, age, gender, or even political boundaries.

Motivation among volunteers. The most important IDEA, noble, reflecting the importance and principles of activity. It is the idea that determines whether a person will understand what he is doing and why, whether he will have pride, self-esteem and satisfaction from work and performance. The inner psychological need to be needed. Volunteer movement allows to realize this need, to feel its usefulness. You need!

   * Need for communication. If a cool, fun company is selected and it is interesting and comfortable in it, then I want to be near. The circle of communication is expanding. This is often the main reason for working as a volunteer. * Interest. Volunteer work is often associated with innovative approaches and new opportunities. Volunteer motivation

   * The degree of involvement in volunteering is constant, it can be carried out with varying degrees of participation - from full involvement to occasional participation in volunteer activities. * Organized volunteering, carried out in the non-profit, public and private sectors, more systematically and regularly.

   * Mutual assistance or self-help. People volunteer to help other members of their own social group or community. * Charity or service for the benefit of others. The primary beneficiary is not a member of the group of which the volunteer is a member, but a third party.

* Participation and self-government. The role of individuals in the management process, from representation in government advisory bodies to participation in local development projects. * Education or promotion of any issues related to certain groups of society.

   * In our opinion, the volunteer movement is one of the effective and promising options for organizing work to promote a healthy lifestyle and responsible behavior among young people. * Indeed, it is easier for adolescents to understand peers, and in turn, to entrust their problems and experiences and relate to the information received from peers with great confidence.

   * Helps in creating a stable and cohesive society. * Complementing services, the problem of creating a healthy lifestyle and a reasonable style of behavior for the youth environment in recent years has received the closest attention of both medical specialists, who are called upon to deal with this problem by virtue of their professional responsibilities, and education workers.

Prospects for a volunteer Development of communication skills allows you to find a better place in work, personal life. Significantly expanding personal relationships. There is access to information about training and employment opportunities. Identify the field of self-realization in life.

"One who does nothing for others,
  does nothing for himself "
Goethe

The assertion that the volunteer movement is an element of social responsibility and the highest manifestation of a developed civil society is not accidental. Today, the role of the volunteer movement is becoming increasingly important for the social development of society.

More than ever, modern society needs to recognize the necessity and significance of volunteer movements. The problem of the development of volunteering in our country is concerned about both the state and citizens. Increasingly, the messages of the President of Russia to the Federal Assembly sound the significance of the development of volunteering.

The development of volunteerism is important both for society as a whole and for its individual sectors, as well as for the volunteers themselves. For an individual, participation in volunteer activities promotes self-realization and self-improvement, provides an opportunity to gain new knowledge and experience, which, of course, is important especially for young people, as well as the opportunity to feel socially significant and socially useful. Volunteer work helps the state more effectively solve the tasks facing it and society. The development of volunteering contributes to the formation of civil society, serves to increase the role of non-profit and public organizations. Volunteering has a positive effect on the social and economic development of the country as a whole, helping to solve socially significant problems. Corporate volunteering is one of the most important ways of manifesting business social responsibility. Volunteering has a positive effect on the education system, as involving schoolchildren and students in this type of activity contributes to the formation of an active life position among young people, develops their skills, improves knowledge, and supports a patriotic spirit.

Social responsibility and socially oriented society.The term social responsibility in the broadest sense is defined as responsibility for these promises, as well as obligations to people (society). Speaking of social responsibility, it should be noted that it is based on the social nature of human behavior, because life in society imposes certain obligations on each of its members.

In 1961, the basic principle of the society of the future was proclaimed in the USSR: "Everything in the name of man, everything for the good of man." At that time, the attitude to this thesis was ambiguous. Decades later, this slogan in a number of countries was transformed into the idea of \u200b\u200bbuilding a socially oriented society, which was reflected in their constitutions and other documents. The Constitution of Russia states: “The Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions ensuring a decent life and the free development of man.”

Thus, the HUMAN, his rights and freedoms, as well as the guarantees of their security, and, above all, the right to work and a decent life, were proclaimed as the basis of the concept of the society of the future. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in the post-Soviet republics, the overwhelming majority of the population was faced with the inability of the state to fulfill its obligations to socially protect its citizens. Tens and hundreds closed enterprises, which led to the appearance of millions of unemployed. The old institutions of the Soviet era proved to be ineffective in the new conditions, and some were completely liquidated in the heat of transformation, sometimes carried out on the recommendations of foreign advisers.

The modern socially oriented economy is characterized by the following development trends:

• change in the composition and scale of the social sphere;
• high-quality updating of traditional services industries;
• change in the social model of man, etc.

The socially oriented economy that is emerging in modern society is gradually creating the prerequisites for building a multi-level system of social responsibility, involving this process by all economic entities, the state and society as a whole. A socially responsible process is the interaction of the state, business and society at all levels, aimed at the effective solution of social and economic problems in compliance with the balance of interests of all parties involved. A multi-level system of social responsibility can function due to the active socially responsible activities of the state, society and civilized entrepreneurship at all levels.

The main subject of social responsibility, according to many experts, is business.

The concept of corporate social responsibility (or social responsibility of a business) has become widespread today throughout the world. In order to remain competitive, modern companies need to focus not only on material, but also on social aspects in the process of their activities, i.e. take into account the impact of these activities on workers, consumers and society.
The emergence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is generally accepted in the middle of the 20th century, while the conception of the concept of social responsibility of business began a little earlier, namely during the late XIX - early XX centuries. This period is associated with the arrival of the understanding that the existing economic model of society, striving for gross material calculation and based only on profit, inevitably tends to self-destruction. In this regard, the paramount task is to find a balance between the desire to obtain maximum material utility and the spiritual aspirations of man. Thus, gradually came the realization that the business should focus not only on the material, but also on the social aspects in the process of its activity, as well as the impact of this activity on employees, consumers and society, i.e. to help in every possible way in solving various social goals of society.

It is today that the social responsibility of business and the state acquires special significance, contributing to the reduction of social upheavals in society. Social responsibility is a complex, multifaceted category; there are a large number of diverse areas and forms of social responsibility that are developed both in the scientific and in the business environment. The subjects of social responsibility can be: business, government, society, people. These subjects, depending on the situation, can also act as objects of social responsibility. In addition, socially responsible actions can extend to nature and culture, the consumers of which are all of these entities. The degree of involvement of subjects in social responsibility very much depends on the degree of development of civil society.

Civil society.  The concept of civil society is inextricably linked with the social responsibility of society. The basis of civil society is public organizations - these are various human rights organizations, environmental, educational, sports, volunteer associations and other non-profit organizations.

The state, through state policy, society, showing its position through civil society institutions, business, moving forward thanks to the institution of civilized, responsible entrepreneurship together ensure the effective functioning and management of socially responsible actions of business, the state and society at all levels.

It should be emphasized that it is the state that forms and implements the system of social responsibility not in isolation from the whole society, but with it. This approach makes it possible to prevent the possible emergence and manifestation of acute contradictions, provides a sufficient degree of coordination of actions of society and the state in the formation of an active socio-economic space.

The mechanisms of social policy of a multi-level system of social responsibility are aimed at providing social support to the population, reducing social inequality, achieving social harmony in society, etc.

The idea of \u200b\u200bcivil society arose in the middle of the XXVIIth century, and the term itself was first used by G. Leibniz (1646 - 1716), a German philosopher, scientist, and public figure. Significant contribution to the development of problems of civil society was made by T. Hobbes, J. Locke, S. Montesquieu. In their opinion, civil society represents the non-state part of socio-political life, the totality of social relations, formal and informal structures that ensure the conditions of a person’s political activity, satisfaction and realization of various needs and interests of individuals and social groups and associations, including the needs for assistance needy.

In the modern sense, civil society is a stable system of social relations determining social interests and arising at a certain, historically determined stage of development of society. This is a certain system of limiting the omnipotence of the state, establishing interaction between the state and society, as a result of which both the state and society are changing.

Civic duty becomes a conscious system of civil requirements of society and the state, and civic responsibility becomes an organic property of the individual, especially the ability of the individual to self-control. The civic activity of a person is manifested in the solution of socially significant tasks on the basis of respect for the laws of the state without prejudice to a sense of personal freedom and the individual’s ability to have beliefs.

The concept of civil society is inextricably linked with the social responsibility of society, since the basis of civil society is public institutions - these are various human rights, women's, children's, veteran, youth organizations, environmental, educational, sports, volunteer associations and other non-profit organizations.

Volunteering as the future of global society.The concept of “volunteer” comes from the French word “volontaire”, which takes its roots from the Latin language, namely from the Latin word “voluntarius”, which literally means “volunteer, willing”.

A volunteer or volunteer is one who, at his own request, in his desire, undertakes to carry out some kind of business. In this regard, the concepts of “volunteer movement”, “volunteering”, “volunteering” will be used by us as synonyms.

The history of volunteering shows that volunteer work has always involved wide sections of the population, regardless of profession, income, or educational level. Membership in volunteer movements has no religious, age, racial, or gender restrictions. Every year, volunteering is becoming increasingly popular in the world.

Kofi Anan, UN Secretary General, spoke of volunteering: “The ideals of service and solidarity and the belief that together we can make this world a better place are in the heart of volunteering / volunteering. In this sense, we can say that volunteering is the ultimate expression of the main goal of the UN. ”

Since 1985, December 5, volunteers from all over the world celebrate the International Volunteer Day, established by the UN. By the decision of the UN General Assembly, 2001 was declared the international year of volunteering, and ten years later, by the decision of the European Commission, 2011 was officially declared the Year of Volunteering in Europe. Thus, the UN recognized the importance of the volunteer movement and called on all countries of the world to implement measures to support it.

Volunteering, like any activity, can be organized and unorganized, carried out in a group or individually, in private organizations or public. Unorganized (spontaneous) volunteering can be defined as one-time, one-time, occasional help to those in need. Organized volunteering is most often defined as regular activity carried out with the assistance of non-profit public or private organizations.

The forms of volunteering are diverse: both one-time charity events and events, projects and grants, targeted programs, camps, and ongoing. Within the framework of these measures, feasible social, cultural, economic, and environmental problems of society are being resolved.

The volunteer movement is developing in various directions:

• prevention and control of drug addiction, alcoholism and HIV infection;
• assisting retirees in need, orphans and children left without parental care, seriously ill people and people with disabilities;
• protection and restoration of historical spiritual and architectural values \u200b\u200b(objects and territories);
• assistance in organizing and participating in the maintenance of socially significant events (sports, scientific, cultural, etc.), enlightenment and spiritual development of the individual, promotion of a healthy lifestyle;
• environmental Protection;
• assisting victims of conflicts and disasters by compensating for the loss of vital conditions of existence;

Adopted at the XI-th World Conference of Volunteers of the International Association of Volunteer Efforts (IAVE) in September 1990 in Paris, the Universal Declaration of Volunteering formulated the basic principles of volunteering:

• recognition of the right to association for all men, women, children, regardless of their race, religion, physical characteristics, social and material status;
• respect for the dignity and culture of all people;
• mutual assistance and the provision of gratuitous services;
• recognition of the equal importance of both personal and collective needs;
• encouraging and stimulating the initiative and creativity of people;
• stimulation of a sense of responsibility, promotion of family, collective and international solidarity.

It can be argued that volunteering is aimed at building a socially responsible society by providing the social services necessary for citizens. It is based on altruism, selflessness, nobility, glasnost, humanism, voluntariness, legality, mercy, responsiveness, selflessness, compassion and humanity.

The place and role of volunteering in modern Russia.  In Russia, volunteering in the modern sense began to take shape in Russia only in the late 80s and early 90s. Twentieth century. Today it is based on the main provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (1995), the Law of the Russian Federation “On Charity and Charitable Organizations” (1995), and the Law of the Russian Federation “On Public Associations” (1995) , of the draft Federal Law “On Philanthropy, Patronage of Arts and Volunteering”, developed by the Union of Charitable Organizations of Russia.

In our society, there is an urgent need for the development of a volunteer movement. This is largely due to the unresolvedness of such social problems as the growth of child abandonment, child neglect and crime among young people, an increase in the proportion of older people, alcohol abuse of the population and an increase in drug addiction, and environmental problems. In this regard, volunteering is becoming one of the important tools for the socialization of the population.

According to the National Research University Higher School of Economics, the contribution of Russian volunteers to the country's GDP is 14.5 billion rubles, which is significantly lower than the level of developed countries. If the share of volunteers in the economically active population of Russia reaches the level of such countries as the USA, Australia, Germany or Belgium, then the contribution of Russian volunteers to the country's GDP will be equivalent to 100 billion rubles a year. If Russia reaches the level of involvement of the population in the volunteer movement at the level of Sweden, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Great Britain or Austria, the contribution of Russian volunteers will amount to 200 billion rubles.

The lag of Russia from other countries is largely due to the relatively low share of budget funding for non-profit organizations (NPOs). According to research by the Boston Consulting Group, in Russia budget financing of NPOs is 2-3 times lower than the level of financing abroad. The developers of the Support Program for Socially Oriented NGOs (SB NPOs) came to the conclusion that in addition to reducing social tension in society, an increase in funding could bring a direct budgetary effect by increasing the number of volunteers and their total contribution to GDP.

For example, volunteer movements can be created on the basis of charitable organizations (funds) with an existing material and technical base (or it can be created for a specific project). In other cases, due to own financing and the material base of volunteer associations, holding charity fairs, workshops, etc.

State funding of charitable organizations, which are the material basis of volunteer movements, is most often one-time and one-time. An example is the “Give Life” Charity Fund for Helping Children with Oncohematological and Other Severe Illnesses. The fund is not funded by the state on an ongoing basis, but the exception is a one-time grant for voluntary non-repayable donation in 2010, which was issued by the Public Chamber, the grant amounted to 700 thousand rubles. Nevertheless, the fund covers its basic financial and other needs on its own with the help of attracting philanthropists and volunteer assistance.

In a number of Russian regions: Moscow and St. Petersburg, Tatarstan, Chuvashia, Karelia, Perm and Krasnodar Territories, Samara, Tver, Lipetsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Sverdlovsk Regions, positive experience has been gained in supporting and developing volunteering.

Volunteer organizations in Russia are focused mainly on attracting youth, which is considered as the main resource. In Moscow there is a state budgetary institution “Center for Youth of the South-Eastern Administrative District“ Youth Commonwealth ””, which operates in the structure of the Department of Family and Youth Policy. It is designed to promote the creation and development of the volunteer movement in universities, stimulate the implementation of its own socially significant projects, etc.

One of the most common areas of volunteer activity is to help orphans and children left without parental care. Here, the emotional component plays a large role. Work in orphanages includes not only one-time campaigns for collecting necessary things, gifts for the New Year, organizing leisure activities for children, conducting concerts, master classes, and helping to educate children. It can continue after the release of children from orphanages, which is no less important.

The charity fund "Volunteers to help orphans" carries out:

• prevention of social orphanhood;
• assistance to children in hospital and orphanages;
• promotion of family arrangements.

Organization of assistance not only to children, but also to their future parents, helps to solve legal problems associated with registration of children in foster families, but also the provision of psychological assistance.

A common form of volunteering is assistance to medical institutions, where often there are not enough junior staff. Volunteers visit patients, communicate with them, read aloud, organize walks, duty, etc. Volunteers initiate the organization of nonprofit funds to raise funds for the treatment of specific patients.

An example of environmental volunteering is the Chipmunk Volunteer Center, one of the activities of the Zapovedniki environmental education center.

Volunteering in the field of culture is focused on participation in the restoration of architectural monuments of historical value, in museums - work with tourist groups. Volunteer movement can exist in the form of attracting volunteers for a separate large-scale short-term project. So, as a result of the All-Russian competition held by the Sochi-2014 Organizing Committee together with the Ministry of Sport, Tourism and Youth Policy and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, 26 educational institutions from 23 subjects of the Russian Federation received the right to create centers for training volunteers for the Sochi Olympics in 2014 year

Volunteer groups can be formed in other ways. For example, volunteer micro-communities (a new phenomenon for Russia) are created by so-called “new people” (aged 20–40), mainly urban Internet users. In the micro-community, there is usually a core (3-4 people) who are engaged in all organizational work aimed at the implementation of an idea. Around the core, a group of “supporters” is formed supporting the community’s activities financially (finances, wealth, etc.). Examples of such micro-communities are social media groups focused on helping those in need.

Emergencies can also become a motive for participating in a volunteer movement. Vivid examples of the participation of the population in the elimination of forest fires in 2010, the effects of flooding in Krymsk in 2012

The weakness of the volunteer movement in Russia can be explained by:

• the difficult economic situation of the population;
• the crisis state of many non-profit and state organizations;
• underdeveloped legal framework;
• insufficient information base;
• insufficient development of civil society institutions;
• low prestige of volunteering due to social stereotypes.

It is difficult to instill the idea of \u200b\u200bvolunteering, when a part of the population has a stereotype that if a person is engaged in honest work, for the benefit of society and free of charge, then at least he is strange or even a failure. That is, creating a positive image of a volunteer, popularizing the ideas of volunteering is one of the urgent tasks for Russia. It would be advisable to turn to the experience of the United States. American law allows the provision of a variety of privileges to volunteers, for example, receiving free educational services.

In 2005, in order to attract the attention of the state and society to the development of volunteering, as well as increase its prestige and form a positive public opinion, a national public award in the field of volunteering was established. The Government of the Russian Federation has approved the Concept of promoting the development of volunteerism and charity in the Russian Federation.

The Russian Center for the Development of Volunteering takes an active part in the development of the institution of volunteering, and thereby, in creating a developed civil society, as well as in increasing social responsibility and activity of Russian citizens.

Events in the field of development of the volunteer movement can be based, first of all, on the dissemination of practical experience of the regions. Broad propaganda of volunteerism in all mass media will bring significant benefits to society and will contribute to the growth of civic consciousness of the population. And religious organizations could make a much more significant practical and informational contribution to this noble cause.

Formation of state policy in the field of spiritual and moral education of the population, a ban on the use of airtime in electronic media for the rental of programs promoting violence and base manifestations are problems that need to be addressed immediately.

Legislators and leaders of the executive branch of all levels can and should make their contribution to this process. The latter are related to the development of regional and municipal targeted volunteering support programs.

Organization of professional training of specialists in the field of youth volunteering is necessary. The legal and regulatory framework for financial support and incentives for individuals and legal entities involved in supporting volunteering needs to be improved, if the state is not able or for other reasons is unable or cannot currently fully address social problems.

The mechanism of support and development of volunteering should be based on international and domestic experience, for which it is necessary to actively develop cooperation in the field of volunteering with the International Association of Volunteer Efforts (IAVE), the European Volunteer Center (CEV), the United Nations Volunteer Program (UNV), and most importantly , with similar organizations in the post-Soviet space.

Initially, one can refer to the definition of volunteering given in various sources.

Russian sociologist E.I. Kholostov wrote that volunteering is defined as a special form of social activity.

Volunteers (lat. Voluntarius - “voluntarily”) are people acting of their own free will, by personal consent, and not by external coercion. They can act either individually (to work for free both in commercial and non-profit organizations of a medical profile, education, social security), or be members of a volunteer organization and act on its behalf. However, as a rule, in the modern sense, “volunteers are members of a socially oriented association of citizens”.

T.V. Lisovsky, considering the essence of volunteering, first of all says that this form of activity, which is formed most often among young people, is a method of manifesting social and cultural needs.

Volunteering or volunteering is a way to create social relationships, improve and find application of one’s own moral, spiritual qualities, acquire new skills, and also provide others and find support for themselves, friends, feel their need and benefit.

In the above definitions, we see that the author considers the possibility of self-expression to be the main feature of volunteering.

The concept of “volunteer” is conceptually defined by the Federal Law of 11.08.1995 No. 135-FZ “On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations”. In accordance with this document, volunteers are people who carry out charitable activities in the form of free work in the interests of the beneficiary. Beneficiaries - legal entities and citizens who receive charitable assistance from volunteers, philanthropists and philanthropists.

In the dictionary S.I. Ozhegova volunteering refers to the voluntary fulfillment of obligations to provide free support and similar services, such as voluntary patronage of older people, people with disabilities, as well as people and social groups who find themselves in difficult life circumstances.

Thus, volunteers are people who perform their own work informally, who work on a voluntary basis in both state and commercial organizations in the social sphere.

O.I. Choline volunteering was considered as a social community, that is, a collection of people who have common social characteristics and performing work aimed at meeting their needs.

A.V. Volunteerly positions itself as a form of citizen participation in social processes, as a form of collective interaction and as an effective way to solve important social problems.

Yu.A. Kalashnikov defines volunteering as a voluntary choice of activity that expresses the views of the individual and his life position; an active role of a citizen in the life of society, which is embodied, as a rule, in social interaction within the framework of various associations. It contributes to improving the quality of life, personal growth of citizens and strengthening solidarity, meeting basic needs in the process of establishing a fair and harmonious social system, balanced economic development, social well-being, as well as the adoption of a national idea - the idea of \u200b\u200bcharity and mercy.

V.G. Bocharova considers volunteering as a form of philanthropy - “philanthropy, charity, social support, patronage and protection of needy citizens, as well as mercy towards them”. 28

Volunteers include:

citizens engaged in charitable activities in the form of gratuitous work in favor of the beneficiary, including the interests of charitable organizations;

a person who freely and disinterestedly engages in activities for the benefit of society;

a person who voluntarily provides free social assistance and services to needy social categories (persons and groups who find themselves in difficult life circumstances, sick and disabled);

consciously and voluntarily carry out activities for the benefit of other members of society.

In the Russian language there are several concepts equivalent to the English word “volunteering” - volunteering, community service, active citizenship. However, it is more rational to adhere to the term “volunteer”, used in most countries of the world.

A number of scientists share this opinion, and emphasize the equivalence of the concepts of “volunteer activity” and “volunteer work” (A. Akimova, L. Mishchik, S. Palchevsky, I. Ainutdinov, I. Zvereva, Yu. Khorunzhiy, L. Vandysheva, V. Pestrikova), considering them as “charitable activities carried out by persons disinterestedly for the well-being and prosperity of certain social groups and society as a whole, as humanistic activity focused on social assistance to people in need, on the development of welfare of citizens and prosperity Niya society as a whole ", which does not require a fee and needs based on objective need.

Researchers understand volunteerism as voluntary activity, which is based on the idea of \u200b\u200bfree service to the humanistic ideals of humanity with the satisfaction of personal and social needs solely by helping other people.

I. Zvereva, A. Bespalko, T. Lyakh, N. Zaveriko and others consider volunteering as the foundation for the functioning of public associations, territorial communities, a form of expression of the active civil position of the population.

Yu. Matskevich, L. Artyushkina, A. Morov, L. Radchenko, A. Polyanichko, B. Sirri are understood as volunteering of various kinds of assistance in all areas of public life.

S. Bondarenko, G. Vainola, V. Bocharova, A. Kapskaya consider volunteering to be a form of social activity of citizens aimed at resolving social contradictions and contributing to the development of professional personality traits of a specialist in social work.

As a charitable activity, volunteer work is not spontaneous or sporadic, it is focused on achieving specific goals and results that are determined by the nature of this social phenomenon.

The main goal of volunteering, according to V. Bocharova, R. Vainola, A. Kapskaya, I. Zvereva, A. Mudrika, L. Mishchik, E. Kholostova, and others is:

assistance to the personal and professional development of the individual, as well as its self-realization and socialization;

the provision of services to those who need them, as well as social support and patronage to certain categories of people;

rehabilitation of people with disabilities and socially vulnerable categories of the population;

education, public awareness and integration of the institution of volunteering in the public environment.

The main results of volunteering as a social institution include the fact that it:

facilitates the socialization of the individual, promotes the assimilation by future specialists of various social roles, norms and social practices, as well as stereotypical patterns of behavior;

makes a contribution to personal growth, development and self-realization of a person;

helps to rethink universal values \u200b\u200b(first of all, humanity in the humanization of social relations, the role of compassion);

forms an idea of \u200b\u200bthe dominant social culture and various subcultures of society.

The tasks of volunteer activities include:

state support in solving its social problems;

assistance to people in mastering the abilities of first aid, environmental protection, the basics of life safety, stimulation of high-quality orientation, social activities with various target groups and categories of the population;

obtaining by citizens the abilities of self-realization and self-organization in order to solve social problems;

training of personnel reserve of volunteers (volunteers);

the formation of elements of involving people in diverse social activities aimed at improving the quality of life of the population;

formation and assistance of youth initiatives aimed at organizing volunteer youth work.

Functions of volunteering are divided into subjective and from the point of view of society. First, consider the subjective, they are as follows:

ideological function - a volunteer in the course of performing socially useful work feels the significance of his own existence, the need and significance of volunteer work, realizes the likelihood of realignment of reality his role in this process;

educational function - participation in volunteer projects requires a person to be responsible, display such qualities as camaraderie, kindness, honesty, decency, nobility, dedication and others;

communication function - most often the volunteer activity is aimed at other people who find themselves in a difficult life situation due to economic, social and other factors (orphans, helping the elderly, people with serious illnesses, and so on). Volunteer work is associated with the need to communicate with the leaders of a volunteer or other social organization, other volunteers, a target group, and employees of municipal bodies in which volunteer projects are carried out;

educational function - the volunteer does not receive financial resources for his work, but his remuneration lies in the experience that he gains during the period of volunteer activity. Depending on the social projects that the volunteer sets up for himself, he receives various and multifaceted practices, including the skills and abilities necessary to carry out a particular job;

the function of the development of social capital - interaction with employees and employees of municipal institutions, personal contacts with assisted people, other volunteers and members of social institutions form additional social capital for the volunteer;

recreational function - volunteering is a method of intensive and socially useful pastime. Volunteers working in the library, in museums, at sporting events, art galleries, in pedagogical camps and so on, they combine their volunteer responsibilities with the organization of their free time;

preventive function - high moral requirements for the personality of the volunteer, the organization of free time have a preventive effect on the individual to prevent deviant behavior.

Now consider the functions of volunteering from the point of view of society:

axiological function - as a result of volunteering, a set of values \u200b\u200bis formed based on the requirements of the modern world. After all, processes such as globalization, migration, integration, multicultural interaction, require such qualities as mutual understanding, solidarity, tolerance, flexibility, etc .;

function of increasing civic engagement - socially active people and those who care about the problems of others become volunteers. Carrying out useful and socially significant work, they realize their ability to change the existing world for the better through volunteering;

socialization function - most often teenagers and young people are involved in volunteer activities, who go through the school of life through volunteer activities, encountering various social problems, adopting social patterns of behavior of senior colleagues, etc.

assistance in solving social problems - voluntary activity is aimed at identifying and solving various aspects of social life that need resources but do not have them.

It is obvious that volunteering contributes to the development of the sensual, emotional sphere of the personality, shapes and changes its value world, contributes to the realization of social and creative activity, personal growth and activates cognitive activity. 29th

There are such types of volunteering as:

Volunteering in support of children without parental care.

This is the most common activity of volunteers in the CIS countries. Various actions are held for them, which usually have the following directions: medical (raising funds to buy the necessary medicines or treatment), entertainment (holding holidays, organizing hobby groups), and educational (helping to learn a foreign language, teaching children new skills).

Also, common actions are often held to collect New Year's gifts, clothes, toys, organization of animation programs, assistance in the treatment and education of children. It is worth highlighting the long-term regular escort of pupils of orphanages, which does not stop after the release of children from municipal institutions. Volunteers are awaited both in temporary detention centers for difficult teenagers and in shelters. Of particular note is the development of charitable organizations that provide psychological and legal assistance to adoptive parents. It is this area to a lesser extent that attracts volunteers to its work. This is usually done by charitable foundations.

Social volunteering

Watching next to seriously ill children, assistance in caring for the sick, for various reasons who are being treated in the absence of a father and mother, responsible and attentive helpers are always required in a hospital. It is not necessary to have a medical education to volunteer in a hospital. Communication, reading out loud is what everyone can do.

Environmental volunteering

Planting trees, patrolling during a fire-hazardous period, garbage collection are simple but necessary actions, without which any metropolis will begin to choke in a couple of years. Cleaner days, community work days are increasingly being organized, when socially responsible citizens go out to clean forests, the banks of reservoirs, and parks. But environmental volunteering is not limited to this. There are still projects to raise funds for cleaning water bodies, separate waste disposal. Various student unions and youth organizations take part in such actions, and this area of \u200b\u200bvolunteering is becoming more and more popular nowadays. Assistance to homeless animals is also actively developing. This is a search for new owners of animals, raising funds for the treatment of pets and placing homeless animals in shelters. Volunteers build birdhouses, feed the birds.

Cultural volunteering

This direction has very great prospects, but it is still not widespread in the CIS countries. After all, this is work with tourist groups, especially in demand during major cultural and sporting events, and work to replenish the museum's exhibition fund, and help with the restoration of architectural monuments, and the organization of excursions and so on.

Religious volunteering

A distinctive feature of this type is the holding of events within the religious community, and it can include all directions. In churches, there are initiative groups that organize volunteer campaigns involving parishioners of the church. In Europe, such volunteering is very common. But in Russia recently, examples of this volunteering also appear. A good example is the Christmas Gift charity event, which is held by Catholic parishes in different cities on the eve of the Bright Holiday. For the Christmas tree, volunteers with their children from Sunday school prepare crafts and decorations. The proceeds go to gifts for low-income families, and some of the toys are sold at events.

Corporate volunteering

This type of volunteering is also developing in Russia. This is the participation of employees in voluntary work in various social programs with the support of the organization in which they work. Often not only the employees themselves participate in the promotions, but also partners and family members of employees are also involved. Holding events, helping orphanages are the most popular programs of this volunteering. Each company independently chooses a direction that interests them. For example, more than 500 volunteer workers who worked at Kraft Foods Rus conducted a large-scale volunteer campaign, “Let's Make the World Brighter Together”. Garbage was collected on recreation sites in the protected areas of the country, they planted shrubs and trees, built a decorative wattle fence, working with nature reserves. The volunteer action took place in the regions where Kraft Foods Rus was present and really took on a nationwide scale. Volunteers did a varied job, but they all were united by the fact that they work for the benefit of protected areas!

Event Volunteering

This type of volunteering is a good tool to attract public attention to charity projects, such as organizing events in which volunteers participate. It can be fairs, concerts, sporting events, festivals. These forms of charitable events serve not only to collect donations and popularize the activities of organizations, but also help strengthen the relations of volunteer organizations with existing volunteers and attract new ones.

Each person simultaneously performs several roles: an employee of an organization or a student, father / mother, a citizen of a country, a member of a public organization, and so on. Each of the roles is associated with the beliefs of a person, certain values, and, based on this, he can choose for himself the form of assistance that he would like to provide.

Family volunteering

Often, family people who would like to participate in any volunteer projects have to choose between spending time with their families and social activities. Family volunteering, which is common in the West, allows us to get rid of this dilemma. Each family member can participate and provide assistance to people in need. An example is spending a weekend with children from an orphanage. You can take part in such events with the whole family.

Pensioners volunteering

This type of volunteering in Russia is almost not developed. However, in the West it is one of the common phenomena. This is the volunteering of people who are already in retirement age. Such people devote 2 times more time to volunteering than the average volunteer. Older volunteers are primarily involved in the provision of so-called charity services. This can be patient care, professional help, hospice help, help for those in need at home, and more.

Inclusive volunteering

Online volunteering (virtual volunteering)

It gives an opportunity to show social activity to those who can not always donate their time. This kind of volunteer work is close especially to those whose professional lifestyle or experience is associated with the Internet environment, as well as people with disabilities and those who have mobility problems. Another important quality of this type of volunteering can be its use as a relatively inexpensive way to increase the involvement of residents in the formation of a regional society. Online - volunteering in Russian charity practice is quite rare. There are separate projects with the participation of virtual volunteers, for example, Wikipedia. A lot of users, including Russian-speakers, are involved in writing articles for this large-scale resource.

International volunteering

The number of volunteers who take part in international volunteer work is increasing all the time. The motives for participation here are very different: the desire to meet and chat with different people, the desire to travel, the need to help those who need it most. To participate in international volunteering programs, both specialists in a specific field and people without special skills may be needed. According to international programs, volunteers usually work in developing countries, providing assistance in the social sphere (education, medicine, etc.), as well as in areas of disasters and disasters. thirty

What is a volunteer movement

The word volunteer comes from the French volontaire, which in turn comes from the Latin voluntarius, and literally means volunteer, willing. In the 18-19 centuries, volunteers were people who volunteered for military service.

Volunteering as an idea of \u200b\u200bsocial service is almost as ancient as the concept of "society." There have always been people in society for whom work was the way of self-realization, self-improvement, communication and communication with other people for the benefit of the community in which this person happened to be born or live.

The history of the volunteer movement in Russia is different from the foreign one. The concept of “volunteer” has changed a lot over the past 20 years. If in the 80s volunteers went to the virgin lands or BAM, then they received a salary for their work, and a good one, which the state compensated for difficult living conditions. Voluntary work on community work days, harvesting, or patronage work was often closely linked to compulsory and social coercion. There was no law on volunteer labor in Soviet Russia.

The concept, content and form of volunteer work in modern Russia begins to take shape simultaneously with the emergence of the third sector of the economy (90s), which is composed of non-profit, public and charitable organizations. The activities of volunteer organizations are regulated by federal laws, among which there is a law “On charity and charitable organizations” (July 7, 1995), which gives a legal definition of a volunteer: “Volunteers are citizens who carry out charity work in the form of gratuitous work for the benefit of the beneficiary, including including for a charitable organization. "
A volunteer is a person who helps a nonprofit organization for free. Free doesn’t mean nothing. In response, he receives a new profession or getting rid of loneliness, or a feeling of need for someone.
Seven Basic Principles:

Volunteerism:
We work around the clock, but never take money;

Independence:
We are led by needs, not kings;

Unity:
We have many ideas, but one ideal;

Versatility:
We respect nations, but cross borders to help;
Humanity:
We serve people, not systems;

Impartiality:
We care about the victims - guilty and innocent;

Neutrality :
We take initiatives, but never take sides.

The main characteristics inherent in volunteering:

• Reward.   A volunteer should not volunteer primarily for financial gain, and any financial compensation should be less than the cost of the work performed.
• Good will . Although the motivation for participating in volunteer activities may always consist of several reasons, including pressure from colleagues (or parents) and a duty to society, nevertheless, this activity should be carried out voluntarily, without coercion from the outside.
• Benefit. There must be a specific beneficiary or group of beneficiaries (including such abstract concepts as the environment or society itself), in addition to (or in addition to) the family or friends of the volunteer.
• Organizational structure. Volunteering can be organized or unorganized, carried out individually or in a group, public or private organizations.

Thus, volunteering is a special type of human activity. This is not just helping a relative or neighbor. The work of volunteers in its essence is systemic. Volunteers can help people they have never seen before. The experience of foreign countries shows that well-organized work of volunteers can be useful not only to specific people who need help, but to the entire state as a whole, bringing considerable funds to the country's treasury. More and more young people in their free time from studies and main work help those in need, gaining experience, satisfaction, and communication in return. Volunteering, like no other type of human activity, corresponds to the Russian mentality and Russian national character: kind, sympathetic, sympathetic. Although in Russia nowadays, more often than not, people help each other targetedly without contacting volunteer centers, more and more centers of international volunteering have begun to appear.