Crusades film presentation. Crusades (grade 11). Children's Crusades

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Speech by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont (1095) To all who go there, in the event of their death on the dry road or at sea, or in battle with the filthy, from now on let there be remission of sins... Let them march against the infidels in battle... The land that you inhabit, squeezed from everywhere by the sea and mountain ranges of wealth, it is not abundant... That land flows with honey and milk. Jerusalem is the most fruitful pearl of the earth, the second paradise of joys..."

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The Crusades were a series of military campaigns by Western European knights directed against “infidels” (Muslims, pagans, Orthodox states and various heretical movements). "

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The goal is the liberation of Palestine from the Seljuk Turks; conversion of Baltic pagans to Christianity; suppression of heretical movements in Europe (Cathars, Hussites, etc.). "

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Going to Palestine, the participants sewed red crosses onto their chests; when returning, they sewed it on their backs; hence the name "crusaders". "

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The goals of the participants in the campaigns The clergy are to expand their spheres of influence, to seize lands. Landless knights are to seize lands. Children - find a home for themselves, because... most of them were street children. Peasants - seizure of land for agriculture Knights - glory, money and remission of sins. Lawbreakers are a refuge from punishment. "

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Peasant Crusade (1096) In mid-March 1096, crowds of peasants (about 60–70 thousand people), led by the ascetic preacher Peter the Hermit, set out on a campaign, without waiting for the knights to gather. They walked along the valleys of the Rhine and Danube, crossed Hungary and in the summer of 1096 reached the borders of the Byzantine Empire; their path was marked by robberies and violence against the local population and pogroms against Jews. "

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In July, the significantly thinned (almost halved) militia of peasant crusaders approached Constantinople. The Byzantines hastily transported him across the Bosphorus to the town of Tsibotus. Contrary to the advice of Peter the Hermit, peasant detachments moved to Nicaea, the capital of the Seljuk state. On October 21, they were ambushed by Sultan Kilych Arslan I and were completely defeated; most of the crusading peasants died (approx. 25 thousand people). "

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1st Crusade (1097-1099) The 1st Crusade, led by Duke Godfrey of Bouillon, Count Raymond of Toulouse, Duke Bohemond of Tarentum and his nephew Tancred, Duke Robert of Normandy and Count Robert of Flanders, was the most successful and ended with the conquest of Palestine and liberation of Jerusalem from Muslims. "

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2nd Crusade (1147-1149) The 2nd Crusade, led by the French King Louis VII and the German King Conrad III, was organized after the conquest of Edessa by the Herrings. It ended in a terrible defeat for the crusaders, who lost tens of thousands killed and died from disease and starvation. "

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3rd Crusade (1189-1192) The 3rd Crusade began after the Egyptian Sultan Saladin (Saladin) conquered Jerusalem. The campaign was led by the German Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the French King Philip II and the English King Richard I the Lionheart. The victories of Richard the Lionheart prolonged the existence of the crusader states in Palestine, but Jerusalem could not be liberated. "

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4th Crusade (1199-1204) The 4th Crusade was organized to attack Egypt, the basis of Arab power. Victory in Egypt could rid the Holy Land of the Muslim threat. However, Venice took advantage of the situation to send the crusaders not to Egypt, but to Byzantium, the hatred of which in Europe had long been equal to the hatred of the Saracens. In 1202, the Crusaders took Constantinople, and the European territories of the Byzantine Empire were divided among European feudal lords. In its place arose the Latin Empire, which lasted until 1261, when the Greeks regained Constantinople. "

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"Children's Crusade" 1212 Thousands of French and German children decided to liberate Jerusalem on their own. Almost all of them disappeared, died or were sold into slavery to Muslims by their own coreligionists. "

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5th Crusade (1217-1221) The 5th Crusade pursued the goal of an attack on Egypt. It was preceded by a "children's crusade". The campaign was attended by the Austrian Duke Leopold VI and the King of Hungary Andras II. The Muslims were alarmed by the crusaders' preparations and entered into negotiations, offering to give up Jerusalem. But their very lucrative offers were rejected. Soon the crusaders became victims of the ambitions of their leaders and the waters of the Nile, which overflowed its banks and flooded their camp. The campaign ended in failure. "

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6th Crusade (1228-1229) The 6th Crusade was led by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen. Frederick achieved his goal not by war, but by diplomacy: he managed to come to an agreement with the Muslims and conclude an agreement under which they gave him Jerusalem, since they did not want to fight the crusaders in the face of a new formidable enemy - the Tatar-Mongols. Success was relative: in 1244, the Muslims recaptured Jerusalem. "

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7th Crusade (1248-1254) The 7th Crusade was organized and led by King Louis IX of France (1215-1270). The situation in the Holy Land was critical, the crusader states in Palestine were hanging by a thread. In August 1248, he went to Egypt at the head of a fleet of hundreds of ships with 35,000 troops. His goal was simple: to land in Egypt, capture the main cities of the country and then exchange their Muslim-held territories in the Holy Land. At first he was successful. Having captured the fortified port city of Damietta, he launched an attack on Cairo. "

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The months-long siege of the fortress ended in disaster. The Muslims defeated the crusaders, burned the fleet that supplied them with food, and in addition, a pestilence epidemic began in the crusaders' camp, as the waters of the Nile carried past thousands of bloated corpses. The cause died, and Louis, himself infected with the disease, had to retreat to Damietta, but was captured along with the pitiful remnants of his army, from which he had to pay a huge ransom to be released. "

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8th Crusade (1270) The 8th Crusade was also organized by Louis IX. At the beginning of July, the crusaders landed in Sardinia. There, under pressure from the king's brother Charles, they decided to go to Tunisia, with whose emir he was at enmity. On July 18, the crusaders landed in Africa and fought their way to ancient Carthage. But due to delays, the chance to win was lost. Due to the overcrowding in the camp, a pestilence began, the king's son died, and Louis himself soon fell ill. On August 25, he died, after which the crusaders returned to Europe. The era of the Crusades is over. "

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Slide captions:

Crusades

Causes of the Crusades. The desire of Western feudal lords and the papal curia to acquire new possessions and increase income. The desire of the popes to extend their power to new countries.

Capture of Asia Minor and Palestine by the Seljuk Turks. Appeal of the Byzantine Emperor Alexei to the Pope with a request for help in the fight against infidels. An excuse to start hiking.

Pope Urban II issued an appeal to free the Holy Sepulcher, promising all participants in the campaign absolution and rich booty. Church Council of 1095.

Knights from France, Germany and Italy: in 1097 – liberated the city of Nicaea; in 1098 - captured the city of Edessa; in 1099 - Jerusalem was taken by storm. I Crusade (1096-1099).

The state of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Edessa, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem were created. Crusader states.

Order of the Hospitallers (Knights of the Maltese Cross) Order of the Templars (Templars) Teutonic Order Spiritual - knightly orders.

The campaign was led by Louis VII of France and the German Emperor Conrad III. A complete failure for the crusaders. II Crusade (1147 - 1149).

The creation by Muslims of a strong state led by the Egyptian Sultan Saladin. He expelled the Crusaders from Jerusalem in 1187. Saladin (Salah ad-Din)

The goal of the campaign: to return Jerusalem. It was headed by three sovereigns: the German Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the French King Philip II Augustus and the English King Richard I the Lionheart. The campaign was not successful. III Crusade (1189-1192).

Organizer: Pope Innocent III. The brutal sack of Christian Constantinople. Collapse of the Byzantine Empire. The Crusaders create the Latin Empire. IV Crusade (1202-1204).

The Children's Campaign (1212) is the most tragic; thousands of children died or were sold into slavery. The VIII Crusade (1270) was the last and unsuccessful. The Last Crusades.

Development of trade, strengthening the position of European merchants in the Mediterranean. Collapse of the Byzantine Empire. Introduction to Eastern culture - technical inventions (windmills), features of everyday life (hot baths), cultivation of crops (rice, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, watermelons). Consequences of the Crusades.

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CHILDREN'S CRUSADES.

Work completed:

6th grade student

MBOU gymnasium N 30

Ulyanovsk

Gracheva Daria

• Who are the Crusaders?
• Reasons for the Children's Crusade.
• Weapons of the Crusaders.
• Stephen from Cloix.
• Results of the Crusades.

WHAT ARE CRUSADES?

Crusades- a series of military campaigns in the XI-XV centuries. from Western Europe against Muslims. In the narrow sense - campaigns of 1096-1291. to Palestine, aimed at capturing first Jerusalem(with the Holy Sepulcher), against the Seljuk Turks. In a broader sense, there are also other campaigns proclaimed by the popes, including later ones, carried out with the goals of converting the pagans of the Baltic states to Christianity and suppressing heretical and anticlerical movements in Europe (Cathars, Hussites, etc.).

Causes of the Crusades

The need for the Crusades was formulated by the Pope Urban after graduation Clermont Cathedral in March 1095. He determined economic reason for the crusades: European land is not able to feed people, so to preserve the Christian population it is necessary to conquer rich lands in the East. The religious argument concerned the inadmissibility of keeping the shrines of Christianity, especially the Holy Sepulcher, in the hands of infidels. It was decided that the army of Christ would set out on a campaign on August 15, 1096.

• The beginning of the Crusades. Situation in the East. With the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate at the end of the 10th century. Palestine came under the rule of Fatimid Egypt; Muslim hostility towards Christians intensified. The situation became even more tense after the capture of Jerusalem by the Seljuk Turks (1078). Europe was agitated by stories of Muslim atrocities against Christian shrines and brutal persecution of believers. In 1071–1081, the Seljuks took Asia Minor from the Byzantine Empire. In the early 1090s, the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1081–1118), pressed by the Turks, Pechenegs and Normans, turned to the West with a call for help.
• Clermont Cathedral. Taking advantage of the appeal of Alexios I, the papacy took the initiative in organizing a holy war to liberate the Holy Sepulcher. On November 27, 1095, at the Council of Clermont (France), Pope Urban II (1088–1099) delivered a sermon to the nobility and clergy, calling on Europeans to stop internecine strife and go on a crusade to Palestine, promising its participants absolution and eternal salvation. The pope's speech was enthusiastically received by a crowd of thousands, who repeated like an incantation the words “God wants it this way,” which became the slogan of the crusaders.
• Peasant Crusade. Numerous preachers spread the call of Urban II throughout Western Europe. Knights and peasants sold their property to purchase the necessary military equipment and sewed red crosses onto their clothes. In mid-March 1096, crowds of peasants (about 60–70 thousand people), mainly from Rhineland Germany and Northeastern France, led by the ascetic preacher Peter the Hermit, set out on a campaign, without waiting for the knights to gather. They walked along the valleys of the Rhine and Danube, crossed Hungary and in the summer of 1096 reached the borders of the Byzantine Empire; their path was marked by robberies and violence against the local population and pogroms against Jews. To prevent outrages, Alexei I demanded that they not stay anywhere for more than three days; They moved through the territory of the Empire under the constant surveillance of Byzantine troops. In July, the significantly thinned (almost halved) militia of peasant crusaders approached Constantinople. The Byzantines hastily transported him across the Bosphorus to the town of Tsibotus. Contrary to the advice of Peter the Hermit, peasant detachments moved to Nicaea, the capital of the Seljuk state. On October 21, they were ambushed by Sultan Kilych Arslan I in a narrow desert valley between Nicaea and the village of Drakon, and were completely defeated; most of the crusading peasants died (approx. 25 thousand people).
• First Crusade (1096–1099). The first knightly crusade began in August 1096. It was attended by knights from Lorraine, led by Duke Godfrey IV of Bouillon, from Northern and Central France, led by Counts Robert of Normandy, Robert of Flanders and Stephen of Blois, from Southern France, led by Count Raymond IV of Toulouse and from Southern Italy (Normans) led by Prince Bohemond of Tarentum; The spiritual leader of the campaign was Bishop Adhemar of Puy. The path of the Lorraine knights went along the Danube, the Provencal and northern French - through Dalmatia, the Norman - along the Mediterranean Sea. From the end of 1096 they began to concentrate in Constantinople. Despite the tense relations between the crusaders and the local population, which sometimes resulted in bloody clashes, Byzantine diplomacy managed (March-April 1097) to get them to take the feudal oath to Alexei I and undertake to return to the Empire all its former possessions in Asia Minor, captured by the Seljuk Turks. By the beginning of May, the crusading troops crossed the Bosphorus and in the middle of the month, together with the Byzantines, besieged Nicaea. The knights defeated the army of Kylych-Arslan I under the walls of the city, but its garrison surrendered not to them, but to the Byzantines (June 19); to pacify the crusaders, Alexei I allocated them part of the booty.

WHO ARE THE CRUSADERS?

The name “crusaders” appeared because participants in the crusades sewed crosses onto their clothes. It was believed that the participants in the campaign would receive forgiveness of sins, so not only knights, but also ordinary residents and even children went on campaigns!

KNIGHT ORDERS:

Knightly orders- organizations of aristocrats (knights) in Western Europe, created during the XIV-XV centuries.

After the failures of the Crusades, the Crusaders military orders began to be idealized and romanticized, and as a result, in the late Middle Ages, the idea appeared chivalry. They had different goals - the fight against pagans, robbers, enemies of this or that king or lord. These orders, differing from each other not only in tasks, but also in numbers, arose, existed for some time, united or were subordinated to another order on feudal principles and were dissolved without reaching even a shadow of the power and influence of such orders as the Templars (templars), Teutons and Hospitallers. However, it was from them that the custom of wearing special insignia, made of gold and silver, trimmed with precious stones and pearls, originated. These insignia were destined to outlive the orders of chivalry that established them, and eventually they themselves began to be called orders.

• In May 1212, when the German people's army passed through Cologne, there were about twenty-five thousand children and teenagers in its ranks, heading for Italy in order to reach Palestine by sea. In the chronicles of the 13th century, this campaign is mentioned more than fifty times, which was called the “Children’s Crusade.”
• In France in May of the same year, the shepherd Stephen from Cloix had a vision: Jesus “appeared” to him in the form of a white monk, ordering him to stand at the head of a new Crusade, in which only children would take part, in order to free him without weapons with the name of God on his lips. Jerusalem. Perhaps the idea of ​​a children's crusade was associated with the "holiness" and "purity" of young souls, as well as the judgment that they could not be physically harmed by weapons. The shepherd began to preach so passionately that the children ran away from home after him. Vendôme was declared the gathering place for the “holy army”, where by mid-summer it was estimated that more than 30,000 teenagers had gathered. Stephen was considered a miracle worker. In July, singing psalms and banners, they set off for Marseilles to sail to the Holy Land, but no one thought about ships in advance. Criminals often joined the army; playing the role of participants, they lived off the alms of pious Catholics.
• The crusade was supported by the Franciscan order.
• On July 25, 1212, German crusaders arrived in Speyer. A local chronicler made the following entry: “And a great pilgrimage took place, men and maidens, young men and old men walked, and they were all common people.”
• On August 20, the army reached Piacenza. A local chronicler noted that they asked for directions to the sea: back in Germany they set out on a campaign, assured that “the sea would part before them,” since the Lord would help them achieve their sacred goal. On those same days, a crowd of children who came here from Cologne was seen in Cremona.
• German children suffered terrible hardships crossing the Alps on the way from Germany to Italy, and those who survived the journey faced hostility in Italy from local residents who still remembered the sack of Italy by the crusaders under Frederick Barbarossa. The road to the sea across the plain was much easier for French children. Having reached Marseille, the participants of the campaign prayed every day for the sea to part before them. Finally, two local merchants - Hugo Ferreus and Guillaume Porcus - “had mercy” on them and placed at their disposal 7 ships, each of which could accommodate about 700 knights, to sail to the Holy Land. Then their trace was lost, and only 18 years later, in 1230, a monk appeared in Europe accompanying the children (both German and French children, in all likelihood, were accompanied by clergy, although this has not been proven in any way), and said that the ships with young crusaders arrived on the shores of Algeria, where they were already waiting for them. It turned out that the merchants provided them with ships not out of mercy, but in agreement with Muslim slave traders.
• Most modern researchers believe that the bulk of the participants in the movement were not small children, but at least teenagers and young men, since in the word lat. (“boys”) in medieval sources called all commoners (similar to Russian Guys - peasants).

• The young preacher of the children's crusade is Stephen of Cloix.
• In 1200 (or maybe the next year) near Orleans in the village of Cloix (or maybe in another place) a peasant boy named Stephen was born. This is too similar to the beginning of the fairy tale, but this is only a reproduction of the negligence of the chroniclers of that time and the discrepancy in their stories about the children's crusade. However, a fairy-tale beginning is quite appropriate for a story about a fairy-tale fate. This is what the chronicles tell us.
• Like all peasant children, Stefan helped his parents from an early age - he tended cattle. He differed from his peers only in his slightly greater piety: Stefan visited church more often than others, and cried more bitterly than others from the emotions that overwhelmed him during liturgies and religious processions. Since childhood, he was shocked by the April “movement of the black crosses” - a solemn procession on St. Mark’s Day. On this day, prayers were offered for the soldiers who died in the holy land, for those tortured in Muslim slavery. And the boy burst into flames along with the crowd, furiously cursing the infidels.
• On one of the warm May days of 1212, he met a pilgrim monk coming from Palestine and asking for alms. The monk began to talk about overseas miracles and exploits. Stefan listened in fascination. Suddenly the monk interrupted his story, and then unexpectedly he was Jesus Christ.
• Everything that followed was like a dream (or this meeting was the boy’s dream). The monk-Christ ordered the boy to become the head of an unprecedented crusade - a children's crusade, for "from the mouths of babies comes power against the enemy." There is no need for swords or armor - to conquer Muslims, the sinlessness of children and God's word in their mouths will be enough. Then the numb Stephen accepted a scroll from the hands of the monk - a letter to the King of France. After which the monk quickly left.

Fifth crusade- organized and approved Christian church military campaign in Holy land, which took place in 1217-1221. Fourth Crusade ended with the sack of Constantinople and the division of the empire, children's crusade- a disaster. However, Pope Innocent III was still overwhelmed by the desire to expel the Muslims from holy land. In 1213 he issued a bull calling for a new crusade and demanded that all Christians take part in it. Innocent III also ordered processions of worshipers to beg God for liberation. holy land. The time for this, as it seemed to him, was most suitable. In the Revelation of St. John the Theologian says about the beast: “Whoever has understanding, let him count the number of the beast; for this is a human number. His number is six hundred and sixty-six."

• Ninth Crusade, considered by some historians to be part of the Eighth Crusade, was the last major crusade to the Holy Land. Took place in 1271-1272.
• The failure of Louis IX to capture Tunisia during the Eighth Crusade forced Edward, son of the English king Henry III, to sail to Acre. Further events went down in history under the name “The Ninth Crusade.” During it, Edward managed to win a number of victories over Sultan Baybars I. However, in the end, Edward had to sail home, because urgent matters awaited him there regarding the issue of succession to the throne, and in Otremer he was unable to resolve conflicts between local lords. It can be argued that by this time the spirit of the Crusades was already fading. The threat of complete destruction loomed over the last strongholds of the Crusaders on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

Results of the Crusades ambiguous. The Catholic Church significantly expanded its zone of influence, consolidated land ownership, and created new structures in the form of spiritual knightly orders. At the same time, the confrontation between the West and the East intensified, and jihad intensified as an aggressive response to the Western world from the Eastern states. The IV Crusade further divided the Christian churches and implanted in the consciousness of the Orthodox population the image of an enslaver and enemy - the Latin. In the West, a psychological stereotype of distrust and hostility has become established not only towards the world of Islam, but also towards Eastern Christianity.

“On the Kulikovo Field” - In fine arts. The horizon is about to darken. Two worlds, civil and local, from which the horrors are so difficult to convey! The heroic past of our homeland. The faces of the stately warriors are stern, The army is silent with a single thoughtfulness... Two great forces will converge in the field: the Horde and the army. And the Moscow brushes... and the damask swords...

“Culture of the 13th-15th centuries” - The story of the ruin of Ryazan by Batu. Novgorod. 1345 Destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. Restored by restorers. Spassky Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery. Andrey Rublev. Novgorod churches of the 13th–14th centuries. were not only religious buildings, but also defensive buildings; Russian architecture suffered heavy losses during the period of Batu’s invasion.

“The Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus'” - presentation “Was there a yoke...” presentation “Chelubey and Peresvet”. Author: Tatyana Leonidovna Demidova, history teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1, Mokrous. The topic of the educational project is the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. Abstract of the project. Research results. Creative title: Mongol-Tatar yoke - myth or reality.

“Golden Horde” - Then Azhdarkan[, Kazan and Crimea moved away from each other. Documents giving the right to public administration. Are Ylttanpik's relatives? According to Soyurgal, land was considered hereditary. The Khan's palace disappeared from view. Bulgaria as part of the Golden Horde. Uprising led by Bayan and Jiku. Capitals of the Golden Horde.

“Invasion from the East” - Assault on Ryazan. Result: the Russian army was defeated, the Mongols turned to the northeast. Invasion of Ryazan land. Trek to Southern Rus'. December 21 - Ryazan is taken by the Mongols. Battle of Kalka. Hike to Novgorod. Power of Genghis Khan. History lesson 6th grade Teacher Bokova E.B. Legends about Evpatiya Kolovrat. March 1238 - Battle of the Sit River.

“History of the Crusades” - Consequences of the Crusades Disasters for the peoples of the Middle East Revival of trade in the Mediterranean, the transition of primacy in trade from Byzantium to Venice and Genoa Acquaintance of Europeans with new landowning cultures and crafts, changes in everyday life. 1st Crusade (1096 - 99) 2nd Crusade (1147 - 49) 3rd Crusade (1189 - 92) 4th Crusade (1202 - 04) Children's Crusade (1212) 5th Crusade campaign (1217 – 21) 6th Crusade (1228 – 29) 7th Crusade (1248 – 54) 8th Crusade (1270) Albigensian Wars (1209 – 29).

In the middle of the 11th century, most of the Arab possessions were conquered by the Seljuk Turks, who came from Central Asia. After the Seljuk Turks captured the Christian shrine - the “Holy Sepulcher” - rumors spread in Western Europe about the oppression of pilgrims in Jerusalem. In 1095, Pope Urban II, in his speech to a huge crowd of people near the city of Clermont, called on Christians to “gird themselves with the sword” and move to Palestine to liberate the Holy Sepulcher in the city of Jerusalem from Muslims.

At the end of the 11th century. Europe experienced famine and epidemics. The peasants dreamed of Palestine, wanting to get rid of their owners and get land. Landless knights were interested in eastern goods and dreamed of getting rich by robbing rich cities. The clergy wanted to extend their power to the East. "

Liberation of Palestine from the Seljuk Turks; conversion of Baltic pagans to Christianity; suppression of heretical movements in Europe (Cathars, Hussites, etc.). "When going to Palestine, the participants sewed red crosses on their chests, returning, they sewed them on their backs; hence the name “crusaders.”

Clergy - expansion of the sphere of influence, seizure of lands. Landless knights - seizure of lands. Children - searching for a home, because... most of them were street children. Peasants - seizure of land for agriculture Knights - glory, money and remission of sins. Lawbreakers are a refuge from punishment.

The poor were the first to go on a campaign at the call of Peter the Hermit. They were unprepared, almost unarmed, but they believed that God would help them defeat their enemies and liberate Jerusalem. On the way, they begged for alms and often robbed the local population. The Byzantine emperor hastened to transport them to Asia, where in the first battle with the Turks, almost all of them were killed or captured. "

In the autumn of 1096, under the leadership of large feudal lords, detachments of knights from France, Germany and Italy set out on a campaign. Their troops united in Constantinople, crossed to Asia Minor and defeated the Seljuk Turks in a decisive battle. On the way to Jerusalem, the crusaders captured and plundered cities, quarreling among themselves over the spoils. In 1099, after a month-long siege, the crusaders took Jerusalem by storm. Almost all of its Muslim inhabitants were killed. "

On the occupied lands - a narrow strip along the sea - the crusaders created several feudal states. The local population became dependent on the new land owners - European feudal lords. The main one was considered the Kingdom of Jerusalem; the rulers of other crusader states were its vassals.

The orders were headed by Grand Masters and they were subordinate only to the Pope. In the East, they helped pilgrims and protected them from Muslims, and opened hospitals. Incoming donations and trade enriched the orders. Grand Master of the Knights Templar Grand Master of the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary

The 2nd Crusade, led by the French king Louis VII and the German king Conrad III, was organized after the conquest of Edessa by the Seljuks. It ended in a terrible defeat for the crusaders, who lost tens of thousands killed and died from disease and starvation. "

At the end of the 12th century, Muslims created a strong state. Its ruler, Salah ad-Din (Saladin), managed to defeat the crusaders in several battles, and the King of Jerusalem and the Master of the Templar Order were captured. In 1187, after a short siege, Saladin captured Jerusalem. Christian residents could leave the city for a ransom; those who could not pay the ransom were sold into slavery (15 thousand people). "

The Third Crusade was organized to recapture Jerusalem. Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, who led the German knights, died in Asia Minor, and his army returned home. The French and English knights, led by Kings Philip II Augustus and Richard I the Lionheart, acted inconsistently. Having failed to achieve success, the French knights led by the king returned home. "Philip II Augustus and Richard the Lionheart

Richard the Lionheart managed to recapture the city of Acre (which became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem), but the British and the knights of various orders who supported him did not have enough troops to capture Jerusalem. On his way to England, Richard the Lionheart was captured by his enemy the Duke of Austria and spent two years in captivity. He was released for a large ransom. "

Pope Innocent III organized the Fourth Crusade. The Crusaders were supposed to land in Egypt, but the Venetian ruler (Doge) demanded a huge sum for transportation and the knights could not pay it. The Venetians persuaded the Crusaders to capture the Christian city of Constantinople. In 1204, Constantinople was stormed and plundered. The campaign against Jerusalem did not take place. On the territory of Byzantium, the crusaders created the Latin Empire. "

In France, in 1212, a new Crusade began, in which only children took part, in order to liberate Jerusalem without weapons with the name of God on their lips. 25 thousand children from all over Europe came to Italy. There they were put on ships and, taken to Africa, sold into slavery. "

"The campaigns brought misfortune to the inhabitants of the eastern countries and ruin for the inhabitants of Europe. But by paving the way to the East, the knights contributed to the development of trade. Europeans took a lot from the East - silk and glass, rice and buckwheat, lemons and sugar, watermelons and apricots. The life of Europeans also changed - they began to observe hygiene, wash in baths, change linen and clothes. The feudal lords began to strive for luxury, and this required money, so commodity-money relations began to quickly develop in Europe.