Use of robots in various fields of activity presentation. Almost like humans. Modern robots. At the beginning of the twentieth century, when Asimov formulated his famous laws of robotics, it seemed that creation was complete. Training presentation “What is the mind

Almost like humans. Modern robots. In the early twentieth century, when Asimov formulated his famous laws of robotics, it seemed that the creation of a fully functional humanoid robot was not far off. But, the more time has passed since then, the more it becomes clear that this is not ten, not twenty, and maybe not even hundreds of years, but a much longer period. But, nevertheless, all kinds of robots appear now. Each of them is another step towards a common goal.

1. Okonomiyaki Robot This robot expertly prepares okonomiyaki, a fried cake made from a mixture of various ingredients. Designed to work independently and alongside people, this 135 cm, 220 kg industrial robot has 15 joints - 7 in each arm and one in the torso. Of course, if programmed, it is capable of more than just making cakes. At the exhibition where this robot was presented, he was able to assemble a disposable camera, consisting of twelve parts. This robot expertly prepares okonomiyaki, a fried cake made from a mixture of various ingredients. Designed to work independently and alongside people, this 135 cm, 220 kg industrial robot has 15 joints - 7 in each arm and one in the torso. Of course, if programmed, it is capable of more than just making cakes. At the exhibition where this robot was presented, he was able to assemble a disposable camera, consisting of twelve parts.

Robot nurses. They work in some British hospitals. The robots perform dry and wet cleaning, throw away garbage themselves, refuel with cleaning agents and recharge. Unlike living cleaners, robots never mutter under their breath and are distinguished by a benevolent attitude towards others. When they meet someone on their way, they apologize and report what they are doing right now. They work in some British hospitals. The robots perform dry and wet cleaning, throw away garbage themselves, refuel with cleaning agents and recharge. Unlike living cleaners, robots never mutter under their breath and are distinguished by a benevolent attitude towards others. When they meet someone on their way, they apologize and report what they are doing right now.

Guard dog. In South Korea, a sentry robop was designed to guard private estates. In South Korea, a sentry robop was designed to guard private estates. The dog weighs 40 kg, a camera is built into its nose, and there is cellular telephone, which immediately sends a signal to the owner in case of danger. In critical cases, the robot is able to call the police itself. The dog weighs 40 kg, a camera is built into its nose, and there is a cell phone in the body, which immediately sends a signal to the owner in case of danger. In critical cases, the robot is able to call the police itself.

Japanese family robot It remembers up to 7 family members and recognizes them by their faces or voice. Vocabulary - 65 thousand phrases and 1000 individual words. He keeps in mind the habits of each family member and tries to find an approach to each. He blushes at the joke and turns pale in confusion. It remembers up to 7 family members and recognizes them by faces or voice. Vocabulary - 65 thousand phrases and 1000 individual words. He keeps in mind the habits of each family member and tries to find an approach to each. He blushes at the joke and turns pale in confusion.

Retro: K9 Radio Controlled Dog A model for those who are intimidated by the long rows of zeros on the price tag. The price of K9 is quite "democratic" $ 70. Naturally, the price speaks volumes that space technologies and supernovae developments in the field artificial intelligence bypassed the toy. K9 is controlled from the remote control, can speak 7 lines and move forward, backward, left and right. A model for those who are scared off by long rows of zeros on the price tag. The price of K9 is quite "democratic" $ 70. Naturally, the price speaks eloquently that space technologies and supernova developments in the field of artificial intelligence have bypassed the toy. K9 is controlled from the remote control, can speak 7 lines and move forward, backward, left and right. But on the other hand, she has one big advantage, the toy evokes good memories in those who once watched the series about Dr. Hu and his faithful robotic dog K9. But on the other hand, she has one big advantage, the toy evokes good memories in those who once watched the series about Dr. Hu and his faithful robotic dog K9.

Roboosaurs The return of the dinosaurs took place anyway, toys made in the form of these ancient reptiles are in steady demand among children. Especially when it comes to robotic dinosaurs. The return of the dinosaurs took place in any case, toys made in the form of these ancient reptiles are in steady demand among children. Especially when it comes to robotic dinosaurs.

And another invention of the Japanese - Robodancer Robot dancer is able to alternately produce disco, punk, funk, rock, hip-hop, break, etc. The battery lasts for 45 minutes. During this time, the robot offers all kinds of movements for people dancing around. He has stereo microphones in his ears that pick up the slightest sounds. At the beginning of next year, it is planned to deliver such robots to the world's leading discos. The dancer robot is capable of alternating disco, punk, funk, rock, hip-hop, break, etc. The battery lasts for 45 minutes. During this time, the robot offers all kinds of movements for people dancing around. He has stereo microphones in his ears that pick up the slightest sounds. At the beginning of next year, it is planned to deliver such robots to the world's leading discos.

3 generations of robots: Software. Hard-coded program (cyclogram). Responsive. The ability to automatically reprogram (adapt) depending on the situation. Initially, only the basics of the program of action are set. Intelligent. The task is introduced in a general form, and the robot itself has the ability to make decisions or plan its actions in an uncertain or complex environment that it recognizes. A robot is a machine with anthropomorphic (human-like) behavior, which partially or completely performs the functions of a person (sometimes an animal) when interacting with the outside world

Home robots 1. Orientation and movement in a confined space with a changing environment (objects in the house can change their location), opening and closing doors when moving around the house. 2. Manipulation of objects of complex and sometimes unknown in advance, for example, dishes in the kitchen or things in rooms. 3. Active interaction with a person in natural language and the adoption of commands in a general form Tasks of smart home robots: Mahru and Ahra (Korea, KIST)

Home robots - STAIR (Stanford) Stanford Artificial Intelligence Robot (STAIR) 10 professors, 30 graduate students and students Start of work - 2006 Manipulator, laser rangefinder, video cameras. In 2008, STAIR already knew how to independently find doors and open them. On today the robot understands voice commands such as "Bring the stapler", independently finds the stapler among other objects in the room, takes it with the manipulator and brings it to the person who gave the command. This is done by a new algorithm that allows the Ladder to recognize familiar features in unfamiliar objects and select the correct grip.

Household robots - PR2 (Willow Garage) This robotics platform is designed to help researchers avoid the difficult and costly path of building a robot from scratch, but focus their efforts on unsolved problems. The robot demonstrates its capabilities: it finds, opens and closes doors on its own, puts and takes dishes in the dishwasher, and when the battery level becomes too low, it independently inserts the plug into the outlet. Also, the robot can perform quite delicate work, for example, turn the pages of an ordinary book. Personal Robot 2 (PR2) Weight 145 kg, trunk 4 degrees of freedom, head 3 degrees, 2 manipulators of 8 degrees, 22 pressure sensors on the grips. Robot Open OS (ROS)

Home robots - PR2 (Willow Garage) PR2 can plug into the socket Scientists from the University of California at Berkeley (UC Berkeley) taught a robot to interact with deforming objects for the first time. Oddly enough, but only now it was possible to teach the machine to work with soft and, most importantly, objects that change shape easily and unpredictably.

Home robots - Care-O-Bot Fraunhofer Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Technology (Fraunhofer IPA) Version 3 (2008), commencement of work - 1998 Robot parameters: Height - 1.45 meters, 60x60cm, weight 150 kg Four driving steer wheels Control - 3 PC Torso - 5 degrees of freedom Hand - 7 degrees of freedom Brush - 7 degrees of freedom Touch screen - tray Functions: moving around rooms, avoiding obstacles, opening doors, recognizing and gripping objects. Control: from the panel, speech, gesture recognition.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) 32 countries of the world produce about 250 types of unmanned aircraft and helicopters RQ-7 Shadow RQ-4 Global Hawk X47B UCAS A160T Hummingbird Air Force and Army UAVs: 2000 - 50 units 2010 - 6800 units (136 times) RQ-11 Raven In 2010, the US Air Force command, for the first time in its history, intends to acquire more unmanned aerial vehicles than manned aircraft. All helicopters will be unmanned by 2035. UAV market: 2010 - $ 4.4 billion 2020 - $ 8.7 billion US share - 72% of the total market

Ground combat robots Transport robot BigDog (Boston Dinamics) Fighting robot MAARS Robot-sapper PackBot 1700 units in service Robot tank BlackKnight Tasks performed: -demining -reconnaissance -lining communication lines -transportation of military goods -protection of the territory

Marine robots Underwater robot REMUS 100 (Hydroid) created 200 copies. Tasks performed: Detection and destruction of submarines Patrolling the water area Fighting sea pirates Detection and destruction of mines Cartography of the seabed total amount$ 2.3 billion, of which $ 1.1 billion will be spent by the military. 394 large, 285 medium and 463 miniature underwater devices will be produced. In case of an optimistic development of events, sales will reach $ 3.8 billion, and in piece terms, 1,870 robots. boat US Navy Protector

Industrial robots By 2010, more than 270 models of industrial robots have been developed in the world, 1 million robots have been produced. 178 thousand robots have been introduced in the United States In 2005, 370 thousand robots worked in Japan, which is 40 percent of the total worldwide. There were 32 robots for every 1,000 human factory workers By 2025, due to the aging population of Japan, 3.5 million jobs will be occupied by robots Modern high-precision production is impossible without the use of robots Russia in the 90s lost its fleet of industrial robots. Mass production robots are missing.

Robots for games Robots-animals Robots-toys Robot-dog AIBO (Sony) Robot-dinosaur PLEO Robots-dogs

Robots for medicine - surgical robots Robot surgeon Da Vinci Developer - INTUITIVE SURGICAL INC (USA) 2006 - 140 clinics 2010 - 860 clinics In Russia - 5 units The operator works in a non-sterile area at the control console. Tool manipulators are only activated if the operator's head is correctly positioned by the robot. A 3D image of the surgical field is used. The operator's hand movements are accurately translated into very precise movements of the operating instruments. Seven degrees of freedom of movement of the tools provide the operator with unprecedented possibilities.

Robots for medicine - simulators for doctors Robot-patient STAN (USA) The robot breathes and speaks. And many students are regularly shocked by the "death" of the mannequin, so it is realistic. Used in 370 hospitals and medical schools. Hanako Dentist Robot (Japan) She can feign pain, roll her eyes and even drool. In addition, Hanako can communicate with the doctor and say, for example, "I am in pain."

Robots for medicine - prostheses The i-Limb bionic hand prosthesis (Touch Bionics) can hold up to 90 kilograms of load. Serially produced since 2008, 1200 patients worldwide. The prosthesis is controlled by myoelectric currents in the limb, and for a person it looks almost like controlling a real hand. Together with the "pulsating grip", this allows the disabled person to make more precise manipulations, up to tying the laces or fastening the belt.

Exoskeletons (Japan) HAL-5, 23 kg, 1.6m 2.5 hours of work Increases force from 2 to 10 times Serial production since 2009 The adaptive control system, receiving bioelectric signals taken from the surface of the human body, calculates which movement and how much power a person is going to produce. Based on this data, the level of additional movement power required is calculated, which will be generated by the servos of the exoskeleton. The speed and response of the system are such that the human muscles and the automated parts of the exoskeleton move in perfect unison. The Robot Suit Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) by Cyberdyne

Exoskeletons (Japan) Honda Walking assist - released since 2009 weight - 6.5 kg (including shoes and lithium-ion battery), operating time on one charge - 2 hours. Application - for the elderly, facilitating the work of workers on a conveyor belt. Farmer Exoskeleton (Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)

Exoskeletons (USA) Universal cargo exoskeleton HULC (Human Universal Load Carrier exoskeleton) from Lockheed Martin Allows to carry up to 90 kg of cargo at speeds up to 15 km / h. Food - 72 hours from fuel cells. The on-board computer controls a group of sensors installed in different parts of the device. It helps the exoskeleton to maintain balance and correctly distribute the forces to the hydraulic drives. Since 2000, Raytheon has been working on a robotic exoskeleton project commissioned by the military. The exoskeleton increases the strength of the person sitting inside it 20 times! So far, nutrition is only external ...

Exoskeletons Rex Bionics, New Zealand, has created the Rex (short for Robotic Exoskeleton) exoskeleton to complement the usual wheelchairs: the machine helps a person who cannot even stand on their own feet to walk. Rex Bionics The Russian army exoskeleton "Fighter-21" is planned to be completed by 2015

The November 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge competition in Victorville (Victorville, California) 23 teams took part 5 cars came to the finish line The cars had to overcome a difficult city route: all completely independently, without human intervention. The winner - a Boss car (based on the Chevrolet Tahoe at Carnegie Mellon University) covered the city's distance of about 90 kilometers in 4 hours. The average speed was approximately 22 kilometers per hour. Used laser lidar - 64 lasers, 1 million points / sec

Competition MAGIC 2010 Robots must explore the environment, build detailed maps of the area, plan routes and joint actions, recognize and classify all potential threats. While remotely controlled robots are already being used in combat conditions, we need an intelligent, artificially intelligent and fully autonomous system that will be able to surpass humans in performing reconnaissance and surveillance missions, ”said Australian Deputy Defense Secretary Greg Combet. International tournament of fighting robots MAGIC 2010, organized by the Pentagon, will take place in November 2010 in southern Australia. Selected 12 teams from 5 countries Australia, Canada, USA, Turkey and Japan. Autonomous ground vehicles will prove themselves in military operations and rescue missions in a changing urban environment.

First International Olympic Games of Humanoid Robots First International Olympic Games of Humanoid Robots The first International Humanoid Robot Olympic Games were held in June 2010 in the northeast of China in the city of Harbin. About 100 universities from 20 countries were expected to participate. Only androids in "human form" are allowed to compete: with two legs and two arms. No wheeled robots. The cars competed in 16 "sports" divided into five categories. These include athletics, ball games, wrestling and dancing. In addition, among the robots, the best domestic help was determined (here, for example, cleaning and providing medical care are meant).

Football robots International Federation FIRA RoboCup Association: "In 50 years, in 2050, a team of robotic soccer players must win against the World Cup (human soccer team)"

EUROBOT Competition Eurobot is the largest annual robot competition in Europe (). Hundreds of teams take part in them every year. It is believed that such competitions make it possible to turn the study of complex techniques into an exciting game. In Russia, Eurobot competitions have been held since 2007, student teams from various universities take part in them.

Open Robotic Tournament for the Cup of the Polytechnic Museum Since 2009, the Polytechnic Museum (Moscow) has been annually holding an Open Robotic Tournament, which includes competitions for fully autonomous robots. The last tournament, held in January 2010, became the largest competition of its kind in Russia. More than 400 participants took part in it, who presented 138 robots.

Development Trends In the next decade, we should expect widespread use of household robots. By 2025, the Japanese robot market will reach an annual volume of $ 8 trillion. yen ($ 70 billion) South Korean authorities have set an ambitious goal: by 2020, robots should be in every home. To date, the most famous Korean humanoid machines are the HUBO android and the EveR robot girl. US National Intelligence Service officials believe that by 2025 cybercriminals will be actively using robots by that time, many inexpensive ground and air autonomous devices will appear on the market. In the event of an increase in tension in the world, fully autonomous combat systems can be created in the coming years (and maybe even earlier ...). There is a potential danger of a person losing control over the use of weapons of destruction as a result of the adoption of fully autonomous combat systems. The latter, by the way, is considered by the Pentagon as one of the priorities.

"A robot in every home - this is how our life will change." Now the spread of household robots is small, but futurologists assume their widespread use in the foreseeable future.

Home Robots Thailand has developed the world's first security robot. The model is equipped with tracking cameras and touch sensors that react to moving objects and temperature changes. The robot has a firearm that can be used as needed.

In the United States of America, there is a robot that replaces the paramedic. A mechanical assistant named Lil Jeff works in a New York hospital. He has important responsibilities - to carry and deliver instruments to doctors. Lil is equipped with a special navigator that allows him to move around without error. He also knows how to talk, but so far there are only a few phrases in his vocabulary.

Ambulance Drone - Defibrillator drone, ambulance in case of sudden cardiac arrest Alec Momont PhD student at the University of Technology has come up with a very simple solution to the problem of first aid for cardiac arrest. He has developed an unmanned aerial vehicle that has a built-in defibrillator and communication equipment with which a medical professional can direct actions. ordinary people located near the injured person.

Assistant robots Special mention should be made of robotic vacuum cleaners, which are so much included in popular culture that many people associate any wheeled robot with a vacuum cleaner. As a rule, they are able to move independently in the room, returning as needed to the charging station.

The existing reality already exceeds the wildest expectations of science fiction writers. Robots are becoming more and more human. They can even reproduce! In the States was created computer program able to reproduce robots without any interference. This was reached by Hod Lipson and Jordan Poplak of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The task of their invention is to reproduce the simplest model of a mechanism capable of moving in space. At the beginning, the computer develops many virtual projects that simulate the evolutionary processes of the plant and animal world, then chooses the best option and necessary components. All this data is transferred to the assembly line. And ... a robot is born.

Word "robot" was invented by the Czech writer Karel Czapek and his brother Josef and was first used in Czapek's play "R.U.R." ("Rossum universal robots", 1921).

Czapek's robots were not mechanical, but biological creatures. They just lacked some human functions, in particular the ability to fall in love, and hence the desire to continue their race.

Robot is called an automatic device that has a manipulator, a mechanical analogue of a human hand - and a control system for this manipulator.

Industrial robot- an autonomous device consisting of a mechanical manipulator and a reprogrammable control system, which is used to move objects in space in various production processes.

They are important components of automated flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) that can increase labor productivity.

Functional diagram of an industrial robot

The robot contains mechanical part and control system this mechanical part, which in turn receives signals from the sensory part. The mechanical part of the robot is divided into a manipulation system and a movement system.

Manipulator is a mechanism for controlling the spatial position of tools and objects of labor.

Manipulators include two types of movable links:

• links providing forward movement
• links providing angular movement

The combination and mutual arrangement of the links determines the degree of mobility, as well as the scope of the manipulation system of the robot.

To provide movement in the links, electric, hydraulic or pneumatic drives can be used.

Gripping devices are part of the manipulators (although optional). Instead of gripping devices, the manipulator can be equipped with a working tool. This can be a spray gun, a welding head, a screwdriver, etc.

Control

Control there are several types:

• Program control- the simplest type of control system, used to control manipulators at industrial facilities. In such robots there is no sensory part, all actions are rigidly fixed and regularly repeated. To program such robots, programming environments such as VxWorks / Eclipse or programming languages ​​such as Forth, Oberon, Component Pascal, C can be used. Industrial computers in mobile version PC / 104 and less often MicroPC are usually used as hardware. Can be done using a PC or PLC.
• Adaptive control- robots with an adaptive control system are equipped with a sensor part. The signals transmitted by the sensors are analyzed and, depending on the results, a decision is made on further actions, the transition to the next stage of actions, etc.
• Method-based artificial intelligence.
• Human control(for example, remote control).

Modern robots function based on feedback principles, subordinate control and hierarchy of the robot control system.

Industrial robot actions

• moving parts and workpieces from machine to machine or from machine to interchangeable pallet systems;
• welding of seams and spot welding;
• painting;
• performing cutting operations with the movement of the tool along a complex path.

Advantages of using

• fast enough payback
• elimination of the influence of the human factor on conveyor production, as well as during monotonous work requiring high accuracy;
• improving the accuracy of technological operations and, as a result, improving quality;
• possibility of using technological equipment in three shifts, 365 days a year;
• rationality of the use of industrial premises;
• exclusion of the impact of harmful factors on personnel in industries with increased danger;

A rescue robot from the Tokyo Fire Department loads a "victim" during an anti-terrorist exercise.

T-34 security robot with remote control immobilizes the "intruder"

Visitors to CeBIT 2009 in Hannover, Germany watch Rollin "Justin make tea

Industrial robots at the Iranian automobile plant Khodro are involved in the production of the Samand

Robotics is used in many industries around the world. There are robots for both military use and medical research, both for space exploration and just for fun. Japanese developers, for example, are currently building robots to help the elderly, while NASA is developing a new generation of space exploration robots.

The idea of ​​artificial creatures was first mentioned in the ancient Greek myth of Cadmus, who, after killing the dragon, scattered its teeth on the ground and burnt them, soldiers grew out of the teeth, and in another ancient Greek myth about Pygmalion, who breathed life into the statue of Galatea he created. Also, the myth about Hephaestus tells how he created various servants for himself. A Jewish legend tells of the clay man Golem, who was revived by the Prague rabbi Yehud Ben Bezalel (1509 (?) - 1609) using Kabbalistic magic. A similar myth is set forth in the Scandinavian epic The Younger Edda. It tells about the clay giant Mystcalf, created by the troll Rungner to fight Thor, the god of thunder.

For movement in open areas, wheeled or tracked are most often used (examples of such robots are Warrior and PackBot). Walking systems are less commonly used (examples of such robots are BigDog and Asimo). For uneven surfaces, hybrid designs are created that combine wheeled or crawler tracks with complex wheel kinematics. This design was used in the lunar rover. Indoors, at industrial facilities, movement along monorails, on a floor track, etc. is used. To move along inclined, vertical planes, systems similar to "walking" structures, but with vacuum suction cups are used. Also known are robots that imitate the movements of living organisms, spiders, snakes, fish, birds, stingrays, insects and others.

Collegiate Counselor Semyon Nikolaevich Korsakov () set the task of strengthening the capabilities of the mind through the development scientific methods and devices, echoing the modern concept of artificial intelligence as a natural amplifier. In 1832, S. N. Korsakov published a description of five mechanical devices invented by him, the so-called "intelligent machines", for the partial mechanization of mental activity in the tasks of search, comparison and classification.

In Japan, the development of robots with an appearance that at first glance is indistinguishable from a human is not stopped. The technique of imitation of emotions and mimicry of the "face" of robots is being developed. In June 2009, the University of Tokyo scientists presented the humanoid robot "KOBIAN", capable of expressing its emotions of happiness, fear, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust through gestures and facial expressions. The robot is able to open and close eyes, move lips and eyebrows, use arms and legs

The advent of machine tools with numerical control has led to the creation of programmable manipulators for a variety of loading and unloading machine tools. Appearance in the 70s. microprocessor control systems and the replacement of specialized control devices with programmable controllers made it possible to reduce the cost of robots by three times, making their mass introduction in industry profitable. This was facilitated by the objective prerequisites for the development of industrial production. Despite their high cost, the number of industrial robots in advanced manufacturing countries is growing rapidly. The main reason for mass robotization is this: “Robots perform complex manufacturing operations 24 hours a day. At the same time, the manufactured products are of high quality. They ... do not get sick, do not need a lunch break and rest, do not go on strike, do not require a promotion. wages and pensions. Robots are not affected by the ambient temperature or the effects of gases or emissions of corrosive substances dangerous to human life "

Fighting robot (military robot) is an automatic device that replaces a person in combat situations to save human life or to work in conditions incompatible with human capabilities, for military purposes: reconnaissance, combat, demining, etc. Fighting robots are not only automatic devices with anthropomorphic action, which partially or completely replace a person, but also operate in an air and water environment that is not a human habitat (aerial drones with remote control, underwater vehicles and surface ships). The device can be electromechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic or combined.

IRobot is compact in size and at the same time gently and efficiently cleans rooms of almost any area. It doesn't matter what kind of dirt is on the floor - it will deal with it in a short time .. Robot vacuum cleaners perfectly cope with dirt on various surfaces: carpets, laminate, linoleum, tiles, etc. At the same time, it does not damage the treated surfaces.

The talented American engineer Daniel Mathias managed to develop a fundamentally new humanoid robot called KATE. The abbreviation stands for Children's educational and entertaining avatar. This robot was created in such a way as to be able to be useful in literally all areas of human life - from helping the elderly to teaching young children. KATE will become a completely adaptable and versatile platform.