Presentation describing "Stone Age. Stonehenge" for a lesson on the history of fine arts. Presentation on the topic "stonehenge" Download presentation on the topic of stonehenge
Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
federal state budgetary educational institution higher
vocational education
"Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering"
(NNGASU)
Art
Ancient world.
stonehenge
Student: Arutyunova K.B. gr.DG1.11
2012
stone megalithic
building (cromlech)
on Salisbury Plain
in Wiltshire (England)
Cromlech - an ancient building, which consists of several
vertically into the ground of cultivated or uncultivated oblong
stones forming one or more concentric circles. Stonehenge is
set of stone blocks
bounded by an earthen moat.
Along the edges of the moat are two
earthen ramparts - internal and external.
The latter, in fact, is
border of this complex. 1 - Altar stone, a six-ton monolith of green mica sandstone from Wales
2-3 - mounds without graves
4 - fallen stone 4.9 meters long (Slaughter Stone - scaffold)
5 - Heel Stone
6 - two of the originally four vertically standing stones (on the plan of the early 19th century, their position
specified otherwise)
7 - moat (ditch)
8 - inner shaft
9 - outer shaft
10 - avenue, that is, a parallel pair
ditches and ramparts leading for 3 km to the river
Avon (en: River Avon, Hampshire);
now these shafts are barely distinguishable
11 - ring 30 holes, so-called. Y wells;
in the 1930s the holes were marked
round columns, which are now
removed
12 - ring 30 holes, so-called. Z wells
13 - a circle of 56 holes, known as holes
Aubrey holes
14 - small southern entrance
Stones in the center
Stonehenge, marked on the plan
color: gray - for boulders
sandstone (sarsen) and blue - for
stones imported from afar, mainly
image of blue stones (bluestone). The outer circle, at one time,
consisted of 30 vertically standing
grayish stones. Height of each
of which 4.1 meters, width 2.1 meters,
the weight of one stone is approximately 25 tons.
These multi-ton boulders were
stacked stone horizontal
overlap. Each of them rested
on two vertical stones, in
whose flat tops were
made special appearances
20 centimeters high.
Within this circle stood five triliths of sarsen,
forming a horseshoe open towards the avenue. Their huge
stones weigh up to 50 tons each. Triliths arranged
symmetrical: the smallest pair of triliths was 6 m
height, the next pair is slightly higher, and the most
the only central trilith was large
7.3 m high. K XIX century only two survived
trilith from the southeast and one strongly bent support
central trilith. In the first half of the 20th century
one trilith was recovered from the northwest and
straightened the support of the central trilith than it was
the view of the complex from the northwest was completely changed. The so-called avenue departs from Stonehenge - it stretches towards the river
Avon parallel pair of moats. The ditches, on both sides, are bounded by ramparts and have
about 3 kilometers long.
All this is barely distinguishable on the ground, but apparently, it once looked large and
majestically.
Maybe Stonehenge was a powerful generator of energy. This is indirectly indicated by
at least an alley leading straight to the river. After all, water is the basis of everything, and it is thanks to it that today
electricity. There is no definite answer here. Modern man knows too little about ancient civilizations and about the ways
which they used to obtain the energy necessary for normal life. Stonehenge before and after restoration. View from the northwest
End of the 19th century.
Beginning of the 19th century.
1911
2004 Stonehenge dating
The first researchers associated the building
Stonehenge with druids. The excavations, however,
pushed back the creation of Stonehenge to
New Stone and Bronze Ages.
Modern dating of the elements
Stonehenge is based on radiocarbon
method. Currently allocate
the following phases:
Phase 1 - construction of the main ditch and ramparts
(Windmill Hill culture). In the moat was
found a significant number of deer antlers from
traces of wear. Because below these horns
silt was not found, it was expressed
the assumption that a ditch was dug soon
after killing deer. Last thing
the event was radiocarbon dated
method 3020-2910 BC. e.
Phase 2 - secondary filling of the moat,
wooden structures and Aubrey holes.
Phase 3 - Burial inset to the top
secondary filling of the moat, construction
stone rings made of sandstone and blue
stones, avenues and holes Y and Z (Wessex
culture). Boulder dating material
sarsen, available in a very limited
number, points to 2440-2100 BC. e. Purpose of Stonehenge
Legends associated the construction of Stonehenge with
Merlin's name. In the middle of the 17th century, English
architect Inigo Jones put forward a version that
Stonehenge was built by the ancient Romans. Some
Medieval scholars believed that Stonehenge
built by the Swiss or the Germans. At the beginning of XIX
century, the version of Stonehenge was established as
sanctuary of the druids. Some thought it was
tomb of Boadicea, a pagan queen.
Even the authors of the 18th century noticed that the position
stones can be linked to astronomical
phenomena. The most famous contemporary
an attempt to interpret Stonehenge as
grand stone age observatory
owned by J. Hawkins and J. White. Scientific
She has no confirmation.
It is also often claimed that Stonehenge
used for burials. Indeed, on
burials were found on the territory of the monument, but
they were produced much later than the construction
Stonehenge. For example, a skeleton was found in a moat
young male, dated with
radiocarbon method 780-410 years BC. e.
According to news agencies,
professor of archeology at the University of the city
Sheffield Mike Parker Person, who
leads the Stonehenge Riverside project
Archaeological Project, noted that in his opinion
Stonehenge from the very beginning of its existence
and flourishing in the third millennium BC
regarded by the inhabitants of England as
area for the burial of the dead. Literature
Brown P. Stonehenge. Riddles of megaliths / Per. from English. - M.: CJSC
Centerpolygraph, 2010.
Wood J. Sun, Moon and ancient stones / Per. from English. - M.: Mir, 1981.
Hawkins J., White J. Unraveling the mystery of Stonehenge / Per. from English. - M.: Mir,
1973, 1984. - M.: Veche, 2004.
Hawkins J. From Stonehenge to the Incas / Per. from English. - M.: Veche, 2004.
Burl A. The Stonehenge People. - London: Guild Publishing, 1987.
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1 slide (beginning)
We, students of the 6A class - Denis Grechko, Daria Guyda, Makar Kostyuchenko and Anastasia Frolova present you the project - "Secrets of Stonehenge".
2 slide In the very center of Europe there is a stone riddle - a gigantic structure called Stonehenge.This is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world..
3 slide The purpose of our project is to study the history of the emergence and legends associated with the monument of historical heritage.
4 slide The tasks that we solved in the course of our work were the following:
1. Get acquainted with the history of the creation of Stonehenge.
2. Studying the various legends about Stonehenge.
3. Summarize and systematize the information received.
4. Prepare a presentation
5 slide We learned that StonehengeCRY is located about 130 km southwest of London.
6 slide The modern name of the monument was given by the Saxon conquerors of Britain - it comes from the wordsstan ( stone- stone) andhange ( hinge- rod or fence) is not the only translation, here are a few more: blue stones, hanging stones. The ancient British called it the Dance of the Giants or the Dance of the Giants.
See what Stonehenge looks like today.
7 slide Film fragment
8 slide Stonehenge is a kind of structure consisting of vertically mounted large megalithic stones located along several circular perimeters.
9 slide About 40 stones form a circle with a diameter of 33 m, their height is just over 4 meters, and their weight is 25 tons. On top of them, lintel stones more than 3 m long are laid in such a way that the tops of the lintels are at a height of slightly less than 5 meters above ground level.
10 slide During the construction of Stonehenge, stones of two varieties were used: strong boulders from which triliths were formed, smaller dolerites. Well-known scientists have established that the stones for the construction of Stonehenge were delivered from quarries, which were located more than 300 km from the construction site.
11 slide Stonehenge is called the "stone mystery" because scientists and archaeologists still cannot answer the questions of who and why erected this monument on the territory of modern England. It was considered a palace, a temple, a tombstone, a defensive structure, and even a special device for hunting wild animals. There are over 200 versions. We present to your attention the 4 most popular.
Makar Kostyuchenko will talk about the first two.slide 12
2
Version one.
slide 13 It first appeared in 1136 and says that the construction of the megalith was associated with the name of the legendary British wizard Merlin.He moved Stonehenge from the land near the Dnieper rapids to the meadows of England. In the new place, the granite structure froze in its grandeur.
Slide 14 The mighty Merlin was a mentor and adviser to King Arthur -the legendary leader of the Britons in the 5th-6th centuries. Thus, according to this legend, King Arthur and (slide 15) his knights round table used Stonehenge for their meetings.
slide 16 Apparently, the largest trilith was the image of King Arthur himself, and the rest of the knights were imprinted in stone blocks, inextricably connected by powerful ceilings. The whole complex was an image of a brotherhood of knights, bound by bonds of honor and friendship.Slide 17
Slide 18 The next version reports that Stonehenge is the tomb of a woman named Boadicea or Boudicca.This woman was the wife of the leader of the Iceni tribe. The Iceni were one of the tribes of the Britons (Celts) who inhabited the southeastern region of Britain during the Roman rule.
Slide 19 The leader of the Iceni led the war against Rome, but was killed. His wife continued his work. But in a fierce battle, the ices were defeated.
A warlike and courageous woman did not want to surrender to the Romans. She took poison. This tragic fact happened in 61 AD.
Slide 20 Boudica has become a symbol of Britain; a monument has been erected to this fearless woman in the center of London.
slide 21 Boudicca's funeral was a magnificent sight. On her last journey, she was escorted by the Romans, and the Iceni, and other tribes of the Britons. Where her body is buried is unknown. Hence the legend that, especially for a fearless woman, as a sign of respect for her, the Romans built a vast stone burial - Stonehenge.
The next version will be presented by Denis Grechko.slide 22
3
slide 23 The next version is more like a legend.In the 19th century, it was decided that there was a place of power for the Druids.Druids worshiped the spirits of nature, were considered soothsayers and were the bearers of ancient knowledge among the Celtic tribes. They arealso served as judges, were engaged in medicine and astronomy.Druids transmitted information of the past orally, from generation to generation, in the form of poems or legends. They were talented and creative people.
slide 24 In modern times, they can be called the intelligentsia of the Celtic peoples. It was they who supposedly built Stonehenge. It was their sanctuary, served as a gathering place for this intellectual creative elite.
Slide 25 Here the druids madeserious rituals, combining their communal forces with the forces of nature - it was believed that the megalith was located at the intersection of energy lines.
slide 26 All these legends - about the Wizard Merlin, Boudicca and the druids, most likely have nothing to do with reality.CRY Through radiocarbon dating, scientists were able to prove that Stonehenge was built when there were no druids or Merlin.
Slide 27 Excavations were carried out on the territory of Stonehenge and a burial place of about 240 people was found, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were most likely buried here.
Slide 28 Scientists have determined the age of the found bones. The largest part of the remains dates back to 2570 BC, and the first part of the ashes, which was discovered in the oldest part of Stonehenge, is dated to 3030 BC.
I give the floor to Nastya, she will talk about another very common version of Stonehenge.Slide 29
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slide 30 There are also suggestions that Stonehenge was a place for astronomical observations of ancient people: the location of the stones is tied to the apparent annual movement of the Sun. In different months, the star closest to our planet shines through different intervals between the stones, and on the day of the summer solstice, the sun rises over the so-called Heel Stone, which is placed outside the large circle of the structure.
And only thanks to the many years of work of the English professor and astronomerGerald Hawkins , who used the latest electronic computing technology in his research, managed to prove that Stonehenge was the largest megalithic observatory of ancient civilizations, the position of the megaliths of which determined solar and lunar eclipses, the days of the winter and summer solstices, etc.
In 1998, astronomers recreated the original appearance of Stonehenge using a computer and conducted various studies. Their findings were shocking to many.
It turns out that this ancient monolith is not only solar and lunar calendar, as previously assumed, but also representsan accurate cross-sectional model of the solar system. According to this model, the solar system does not consist of nine, but oftwelveplanets, two of which are beyond the orbit of Pluto, and one is between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where the asteroid belt is now located. In principle, this model confirms the assumptions of modern astronomical science and is fully consistent with the ideas of many ancient peoples, who also believed that the number of planets in our solar system was twelve.
CRY
Darya We have done a lot of work on the Stonehenge project.
Denis The result of our work is the following: modern people reliablyonly age is known this colossal building.
Nastya Butby whom and for what purpose Stonehenge was erected is still an unsolved mystery.cry
Makar The famous English artist John Constable painted the painting "Stonehenge". His
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Slides captions:
Petrified Time Stonehenge
Architecture is also a chronicle of the world. She speaks when both songs and legends are already silent. Nikolay Gogol
About 130 kilometers from London there is a very strange place - a bunch of huge stones, neatly arranged in a circle in the middle of an open field.
An ancient observatory, a cult building of the Druids, landing site for aliens and even a portal to another dimension - all this is Stonehenge.
United Kingdom, Wiltshire, 13 kilometers from the town of Salisbury. Stonehenge has 82 five-ton megaliths, 30 stone blocks of 25 tons each, and 5 giant triliths weighing up to 50 tons.
The very word "Stonehenge" is very ancient. It could have been formed from the Old English "stan" (stone, that is, stone) and "hencg" (rod) or "henceforth" (gallows).
Being a religious building, Stonehenge No. 1 was built no earlier than 3100 BC and consisted of two round earthen ramparts, between which there was a moat. A few hundred years later, it began to be used as a fenced cemetery for cremated remains.
Around 2600 BC, the wooden buildings were demolished and replaced by majestic stone structures.
At the final stage of construction, 30 triliths were installed in a circle, a horseshoe of five separate triliths was installed inside the circle.
1 - "Altar"; 2, 3 - mounds with stones, 4 - "block"; 5 - "Heel stone"; 6 - two stones that previously stood on mounds similar to 2 and 3; 7, 8, 9 - dumps of earth and a moat; 10 - "Avenue" (entrance); 11, 12 - two rings of holes excavated relatively "recently"; 13 - Aubrey holes; 14 - small entrance.
To the northeast of the entrance to the ring stands a huge, seven-meter Heel Stone.
According to scientists, the creators of this structure knew the exact orbital period of the moon and the duration of the solar year.
The northeastern entrance was moved a little to the side and expanded so that the Altar monolith looked exactly at the sunrise on the day of the summer solstice.
The very first references that have come down to us connect it with the legend of King Arthur - supposedly this monument was built by the wizard Merlin himself.
In 1615, the architect Inigo Jones claimed that the stone monoliths were built by the Romans - allegedly it was the temple of a pagan deity named Knelus.
The construction of this huge "megalith" is also attributed to the ancient tribes of the Druids who lived in Ireland at that time, although Stonehenge had already been built in those days.
There are stone structures similar to Stonehenge all over Europe - including here, in Russia.
North Caucasian dolmens (stone crypts) are distant relatives of Stonehenge.
Our contemporaries create just such "Stonehenge". Carhenge. State of Nebraska, USA
Simplified copy of Stonehenge. Thailand, Nong Nooch Park.
A mysterious building, a monument with a thousand-year history, around which a great many legends have developed - Stonehenge is still a mystery that no one can solve.
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stonehenge
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In southern England on the Salisbury Plain are the remains of an ancient stone temple. The stones form a composition of vertically installed menhirs, forming a circle with a diameter of 29.6 meters. This circle of stones is connected from above by horizontally lying flat stones.
This is an ancient building located in England. Archaeologists now agree that this architectural monument was erected in three stages between 3500 and 1100 years. BC.
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Construction stages of Stonehenge.
At the beginning (3100-2800 BC) an annular ditch was made with two bulk ramparts, open from the northeast. In front of the entrance to the ring, four holes were dug, the purpose of which is unknown. Two more holes were made on the lintel of the ends of the inner embankment. The heel stone - the first stone of Stonehenge - was dug in 30 meters from the ring to the southeast of the entrance axis. 56 holes were dug inside the ring, forming a vicious circle.
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The final stage began around 2100 B.C. A “horseshoe” of five “trilits” (groups of two vertical and horizontal stones set in the form of the letter “P”) was built near the center. Triliths are surrounded by a ring of 30 vertically standing stones covered with horizontal ones. The axis of the “horseshoe” coincides with the main axis of the complex. Triliths are 6, 6, 5 and 7.2 meters high.
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In the heart of Stonehenge, a six-ton monolith of green mica sandstone was placed - the so-called "Altar". In addition, the northeast entrance was moved a little to the side and widened so that it looked exactly at sunrise on the day of the summer solstice.
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Russian Stonehenge. Mount Vottovaara.
In the early 90s, a Neolithic sanctuary called Pegrema was opened on the northwestern coast of Lake Onega, which included zoomorphic idols, sandstone discs, etc., which testified to the development of a religious and magical cult and deep skills in stone processing. from our distant ancestors.
In 1993, the now widely known, but still insufficiently studied, ancient pagan complex was discovered on Mount Vottovaara, in the Muezersky district.
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On the top of Vottovaara, on an area of about 6 km, there are huge rectangular stones, amazing structures made of stones in the form of a regular circle, called cromlechs by archaeologists, and about 1600 seid stones laid in some mysterious order.
Stonehenge (eng. Stonehenge, lit. "stone henge") megalithic structure in Wiltshire, England, which is a complex of ring and horseshoe-shaped earth and stone structures. This is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world.
Stonehenge was erected at the turn of the stone and Bronze Age. Moreover, the creation of this amazing magical place took place in several stages. The first is around 3100 BC. It was then that a moat and an internal earthen rampart were created in the form of a circle, with a diameter of 115 m, a width of 2.5 m and a height of 5080 cm. Almost a thousand years later, the “construction” of what would become the main foundation of Stonehenge began. 80 large stones were brought to Salisbury Plain. They were installed inside the moat in two concentric circles on the outer and inner sides of the semi-ellipse of triplets. A few more centuries later, a ring of thirty huge sandstone monoliths 31 m in diameter was erected. True, at present, only 17 of them remain standing. Around 1800 BC, Stonehenge was again “reconstructed” and has already taken on its usual form.
On the plan stand out: 1 Altar Stone, a six-ton monolith of green mica sandstone from Wales 2-3 Mounds without graves 4 A fallen stone 4.9 meters long (Slaughter Stone scaffold) 5 Heel Stone (Heel Stone) 6 Two of the original four vertically standing stones 7 Ditch (ditch) 8 Inner rampart 9 Outer rampart 10 Avenue, that is, a parallel pair of ditches and ramparts leading 3 km to the River Avon; now these ramparts are barely visible 11, 12 Rings of 30 holes 13 Circle of 56 holes, known as Aubrey holes 14 Small southern entrance
It is difficult to establish the true purpose of Stonehenge because there are no inscriptions, marks, nothing at all on the ancient stones. One of the most common scientific theories about the purpose of Stonehenge suggests that it was most likely an ancient astronomical observatory, thanks to which the priests could calculate the lunar and solar days, mark the dates of important holidays, and so on.
Professor J. Mitchell, after computer analysis Stonehenge and trying to restore the original appearance of Stonehenge with the help of modern digital technologies, he concluded that it is, no more, no less, an accurate model of the solar system in cross section. At the same time, ancient astronomers proceeded from the fact that in solar system not nine, but twelve planets, two of which are beyond the orbit of Pluto. And the third planet put the scientist even more in riddles, because it was supposed to be between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, and this place is exactly where the asteroid belt is located.
It is also often claimed that Stonehenge was used for burials. After the excavations, scientists came to the conclusion that in total about 240 people were buried in Stonehenge, who were cremated before burial. At the same time, archaeologists believe that representatives of the local elite or the ruling dynasty were most likely buried here.
The English writer and historian Tom Brooks, as a result of his many years of research, concluded that Stonehenge was part of a giant navigation system consisting of isosceles triangles, the top of each of which pointed to the next point.
Back in the 20s of the last century, the famous geologist X. Thomas established. that the stones for the construction of the complex were delivered from the quarries. which were located more than 300 kilometers from the construction site! Needless to say, transporting the giant blocks of stone required incredible effort.
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