Download presentation electrical safety classification of premises. Electrical safety. Basic concepts Electrical safety - a system of organizational and technical measures and means to protect people from. Basic rules for electrical safety
Non-electrical personnel - personnel that do not fall under the definition of electrical, electrotechnical. Briefing of non-electrical personnel is carried out by a person from electrical personnel with an electrical safety qualification group of at least ???. Assigned? electrical safety group, no certificate issued. Safety in electrical installations is primarily aimed at preventing electric shock. The largest number electric shock occurs in electrical installations up to 1000V. This is due to the availability of electrical equipment with voltages up to 1000V for a wide range of workers, regardless of their electrical training. The main causes of accidents: accidental touching or approaching at a dangerous distance to live parts that are energized; current short circuit to ground or to the body of electrical equipment and the appearance of voltage on metal parts; erroneous actions of personnel, as a result of which voltage may appear on disconnected parts, where people work. Technical and organizational protection measures must ensure the inaccessibility of live parts and the impossibility of accidental touching them; eliminate the danger of injury in case of current short-circuits to the frame or to the ground; to prevent erroneous actions of personnel. Safety measures include: fencing live parts or placing them at inaccessible distances; blocking; alarm; warning posters; double insulation of electrical installations; insulation of live parts, monitoring of its condition; protective power separation; grounding; grounding.
Block width px
Copy this code and paste it on your website
Slide captions:
Fatal electric shocks account for 2.7% of total deaths. The number of deaths from electric shock per year in the world reaches 22-25 thousand people.
Statistics
for electrical injuries
Most accidents occur in electrical installations up to 1000 V
This is due to the fact that installations with voltages up to 1000 V are widely used, and a large number of people come into contact with electrical equipment, as a rule, who do not have an electrical specialty.
The most common cause of electrical injuries is non-compliance with electrical safety rules and the appearance of voltage where it should not be under normal conditions (on equipment cases, on metal structures of structures, etc.), which is most often caused by damage to insulation
Attention!
The inability of the human body to detect an electric current before the start of its action leads to the fact that workers are often not aware of the actual danger and do not take the necessary protective measures in a timely manner. The inability of the human body to detect an electric current before the start of its action leads to the fact that workers are often not aware of the actual danger and do not take the necessary protective measures in a timely manner. The danger of electric shock is compounded by the fact that the victim cannot help himself.
In case of inept assistance, the one who provides assistance may also suffer.
Attention!
Electric current is odorless, colorless and silent
General requirements Group I on electrical safety applies to non-electrical staff of the company's office when using electrical equipment or electrical receivers switched on at a voltage of 220 V. Assignment of group I is carried out by instructing, checking the acquired knowledge in the form of an oral questioning, if necessary, checking the acquired skills of safe ways of working or providing first aid in case of electric shock. Training and assignment to an employee Group I on electrical safety is carried out when hiring him and is confirmed annually. The results of the check are recorded in a special journal of the established form.The briefing is carried out by an employee from among the electrical personnel, who has a 3 group on electrical safety, appointed by the order of the head of the organization.
Non-electrical personnel are required to know:
- Danger of electric shock;
- Electrical safety requirements for the operation of office electrical receivers;
- Techniques for releasing an employee who has fallen under the influence of an electric current;
- The procedure for rendering first aid to the victim of the action of electric current.
Work related to the connection (disconnection) of wires, prevention, repair of electrical equipment (office equipment, electrical appliances) must be performed by electrical personnel who have the appropriate qualification group on electrical safety.
Non-electrical personnel MUST NOT carry out the specified work.
Attention!
Passing through the human body, electric current can produce thermal, electrolytic, mechanical, biological effects. Death from electric shock can include cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and electrical shock. Passing through the human body, electric current can produce thermal, electrolytic, mechanical, biological effects. Death from electric shock can include cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and electrical shock. Electric shock is the result of the biological action of the current, consisting in the excitation of nerve tissues when an electric current passes through the body. There are four degrees of electric shock, depending on the outcome of the impact on the body:
- involuntary convulsive muscle contraction without loss of consciousness (light, without loss of consciousness);
- convulsive muscle contraction with loss of consciousness, but with preserved breathing and heart function;
- loss of consciousness and impaired heart or breathing (or both);
- the state of clinical death. An electric shock may not lead to the death of a person, but cause such disorders in the body that appear after a few hours or days (the appearance of cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, absent-mindedness, weakening of memory and attention).
Non-electrical personnel are required to know:
Electric shock Electric shock is a severe neuro-reflex reaction of the body in response to excessive irritation with electric current, accompanied by profound disorders of blood circulation, respiration, and metabolism. In shock, immediately after exposure to the current, the victim begins a short-term phase of excitement, when he sharply reacts to the pains that have arisen, his blood pressure rises. This is followed by a phase of inhibition and exhaustion. nervous system when the blood pressure drops sharply, the pulse falls and becomes more frequent, breathing weakens, and depression occurs. The state of shock lasts from several tens of minutes to a day.
The nature and consequences of exposure to an electric current depends on:
- resistance of the human body;
- the magnitude of the voltage and current passing through the vital organs;
- duration of exposure to current;
- paths of current passing through the human body;
- individual properties of a person: health status;
- psychophysiological state.
Factors that significantly increase the likelihood of fatal electric shock include:
- everything that increases the rate of work of the heart: fatigue, agitation, fear, alcohol, drugs, certain medications, smoking, illness;
- anything that reduces skin resistance: sweating, cuts.
The proportion of the total current passing through the heart:
- hand - hand path - 3.3% of the total current;
- path left hand - legs - 3.7% of the total current;
- the path of the right hand - legs - 6.7% of the total current;
- path leg - leg - 0.4% of the total current.
Electrical safety requirements for the operation of office electrical receivers
When operating office equipment, electrical appliances and other electrical equipment, it is necessary to follow the instructions and rules set out in the instructions (technical data sheets, manuals) for the operation of the manufacturer.
Use a damaged socket, switch, socket, plug, etc .;
- use a damaged socket, switch, socket, plug, etc.;
- use the bare ends of the power supply cord for appliances instead of plugs;
- wipe the devices and electrical fittings connected to the mains with a damp cloth, touch them with wet hands;
- at the same time touch the electrical appliance and heating pipes, water supply, housings of neighboring devices;
- suspend connecting wires, cords, cables on nails, metal objects or nail them to the wall with nails, lay them behind pipes, pinch them with doors, window frames, etc.;
- twist, tie into a knot of wires, power cords;
- remove the plug from the socket by the cord;
- use the electrical appliance for other purposes, as well as in conditions that do not meet the requirements of the operating instructions;
- step on electrical cords and extension cords, place any objects on them;
- carry equipment connected to the power grid;
- put utensils with liquid on electrical equipment (vases with flowers, glasses of water);
- open electrical panels and cabinets, switch to switchboards;
- store flammable or flammable liquids in the workplace.
- connect unknown electrical appliances to the network: they may be faulty or not designed for the mains voltage.
- exclude automatic releases ("automatic devices") and RCDs from the circuit. In the event of a blown fuse, as well as a circuit breaker, it must be replaced with a new one of the same rating (current).
Not allowed:
If the plug does not hold well in the outlet or heats up due to poor contact, sparks, crackles, you must stop using the emergency device and call a specialist.
- If the plug does not hold well in the outlet or heats up due to poor contact, sparks, crackles, you must stop using the emergency device and call a specialist.
- It is necessary to regularly check the places where the cords exit from the plug, that is, where the insulation is most often frayed and the wires are shorted.
- Exposed areas of the cord or wire should be carefully covered with two or three layers of insulating tape, but never wrapped with cloth or paper.
- Electric heaters should only be used factory-made.
- Switching on and off office equipment, heating and other portable electrical appliances into the socket should be carried out using the plug, taking it by the insulated part - the block.
- It is unacceptable to pull the plug out of the socket by the cord in order to avoid breaking the cord or exposing and short-circuiting the wires.
- Having felt the effect of an electric current when touching metal structures, you should immediately take measures to prevent people from entering the dangerous place and report this to the manager.
Safety rules when using office electrical appliances
In the event of (detection) malfunctions: arcing of electrical wiring, short circuit, increased noise level during equipment operation, increased heat generation from equipment, screen flickering, other malfunctions, smell of burning and smoke, power outage, etc., you should stop working, de-energize the faulty electrical appliance or office equipment. Do not start work before troubleshooting!
Attention!
Connect more than one electric heater to one socket. Overloading the network with faulty protection can lead to premature drying out of the insulation and fires of the wires.
Filling of electric heaters, kettles, coffee pots and other containers should be carried out with the device turned off in order to avoid electric shock due to simultaneous connection with the ground (through the tap) and the body of the electrical device.
Is prohibited
If a person is injured by an electric current, it is necessary to assess the situation and secure yourself so that you do not get under voltage yourself, quickly and carefully release the victim from the influence of the current by turning off the device, installing the nearest switch, unplug the plug from the socket.
- If a person is injured by an electric current, it is necessary to assess the situation and secure yourself so that you do not get under voltage yourself, quickly and carefully release the victim from the influence of the current by turning off the device, installing the nearest switch, unplug the plug from the socket.
- Break the current circuit (in electrical installations up to 1000 V) by cutting the wire using tools with insulated handles (knife, wire cutters, etc.).
- If it is impossible to turn off the installation to release the victim from the effects of electric current, it is necessary to separate him from the live parts.
The human body conducts current in the same way as an electrical wire.
Attention!
If the victim has squeezed one of the wires, you can break the electrical circuit through the victim, separating him not from the wire, but from the grounded parts. To do this, slip a dry board, plywood under the victim, or pull his legs off the ground with a dry rope. If the victim has squeezed one of the wires, you can break the electrical circuit through the victim, separating him not from the wire, but from the grounded parts. To do this, slip a dry board, plywood under the victim, or pull his legs off the ground with a dry rope.
Techniques for releasing an employee who has fallen under the influence of an electric current
You can not touch with bare hands to open parts the victim's body, you can only touch the dry parts of his clothes, or better, wrapping his hand with a dry cloth, take the victim by the clothes and pull him away from the live parts. If possible, use dielectric protective equipment (gloves, boots, rugs) for this.
Attention!
After the release of the victim from the action of the electric current, it is necessary to assess his condition. After the release of the victim from the action of the electric current, it is necessary to assess his condition.
- Lay the victim on his back on a hard surface;
- Check for the presence of breathing in the victim (determined by the rise of the chest);
- Check for the presence of a pulse in the victim; The victim's lack of consciousness, breathing, pulse and the presence of signs such as bluish skin color or dilated pupils may indicate that the victim is in a state of clinical death. In this case, you must immediately start resuscitation measures.
The procedure for the provision of pre-medical
help to the victim of electric shock
First of all, you must immediately call a doctor. Only a doctor can finally determine the state of health of the victim!
Attention!
The duration of clinical death is approximately 4-8 minutes. After this time, the death of brain cells occurs, leading to the irreversible cessation of biological processes in the body, the decay of protein structures - biological death.
Attention!
If the victim is conscious, but was previously unconscious, he should be laid on dry objects, unbuttoned clothes, create an influx of fresh air, warm the body in cold weather or provide coolness on a hot day, create complete rest, continuously monitoring the pulse and breathing before the arrival of the paramedics. If the victim is conscious, but was previously unconscious, he should be laid on dry objects, unbuttoned clothes, create an influx of fresh air, warm the body in cold weather or provide coolness on a hot day, create complete rest, continuously monitoring the pulse and breathing before the arrival of the paramedics. If the victim is unconscious, it is necessary to observe his breathing and, in case of its violation, ensure the implementation of resuscitation measures. In a light-headed state (complaints of dizziness, nausea, tightness in the chest, darkening in the eyes), the victim should be laid down with his head lowered slightly below the body, since when fainting, blood flows from the brain. It is necessary to unfasten the victim's clothes, provide an influx of fresh air, give cold water to drink and give a sniff of ammonia. The same should be done if the fainting has already come. If it is not possible to call a doctor to the scene of the accident, it is necessary to ensure the transportation of the victim to the nearest medical institution. The victim can only be transported with satisfactory breathing and a steady pulse. If the victim's condition does not allow him to be transported, it is necessary to continue to provide assistance.
The procedure for providing first aid to an injured person from the action of an electric current
Slide 1
Slide 2
Definition Electrical safety - a system of organizational and technical measures and means to protect people from harmful and dangerous effects of electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity.
Slide 3
Causes of electric shock Touching live parts that are energized; Touching disconnected parts of the equipment on which voltage may occur: in the event of a residual charge; in case of erroneous switching on of the electrical installation or uncoordinated actions of the maintenance personnel; in the event of a lightning strike in an electrical installation or nearby; touching metal non-current-carrying parts or related electrical equipment (housings, casings, fences) after the voltage transition to them from live parts (the occurrence of an emergency situation - breakdown on the case). Damage by the voltage of a step or a person's stay in the field of spreading electric current, in the event of a short to ground. Damage through an electric arc at a voltage of an electrical installation above 1 kV, when approaching an unacceptably small distance. The action of atmospheric electricity during lightning discharges. Liberation of an energized person.
Slide 4
Causes of electrical injuries A person cannot remotely determine whether the installation is energized or not. The current that flows through the human body affects the body not only at the points of contact and along the path of current flow, but also on such systems as the circulatory, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The possibility of receiving electrical injuries occurs not only when touched, but also through the voltage of the step.
Slide 5
The action of electric current on the human body Electric current, flowing through the human body, produces thermal, electrolytic, biological, mechanical action. Common electrical injuries include electrical shock, in which the process of excitation of various muscle groups can lead to seizures, respiratory arrest and cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest is associated with fibrillation - a chaotic contraction of individual fibers of the heart muscle (fibrils). Local electrical injuries include burns, electrical signs, skin metallization, mechanical damage, electrophthalmia (inflammation of the eyes as a result of exposure to ultraviolet rays of an electric arc).
Slide 6
The nature of the effect of currents on the human body: ~ 50 Hz constant Non-releasing 10-15 mA 50-70 mA Fibrillating 100 mA 300 mA Perceptible current 0.6-1.5 mA 5-7 mA A current is considered acceptable when a person can independently free himself from electrical circuit
Slide 7
Maximum permissible levels (PDU) of touch voltages and current strength in emergency mode of electrical installations in accordance with GOST 12.1.038-82: Type and frequency of current Norm. led. RC, at t, s 0.01 - 0.08 over 1 Variable f = 50 Hz UД ID 650 V - 36 V 6 mA Variable f = 400 Hz UД ID 650 V - 36 V 6 mA Constant UД ID 650 V - 40 V 15 mA
Slide 8
Classification of premises for the risk of electric shock (PUE) Class I premises. Particularly dangerous premises. (100% humidity; presence of a chem. Active environment or more than 2 factors of class 2) Class II premises. Premises increased danger electric shock. (one of the following factors is present: - increased t-ra air (t = + 35 С); - high humidity (> 75%); - the presence of conductive dust; - the presence of conductive floors; - the ability to touch simultaneously and to email. installation and to ground or to two el. installations at the same time. Class III premises. A little dangerous premises. There are no signs characteristic of the two previous classes.
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
Slide 16
Resistance of the ground electrode according to PUE PUE: ground resistance should not exceed: in installations U< 1000 В, если мощность источника тока (генератора или трансформатора) более 100 кВА – 4 Ом; в установках U < 1000 В, если мощность источника тока 100 кВА и менее, – 10 Ом; в установках U >1000 V with effectively grounded neutral (with low earth fault currents Ic< 500 А) – 0,5 Ом; в установках U >1000 V with isolated neutral - 250 / Ic, but not more than 10 Ohm; in installations U> 1000 V with insulated neutral, if the grounding device is simultaneously used for electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V, - 125 / Ic, but not more than 10 Ohm (or 4 Ohm, if it is required for installations up to 1000 V).
Slide 17
Zeroing Zeroing is intended to eliminate the danger of electric shock when shorting to the body of electrical installations operating under voltages up to 1000 V in three-phase four-wire networks with a dead-grounded neutral. Zeroing is a deliberate connection of non-current-carrying metal parts of equipment that may be energized with a neutral protective conductor. Zeroing turns the breakdown to the case into a short circuit and promotes the flow of high current through the network protection devices and quickly disconnects the damaged equipment from the network.
Slide 18
Protective equipment The main insulating electrical protective equipment is capable of withstanding the operating voltage of the electrical installation for a long time. in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V - dielectric gloves, tools with insulating handles and voltage indicators up to 1000 V; electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - insulating rods, insulating and electrical measuring pincers, as well as voltage indicators above 1000 V. Additional insulating electrical protective equipment has insufficient electrical strength and cannot independently protect a person from electric shock. Their purpose is to enhance the protective effect of the main insulating agents. in electrical installations with voltage up to 1000 V - dielectric galoshes, rugs and insulating supports; in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - dielectric gloves, boots, rugs, insulating supports
Slide 19
Safety Posters and Signs Warning: Stop! Tension, Stay Out! Kill, Test! Life threatening; Prohibiting: Do not include! People work, Do not include! Work on the line, Do not open! People work, work under stress! Do not re-enable; Prescribing: Work here, “Get in here; Pointer: Grounded
Simple rules that everyone should know.
1. The most important rule is to remember that there is no safe electricity! Of course, you can not be afraid of toys that run on batteries, the voltage in them is only 12 volts. But in everyday life, electricity with a voltage of 220 - 380 volts is most widespread.
2. If you are not an expert, you cannot repair electrical wiring and household appliances yourself. plugged in, open the back covers of televisions and radios, install bells, switches and sockets. This must be done by a qualified electrician!
3. Do not use switches, sockets, plugs, bell buttons with broken covers, as well as household appliances with damaged, charred or twisted cords. It is very dangerous! Never use the cord to pull the plug from the outlet, or use plugs that do not fit in outlets.
4. The rule is as old as the world, but for some reason many neglect it: do not handle electrical appliance wires with wet hands and do not use electrical appliances in the bathroom. Remember also that in the event of a fire, never extinguish live appliances with water.
5. If, touching the body of the electrical appliance, pipes and taps of water supply, gas, heating, bath and other metal objects, you feel a "tingling" or "shake" you, then this means that this object is energized as a result of some kind of damage electrical network. This is a signal of serious danger!
6. A broken power line wire lying on the ground or on a concrete floor is a major hazard. Walking through the area around the wire, a person may find themselves under "step voltage". Under the action of the current, cramps occur in the legs, the person falls, and the current circuit closes along his body through the respiratory muscles and the heart. Therefore, when you see a broken wire lying on the ground, in no case do not approach it closer than 8 meters (20 steps). If you do find yourself in the "step stress" zone, you must not tear the soles off the ground. You should move towards the distance from the wire in a "goose step" - the heel of the walking leg, without taking off from the ground, is placed on the toe of the other leg.
7. A great danger is posed by wires of overhead lines located in the crown of trees or bushes. Do not touch or rock these trees, especially in wet weather! Many people believe that a tree - a dielectric - does not conduct current, but, roughly speaking, there are drops of water on the foliage of a tree, and water is a conductor of electricity. It is also very dangerous to fish under power lines. CFRP rods also conduct current, which can be generated if the wires are touched. Do not play near power lines, do not light fires under them, do not stack firewood, straw or other flammable objects nearby!
8. The first thing to do when a person is electrocuted is to eliminate its source, while ensuring your own safety. The electricity needs to be turned off. If a person touches the bare wire, you need to move the wire away from the victim with a non-metallic stick, or cut the wire with an ax with a wooden handle, or wrap the hand with a dry cloth and drag the victim by the clothes.
9. If breathing and pulse are absent, do artificial respiration. If there is breathing, but there is no consciousness, you need to turn the victim on his side and call ambulance... On the palms of the person who touched the wire, there are electrical burns - there are always two of them - the entry and exit points. Cool the burned area under cold water for at least 15 minutes, then apply a clean cloth bandage. There is no need to treat burns with an antiseptic!
The emergency phone number is 112.
electrical safety
Do not forget: electricity not only makes our life easier, but in a certain situation and threatens it
Performed:
Aristova V.A.,
teacher of OGAPOU "BSK"
There is no safe current!
A person, touching live parts of electrical installations and bare wires that are energized, is included in the electrical circuit. Under the influence of voltage, an electric current flows through his body, which disrupts the normal functioning of the body, which causes convulsions, burns, breathing stops and the heart stops. A person dies or becomes disabled.
Basic rules for electrical safety
Electricity is an invisible danger
It is invisible, imperceptible, without taste and smell, but it IS
Voltage at 12 V (volts) is already dangerous to humans
Annually
from electric shock
more than
40 thousand people
Electricity at home
- Repair wiring and electrical appliances yourself
- Use faulty household appliances
- If you feel a tingling sensation or tingling sensation after touching the device, then the device is defective and energized.
NECESSARY:
- Disconnect the damaged device immediately.
- Warn others about the danger
Fundamental rules electrical safety
If you find loose wires or broken power lines
IT IS FORBIDDEN:
Touch broken wires and get closer than 8 - 10 m. Step voltage is deadly!
Play near dangling lines
NECESSARY immediately inform adults about the place of the cliff
DO NOT PLAY under power lines and DON'T GO on wires, wires and other objects
DO NOT OPEN doors of switchboards, power cabinets, doors of transformer substations
Electrical safety rules!
DO NOT INCLUDE all electrical appliances at once into the socket. Overloading the mains can cause a short circuit
DO NOT RUN with friends on the rooftops - there may be live wires
Electric shock - electric shock to the body, in which the excitement of living tissues is accompanied by a convulsive muscle contraction
- electrical injury I degree - convulsive muscle contraction without loss of consciousness;
- electrical injury II degree - convulsive muscle contraction with loss of consciousness;
- electrical injury III degree - loss of consciousness and impaired cardiac or respiratory function (both are possible);
- electrical injury IV degree - clinical death.
Safe for humans are considered: alternating current up to 10 mA constant - up to 50 mA
The severity of an electrical injury depends on many factors: the body's resistance, the magnitude, duration of action, the type and frequency of the current, its path in the body, and environmental conditions.
Electric burn of various degrees - a consequence of short circuits in electrical installations and the presence of the body (as a rule, hands) in the sphere of light (ultraviolet) and thermal (infrared) effects of an electric arc
Release from the action of electric current
The caregiver must first of all free the victim from the action of the current on him: if possible turn off the power
- wherein simultaneously persons not involved in providing assistance to the victim should immediately :
- call a doctor medical unit or ambulance;
- delete from the point of assistance outsiders ;
- create maximum illumination and fresh air supply
Danger defeat electric shock consists in a violation of the activity of the respiratory organs and the cardiovascular system .
Primarily necessary , do the following:
- put the victim on his back on a hard surface;
- check, does he have breathing and pulse ;
- examine the pupil(narrow or wide). Wide icon points to a sharp deterioration in the blood supply to the brain.
After that, you need to start providing first aid:
If the victim is conscious, but before that he was fainted or under current for a long time, he must be carefully laid in a comfortable position, covered with warmth, and ensured complete rest until the doctor arrives. And, without losing vigilance, continuously observe the breath and pulse
If the victim is unconscious, but stable breathing and pulse have been preserved, he must be comfortably laid down, unbuttoned the collar, belt and clothing, provide fresh air and complete rest, give the victim to sniff ammonia and spray it with water
If the victim does not breathe well- rarely, convulsively, as if sobbing, - it is necessary to do artificial respiration and heart massage .
