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The largest oil refineries in Russia. Russian refineries: main plants and enterprises Largest refineries

Strategy

Prospects for the development of Gazprom as one of the world's energy leaders are closely linked to the improvement of hydrocarbon processing. The company aims to increase the depth of processing and increase the volume of production of products with increased added value.

Processing capacities

The Gazprom Group's refining complex includes gas and gas condensate processing plants of Gazprom PJSC and oil refining facilities of Gazprom Neft PJSC. The Group also includes OOO Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat, one of the largest companies in Russia industrial complexes oil refining and petrochemistry. Gazprom constantly modernizes existing and creates new processing enterprises. The Amur Gas Processing Plant (GPP) under construction will become one of the largest in the world.

Gas processing

Key capacities of the Gazprom Group for gas processing and petrochemicals as of December 31, 2018:

Astrakhan Gas Processing Plant (GPP);

Orenburg GPP;

Sosnogorsk GPP;

Yuzhno-Priobsky GPP (Gazprom Group's access to 50% of capacity);

Orenburg helium plant;

Tomsk methanol plant;

Plant "Monomer" LLC "Gazprom neftekhim Salavat";

Gas chemical plant LLC "Gazprom neftekhim Salavat";

Plant for the production of mineral fertilizers of Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat LLC.

In 2018, the Gazprom Group processed 30.1 billion cubic meters, excluding tolling raw materials. m of natural and associated gas.

Volumes of natural and associated gas processing in 2014-2018, bcm m (excluding customer-supplied raw materials)

Oil and gas condensate processing

Key capacities of the Gazprom Group for processing liquid hydrocarbon feedstock (oil, gas condensate, fuel oil) as of December 31, 2018:

Surgut Condensate Stabilization Plant. V. S. Chernomyrdin;

Urengoy plant for the preparation of condensate for transport;

Astrakhan GPP;

Orenburg GPP;

Sosnogorsk GPP;

Oil refinery (refinery) LLC "Gazprom neftekhim Salavat";

Moscow Refinery of the Gazprom Neft Group;

Omsk Refinery of the Gazprom Neft Group;

Yaroslavnefteorgsintez (Gazprom Group's access to 50% of its capacity through PJSC NGK Slavneft);

Mozyr Refinery, Republic of Belarus (up to 50% of the volume of oil supplied to the refinery, access by the Gazprom Group through PJSC NGK Slavneft);

Refineries of the Gazprom Neft Group in Pancevo and Novi Sad, Serbia.

The main refinery of the Gazprom Group is the Omsk Refinery, one of the most modern refineries in Russia and one of the largest in the world.

In 2018, the Gazprom Group processed 67.4 mmt of liquid hydrocarbons.

Volumes of oil and gas condensate refining, mmt

Processed products

Production of the main types of products of processing, gas and petrochemicals by the Gazprom Group (excluding raw materials tolling)

	For the year ended 31 December
	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Stable gas condensate and oil, thousand tons	6410,8	7448,1	8216,4	8688,7	8234,3
Dry gas, bcm m	23,3	24,2	24,0	23,6	23,6
LPG, thousand tons	3371,1	3463,3	3525,4	3522,5	3614,3
including abroad	130,4	137,9	115,0	103,0	97,0
Automobile gasoline, thousand tons	12 067,9	12 395,2	12 270,0	11 675,6	12 044,9
including abroad	762,7	646,8	516,0	469,0	515,7
Diesel fuel, thousand tons	16 281,4	14 837,0	14 971,4	14 322,1	15 662,5
including abroad	1493,8	1470,1	1363,0	1299,0	1571,2
Aviation fuel, thousand tons	3161,9	3171,0	3213,2	3148,8	3553,3
including abroad	108,5	107,9	122,0	155,0	190,4
Fuel oil, thousand tons	9318,0	8371,4	7787,2	6585,9	6880,6
including abroad	717,8	450,6	334,0	318,0	253,7
Marine fuel, thousand tons	4139,0	4172,2	3177,2	3367,3	2952,0
Bitumen, thousand tons	1949,2	1883,8	2112,0	2662,1	3122,3
including abroad	262,2	333,0	335,0	553,3	600,3
Oils, thousand tons	374,3	404,1	421,0	480,0	487,2
Sulfur, thousand tons	4747,8	4793,8	4905,6	5013,6	5179,7
including abroad	15,6	17,8	22,0	24,0	23,0
Helium, thousand cubic meters m	3997,5	4969,7	5054,1	5102,2	5088,9
NGL, thousand tons	1534,7	1728,6	1807,0	1294,8	1465,5
Ethane fraction, thousand tons	373,8	377,4	377,9	363,0	347,3
Monomers, thousand tons	262,2	243,4	294,0	264,9	335,8
Polymers, thousand tons	161,8	157,9	179,1	154,3	185,6
Products of organic synthesis, thousand tons	83,5	90,4	89,6	44,7	71,3
Mineral fertilizers and raw materials for them, thousand tons	778,2	775,9	953,0	985,5	836,4

The locations of the largest oil refineries in the world in 2007 are shown in Fig. 1. The refinery in Venezuela has the largest capacity (47 million tons/year) (Paraguana Refining Center, Cardón/Judibana, Falcon State), and the closest in capacity to it are located in the Asia-Pacific region ( South Korea, Japan), the Middle East (India, Saudi Arabia) and North America.

Figure 1. The largest refineries in the world in 2007.

In 2009, the picture did not fundamentally change, as shown in Table 6. There were changes in the capacities of some refineries (for example, an increase in capacity at the refinery in Ulsan from 35 to 40.9 million tons / year, in Ras Tannur from 26 to 27.5 million tons / year), a new “giant” appeared in India. Reliance Industries in Jamnagar commissioned the second stage of the refinery with a capacity of 29 million tons / year, given that the first stage of the plant already had a capacity of 33 million tons / year, this refinery (62 million tons / year) can be considered the largest in the world .

Table 6

Largest refineries in the world (2009)

Company	Location	Performance for crude oil
mln t/year	thousand barrels/day
Paraguana Refining Center
	Ulsan, South Korea
	Yeosu, South Korea
Reliance Industries	Jamnagar, India
ExxonMobil Refining & Supply
ExxonMobil Refining & Supply	Baytown, Texas, USA

Formosa Petrochemical	Mailiao, Taiwan
	Onsan, South Korea
ExxonMobil Refining & Supply	Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
	Santa Cruz, Virgin Islands

The data presented in Table 7 shows the location of the world's largest refineries in 2012. Compared to 2009, the following changes are visible:

1. Increasing the capacity of the refinery in Ulsan (South Korea) from 40.9 to 42 million tons/year, in Yeosu (South Korea) from 34.0 to 38.8 million tons/year.

2. Commissioning of a plant in Onsan (South Korea) with a capacity of 33.4 million tons / year, which moved the first stage of the refinery in Jamnagar from 4th place.

3. Reduced capacity at large ExxonMobil Refining&Supply plants from 84 to 82.8 million tons per year.

These facts once again emphasize the tendency of territorial shift of capacities in the oil refining industry towards the Asia-Pacific region and the Middle East.

Table 7

The largest refineries in the world in 2012.

Company	Location	Performance for crude oil
mln t/year	thousand barrels/day
Paraguana Refining Center	Cardon/Judibana, Falcon State, Venezuela
	Ulsan, South Korea
	Yeosu, South Korea
	Onsan, South Korea
Reliance Industries	Jamnagar, India
ExxonMobil Refining & Supply	Jurong/Pulau Ayer Chawan, Singapore
Reliance Industries	Jamnagar, India
ExxonMobil Refining & Supply	Baytown, Texas, USA
Saudi Arabian Oil Co (Saudi Aramco)	Ras Tanura, Saudi Arabia
Formosa Petrochemical	Mailiao, Taiwan
Marathon Petroleum	Gariville, Louisiana, USA
ExxonMobil Refining & Supply	Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
	Santa Cruz, Virgin Islands
Kuwait National Petroleum	Mena Al Ahmadi, Kuwait

Russia, one of the world leaders in oil production, has serious capacities for the production of refined products of "black gold". The plants produce fuel, oil and petrochemical products, while the total annual production of gasoline, diesel fuel and heating oil reaches tens of millions of tons.

The scale of Russian oil refining

Currently, 32 large oil refineries and 80 more mini-enterprises are also operating in this industry in Russia. The total capacity of the country's refineries provides the possibility of processing 270 million tons of raw materials. We present to your attention the top 10 oil refineries in terms of installed production capacity. The enterprises included in the list belong to both state and private oil companies.

1. Gazpromneft-ONPZ (20.89 million tons)

The Gazpromneft-ONPZ enterprise is better known as the Omsk Oil Refinery. The plant is owned by Gazprom Neft (Gazprom's structure). The decision to build the enterprise was made in 1949, the plant was launched in 1955. The installed capacity reaches 20.89 million tons, the depth of processing (the ratio of the volume of raw materials to the number of products produced) is 91.5%. In 2016, the Omsk Refinery processed 20.5 million tons of oil. Pronedra wrote earlier that the actual processing at the refinery in 2016 decreased compared to the level of 2015.

Last year, 4.7 million tons of gasoline and 6.5 million tons of diesel fuel were produced. In addition to fuel, the plant produces bitumen, coke, acids, tar and other products. Over the past few years, due to the modernization of facilities, the enterprise has reduced the amount of emissions into the atmosphere by 36%, by 2020 it is planned to reduce the degree of harmful impact on environment another 28%. In total, over the past 20 years, the amount of emissions has decreased five times.

2. Kirishinefteorgsintez (20.1 million tons)

The Kirishi Oil Refinery (Kirishinefteorgsintez, an enterprise of Surgutneftegaz) with a capacity of 20.1 million tons is located in the city of Kirishi, Leningrad Region. Commissioning took place in 1966. In fact, on average, it processes more than 17 million tons of oil with a depth of 54.8%. In addition to fuels and lubricants, it produces ammonia, bitumen, solvents, gases, xylenes. According to the company, in last years according to the results of the analysis of 2.4 thousand samples, no excesses of the standards for emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air were revealed. No environmental violations were found within the control points of the sanitary protection zone of the complex.

3. Ryazan Oil Refining Company (18.8 million tons)

The largest refinery of Rosneft with a capacity of 18.8 million tons - the Ryazan Oil Refining Company (until 2002 - the Ryazan Oil Refinery) - produces gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, boiler fuel, bitumen for the construction and road industries. The company started operating in 1960. Last year, the plant processed 16.2 million tons of raw materials with a depth of 68.6%, while producing 15.66 million tons of products, including 3.42 million tons of gasoline, 3.75 million tons of diesel fuel and 4.92 million tons fuel oil. In 2014, an environmental research center began operating at the enterprise. There are also five environmental laboratories. Harmful emissions have been measured since 1961.

4. Lukoil-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez (17 million tons)

One of the leaders in domestic oil refining, the Lukoil-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez enterprise (owner - Lukoil), is located in the city of Kstovo, Nizhny Novgorod Region. The enterprise, whose capacity currently reaches 17 million tons, was opened in 1958 and received the name Novogorkovsky Oil Refinery.

The refinery produces about 70 types of products, including gasoline and diesel fuel, aviation fuel, paraffins and oil bitumen. Lukoil-Nizhegorodnefteorgsintez is the only company in Russia that produces hard-type edible paraffins. The processing depth reaches 75%. The plant has an ecological laboratory, which includes two mobile complexes. As part of the "Clean Air" program, the plant's tanks are equipped with pontoons to reduce the amount of hydrocarbon emissions into the atmosphere by dozens of times. Over the past ten years, the average indicators of environmental pollution have decreased by a factor of three.

5. Lukoil-Volgogradneftepererabotka (15.7 million tons)

The Volgograd (Stalingrad) refinery, launched in 1957, became part of the Lukoil company in 1991 and received a new name - Lukoil-Volgogradneftepererabotka. The plant's capacity is 15.7 million tons, the actual capacity is 12.6 million tons with a processing depth of 93%. Now the company produces about seven dozen types of refined products, including motor gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied gases, bitumen, oils, cokes and gas oils. According to Lukoil, thanks to the implementation of the environmental safety program, gross emissions were reduced by 44%.

6. Slavneft-Yaroslavnefteorgsintez (15 million tons)

The Novo-Yaroslavl Oil Refinery (currently Slavneft-YANOS, jointly owned by Gazprom and Slavneft) began operating in 1961. The current installed capacity of the plant is 15 million tons of raw materials, the processing depth is 66%. The enterprise is engaged in the production of motor gasolines, diesel fuel, fuel used in jet engines, a wide range of oils, bitumen, waxes, paraffins, aromatic hydrocarbons, fuel oil and liquefied gases. Over the past 11 years, Slavneft-Yaroslavnefteorgsintez has significantly improved the quality of its industrial effluents. The amount of waste accumulated before has decreased by 3.5 times, and the volume of polluting emissions into the atmosphere - by 1.4 times.

7. Lukoil-Permnefteorgsintez (13.1 million tons)

In 1958, the Perm Oil Refinery was put into operation. Later, it received such names as the Perm Oil Refinery, Permnefteorgsintez, and as a result, after becoming the property of Lukoil, it was renamed Lukoil-Permnefteorgsintez. The capacity of the enterprise with a depth of processing of raw materials of 88% reaches 13.1 million tons. Lukoil-Permnefteorgsintez produces a wide range of products, including dozens of items - gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel for jet power plants, gas oils, toluene, benzene, liquefied hydrocarbon gases, sulfur, acids and petroleum cokes.

According to the assurances of the plant's management, the enterprise is actively implementing measures that make it possible to exclude emissions of polluting components into the environment in excess of the regulatory limits. All types of oily waste are disposed of using a special modern equipment. Last year, the plant won the competition "Leader of Environmental Protection in Russia".

8. Gazprom Neft - Moscow Refinery (12.15 million tons)

The Moscow Oil Refinery (owned by Gazprom Neft), which currently meets 34% of the needs of the Russian capital in oil products, was built in 1938. The plant's capacity reaches 12.15 million tons with a processing depth of 75%. The plant is mainly engaged in the fuel segment - it produces motor fuel, but additionally produces bitumen. Liquefied gases for domestic and communal needs, fuel oil are also produced. According to Gazpromneft-Moscow Refinery, the company's environmental management system complies with international standards.

However, since 2014, the plant has repeatedly been in the spotlight due to hydrogen sulfide emissions into the atmospheric air of Moscow. Although, according to the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the mentioned oil refinery really turned out to be the source of pollution, the corresponding official charges were not brought, and another three dozen industrial facilities located in the city fell under suspicion. In 2017, representatives of the Moscow Refinery reported that there were no excesses in pollutant emissions on the territory of the enterprise. Recall that the Moscow mayor's office announced the launch of a monitoring system for plant emissions.

9. RN-Tuapse Refinery (12 million tons)

The RN-Tuapse Refinery is the oldest oil refinery in Russia. It was built in 1929. The uniqueness of the enterprise also lies in the fact that it is the only refinery in the country located on the Black Sea coast. The owner of the RN-Tuapse Refinery is Rosneft Corporation. The plant's capacity is 12 million tons (in fact, 8.6 million tons of raw materials are processed per year), the processing depth is up to 54%. The main range of manufactured products is gasoline, including technological, diesel fuel, kerosene for lighting purposes, fuel oil and liquefied gas. According to the administration of the plant, the refinery managed to halve the amount of polluting emissions into the atmosphere in a short time. Also, the quality of effluents has been brought to the level of fishery reservoirs of the first category.

10. Angarsk Petrochemical Company (10.2 million tons)

In Angarsk, Irkutsk Region, located production facilities Angarsk petrochemical company specializing in oil refining. The complex includes an oil refinery, chemical units, as well as a plant for the production of oils. Installed capacity - 10.2 million tons, processing depth - 73.8%. The complex was launched in 1945 as an enterprise for the production of liquid coal fuel, and in 1953 the first petrochemical facilities were put into operation. Now the company produces gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene for aircraft, alcohols, fuel oil, sulfuric acid, oils. As part of the implementation of environmental safety measures, closed flares have been installed to neutralize waste gases, and a recycling water supply system is being built.

Leaders in oil refining: top regions and companies

If we talk about the Russian oil refining industry as a whole, then it is characterized by a large (up to 90%) degree of consolidation. The plants mainly operate as part of vertically integrated companies.

Most of the existing oil refineries in Russia were built back in the Soviet period. The distribution of oil refineries by region was carried out according to two principles - proximity to deposits of raw materials and in accordance with the need to supply fuels and lubricants and petrochemical products to specific regions of the RSFSR, or to neighboring republics of the USSR. These factors predetermined the picture of the location of oil refining capacities on the territory of the modern Russian state.

The current stage of development of the domestic processing of "black gold" is characterized not only by an increase in capacity, but also by a total modernization of production. The latter makes it possible Russian companies how to improve the quality of products to the level of the most stringent international standards and increase the depth of processing of raw materials, as well as minimize the negative impact on the environment.

Rosneft Oil Company is No. 1 in Russia in terms of oil refining capacity and volumes.

The Company's activities in the field of oil refining in recent years have been aimed at meeting the market demand for high-quality petroleum products.

For a number of years, Rosneft has been consistently implementing a program to modernize its refineries, which has made it possible to expand the range, improve the quality of products and increase their competitiveness. This is the largest refining capacity modernization program in the Russian oil industry. During the implementation of this program, from the end of 2015, a transition to 100% production of motor fuels of ecological class K5 for the domestic market of the Russian Federation was ensured, in accordance with the requirements technical regulation TR CU 013/2011. Since 2018, a number of the Company's refineries have organized the production of motor gasolines with improved environmental and performance properties AI-95-K5 "Euro-6", as well as AI-100-K5.

As part of the Company's Oil Refining Unit on the territory Russian Federation 13 large oil refineries operate: Komsomolsk Oil Refinery, Angarsk Petrochemical Company, Achinsk Oil Refinery, Tuapse Oil Refinery, Kuibyshev Oil Refinery, Novokuibyshevsky Oil Refinery, Syzransky Oil Refinery, Saratov Oil Refinery, Ryazan Oil Refinery Company, oil refinery complex of PJSC ANK Bash-Neft (Bashneft-Novoil) , Bashneft-Ufaneftekhim, Bashneft-UNPZ), Yaroslavl Oil Refinery.

The total design capacity of the Company's main oil refineries in Russia is 118.4 million tons of oil per year. Rosneft also includes several mini-refineries, the largest of which is the Nizhne-Vartovsk oil refinery.

The share of PJSC NK Rosneft in oil refining in Russia is more than 35%. The volume of oil refining at the Russian refineries of the Company in 2018 amounted to more than 103 million tons, demonstrating an increase of 2.8% compared to 2017. The yield of light products and the depth of processing are 58.1% and 75.1%, respectively, and the production of motor gasolines and diesel fuel of ecological class K5 in 2018 increased by 2%.

The volume of refining at the Company's mini-refineries in the Russian Federation in 2018 amounted to 2 million tons.

PJSC NK Rosneft also owns shares in a number of refining assets abroad - in Germany, Belarus and India.

In Germany, the Company owns shares (from 24 to 54%) in three highly efficient refineries - MiRO, Bayernoil and PCK, and in Belarus indirectly owns 21% of the shares of OAO Mozyr Oil Refinery. The Company also owns a 49% stake in one of the largest high-tech refineries in India, Vadinar, which has a primary oil refining capacity of 20 million tons per year.

According to the results of 2018, the volume of oil refining at German refineries amounted to 11.5 million tons. The volume of crude oil refining by JSC Mozyr Oil Refinery in the share of PJSC NK Rosneft in 2018 amounted to 2.1 million tons.

The deepest well
The world record for drilling the longest well in the world belongs to the Russian Sakhalin-1 project. In April 2015, the consortium members (Russian Rosneft, American ExxonMobil, Japanese Sodeco and Indian ONGC) drilled a deviated well with a depth of 13,500 m in the Chayvo field with a horizontal displacement of 12,033 m. The record for deepwater drilling belongs to the Indian ONGC: In January 2013, the company drilled an exploration well off the east coast of India at a depth of 3,165 m.

The well drilled by Orlan is 2 kilometers deeper than the Mariana Trench. Photo: Rosneft

The largest drilling platform
In this nomination, the Sakhalin-1 project again becomes the record holder: in June 2014, the Berkut platform was commissioned at the Arkutun-Dagi field. With a height of a 50-storey building (144 m) and a weight of more than 200 thousand tons, it is able to withstand the onslaught of 20-meter waves, earthquakes up to 9 points on the Richter scale and temperatures down to -45 degrees Celsius with wind gusts up to 120 km per hour. The construction of Berkut cost the consortium $12 billion.

Berkut, the world's largest drilling platform worth $12 billion. Photo: ExxonMobil

The highest drilling platform

The most notable "growth" among drilling platforms has been the deepwater oil platform Petronius (operated by Chevron and Marathon Oil Corporation). Its height is 609.9 m, of which only 75 m falls on the surface. The total weight of the structure is 43 thousand tons. The platform is operating 210 km off the coast of New Orleans at the Petronius field in the Gulf of Mexico.

The Petronius drilling rig is almost twice as high as the Federation Tower - 609 meters against 343 meters. A photo: primofish.com

The deepest drilling platform
When Shell leased the Perdido block in the Gulf of Mexico, oil companies could develop fields at depths of no more than 1,000 m. At that time, it seemed that the development of technology had reached its limit. Today, the Perdido platform sits at a depth of 2,450 m and is the deepest drilling and production platform in the world. Perdido is a true engineering marvel of its time. The fact is that at such extreme depths it is impossible to install the platform on supports. Plus, engineers had to take into account the difficult weather conditions of these latitudes: hurricanes, storms and strong currents. To solve the problem, a unique engineering solution was found: the topsides of the platform were fixed on a floating support, after which the entire structure was anchored with steel mooring cables on the ocean floor.

Perdido, not only one of the most beautiful, but also the deepest drilling site. Photo: Texas Charter Fleet

The largest oil tanker, and at the same time the largest sea vessel built in the 20th century, was the Seawise Giant. With a width of almost 69 meters, the supertanker was 458.5 meters long - 85 meters more than the height of the Federation Tower - the tallest building in Europe today. The Seawise Giant had a speed of up to 13 knots (about 21 km per hour) and had a cargo capacity of almost 650,000 m3 of oil (4.1 million barrels). The super-tanker was launched in 1981 and during its almost 30-year history has changed several owners and names, and even crashed, having come under fire from the Iraqi Air Force during the First Gulf War. In 2010, the ship was forcibly washed ashore near the Indian city of Alang, where its hull was disposed of within a year. But one of the giant's 36-ton anchors has been preserved for history: it is now on display at the Maritime Museum in Hong Kong.

The longest oil pipeline in the world is "Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean" with a capacity of about 80 million tons of oil per year. Its length from Taishet to Kozmino Bay in Nakhodka Bay is 4857 km, and taking into account the branch from Skovorodino to Daqing (PRC), it is another 1023 km (i.e. 5880 km in total). The project was launched at the end of 2012. Its cost amounted to 624 billion rubles. Among the gas pipelines, the record for the length belongs to the Chinese West-East project. The total length of the gas pipeline is 8704 km (including one main line and 8 regional branches). The pipeline capacity is 30 billion cubic meters of gas per year, the project cost was about $22 billion.

The ESPO oil pipeline going beyond the horizon. Photo: Transneft

The record holder among deep-water pipelines is the Russian Nord Stream, which runs from the Russian Vyborg to the German Lubmin along the bottom of the Baltic Sea. This is both the deepest (maximum pipe depth of 210 m) and the longest route (1,124 km) among all underwater pipelines in the world. The throughput capacity of the pipeline is 55 billion cubic meters. m of gas per year (2 lines). The cost of the project, launched in 2012, amounted to 7.4 billion euros.

Laying the offshore section of the Nord Stream gas pipeline. Photo: Gazprom

Most big deposit
"King of Giants" is the second name of the largest and, perhaps, the most mysterious oil field in the world - Ghawar, located in Saudi Arabia. Its dimensions amaze even the most experienced geologists - 280 km by 30 km and elevate Gavar to the rank of the largest oil field in the world being developed. The field is wholly owned by the state and is managed by the state company Saudi Aramco. And therefore, very little is known about it: the actual current production figures are not disclosed by either the company or the government. All information about Gavar is mainly historical, collected from random technical publications and rumors. For example, in April 2010, Aramco Vice President Saad al-Treyki told the Saudi media that the field's resources are truly limitless: over 65 years of development, it has already produced more than 65 billion barrels of oil, and at the same time, the company estimates the remaining resources of the field at more than 100 billion barrels. According to experts from the International Energy Agency, this figure is more modest - 74 billion barrels. Among the gas giants, the title of leader belongs to the two-part North/South Pars field, located in the central part of the Persian Gulf in the territorial waters of Iran (South Pars) and Qatar (North). The total reserves of the deposit are estimated at 28 trillion. cube m of gas and 7 billion tons of oil.

The largest and one of the most mysterious deposits in the world. Graphics: Geo Science World

The largest refinery
The world's largest oil refinery is located in Jamnagar, India. Its capacity is almost 70 million tons per year (for comparison: the largest plant in Russia - the Kirishi refinery of Surgutneftegaz - is three times smaller - only 22 million tons per year). The plant in Jamnagar covers an area of more than 3 thousand hectares and is surrounded by an impressive mango forest. By the way, this plantation of 100 thousand trees brings additional income to the plant: about 7 thousand tons of mangoes are sold from here every year. The Jamnagar Refinery is privately owned by Reliance Industries Limited, whose manager and owner, Mukesh Ambani, is India's richest man. Forbes magazine estimates his fortune at $ 21 billion and assigns 39th place in the list of the richest people in the world.

Jamangar's capacity is three times greater than that of Russia's largest refinery. Photo: projehesap.com

77 million tons per year - this is how much LNG is produced at the industrial sites of Ras Laffan, a unique energy hub located in Qatar and the world's largest center for the production of liquefied natural gas. Ras Laffan was conceived as an industrial site for processing gas from the unique Severnoye field, located 80 km from the coast of Ras Laffan. The first capacities of the energy center were launched in 1996. Today, Ras Laffan is located on an area of 295 square meters. km (of which 56 sq. km is occupied by the port) and has 14 LNG production lines. Four of them (with a capacity of 7.8 million tons each) are the largest in the world. Among the "attractions" of the energy city are oil and gas refineries, power plants (including solar), oil and gas chemistry, as well as the world's largest plant for the production of synthetic liquid fuels - Pearl GTL (capacity 140,000 barrels per day).

The Pearl GTL plant (pictured) is just one part of the Ras Laffan energy hub. Photo: Qatargas