Presentation of the topic of environmental monitoring. Environmental monitoring Environmental lesson Environmental monitoring Start. Monitoring includes three main areas of activity
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General concepts on monitoring environment The very term “monitoring” first appeared in the recommendations of the special commission SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Environmental Problems) at UNESCO in 1971, and in 1972 the first proposals for a Global Monitoring System for the Environment (Stockholm UN Conference on the Environment) appeared.
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General concepts of environmental monitoring The word "monitoring" comes from the Latin monitor - warning. Environmental monitoring is a system of regular long-term observations in space and time, which provides information about the state of the environment in order to assess the past, present and forecast environmental parameters that are important to humans.
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General concepts of environmental monitoring The tasks of monitoring are: quantitative and qualitative assessment of the state of air, surface waters, climate change, soil cover, flora and fauna, control of effluents and dust and gas emissions at industrial enterprises; making a forecast about the state of the environment; informing citizens about changes in the environment.
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General concepts of environmental monitoring The main monitoring functions are quality control of individual components of the environment. natural environment and identification of the main sources of pollution. Based on monitoring data, decisions are made to improve the environmental situation, construct new treatment facilities at enterprises that pollute the land, atmosphere and water, change forest felling systems and plant new forests, introduce soil-protective crop rotations, etc.
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The monitoring system should include the following basic procedures: selection (determination) of the object of observation; examination of the selected object of observation; drawing up an information model for the object of observation; measurement planning; assessment of the state of the object of observation and identification of its information model; predicting changes in the state of the object of observation; presentation of information in a user-friendly form and bringing it to the consumer.
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The main goals of environmental monitoring are to provide the environmental management system and environmental safety with timely and reliable information that allows: to assess the indicators of the state and functional integrity of ecosystems and the human environment; identify the reasons for changes in these indicators and assess the consequences of such changes, as well as determine corrective actions in cases where the target indicators of environmental conditions are not achieved; create prerequisites for determining measures to correct emerging negative situations before damage is caused.
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Types and methods of monitoring 1. Biological (with the help of bioindicators - determination of biologically significant loads according to the reaction of living organisms and their communities to them). As an indicator, the species is selected that has a narrow amplitude of environmental tolerance in relation to any environmental factor. Mostly these are plants, because they are not capable of active movement). 2. Remote (aviation, space). Monitoring or screening, health status of the population is considered separately.
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The resistance of plants to various pollutants is different. Lichens, conifers, wheat, cotton, lettuce, barley, tobacco are very sensitive to low concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the air; resistant to impact - corn, potatoes, rose. Lichens react especially sensitively: first the bushy ones disappear, then the leafy ones and, finally, the crusty species. Pine needles in areas of heavy sulfur dioxide pollution acquire a dark red color, which spreads from the base of the needle to its point; the needle dies and falls off, having existed for only one year. In cereals, due to the effect of sulfur dioxide, light brown or whitish stripes appear on the leaves on both sides of the central vein, which retains a green color.
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There are three levels of territorial coverage of modern monitoring: local (bioecological, sanitary and hygienic); regional (geosystem, natural and economic); global (biosphere, background),
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And also it is possible to distinguish - - impact - is carried out in especially hazardous zones, directly adjacent to the sources of pollutants. - basic - this is the monitoring of the state of natural systems, on which practically no anthropogenic impacts are imposed. For basic monitoring, territories remote from industrial regions, including biosphere reserves, are used.
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In the main structural elements of the environment, constant monitoring is carried out for the presence of the following pollutants most dangerous for natural ecosystems and humans: in the atmospheric air - oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, suspended solids (aerosols), hydrocarbons, radionuclides, benzo (a) pyrene; in surface waters - oil products, phenols, phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, pesticides, mineral salts, and the complex pH is also monitored; in biota - heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides.
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The monitoring of the impact of harmful physical factors, such as radiation, noise, electromagnetic radiation fields, is carried out. First of all, the zones of influence of the corresponding large sources are controlled, namely nuclear power plants, airports, large industrial and transport centers, power plants and power lines, TV and radio centers and repeaters.
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The main directions for the study of global monitoring in our country is the study of: global changes (due to pollution), manifested everywhere, for example, climate change; effects associated with the spread of pollution over long distances, including transboundary transport, for example, acidification of soils under the influence of emissions of sulfur compounds into the atmosphere; the results of anthropogenic influences, which are characterized by a large inertia of the effect, for example, the effect of the accumulation of organochlorine pesticides.
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State environmental monitoring is carried out in order to meet the needs of the state, legal and individuals in reliable information about the true state of the environment in our country, necessary for: developing forecasts of socio-economic development and making appropriate decisions; target programs in the field of environmental protection and related activities; preventing and (or) reducing the adverse consequences of changing the state of the OS. The results of ecological monitoring of the natural environment are included in the content of sectoral inventories of natural resources and are used to make environmentally significant economic and other decisions.
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Monitoring problems In the process of carrying out all kinds of research, some problems and disadvantages arise: -atmospheric air. It is not counted as a natural resource, therefore, control over its components, with the exception of carbon dioxide, is not carried out. Meanwhile, there is a decrease in the oxygen content in the air, which disrupts the normal cellular respiration of living organisms; -water resources. Monitoring of water resources is carried out within the framework of the State Water Cadastre. But, despite the fact that accounting of water resources and monitoring of the water regime are carried out according to unified system, there are significant discrepancies in the values of the same indicators presented by different departments;
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Monitoring problems - land resources. Monitoring of land resources is carried out by state land management bodies. As a result of land redistribution, agricultural land is being withdrawn from circulation and its quality deteriorated; -biological resources. In this case, only hunting and game animals are recorded. The monitoring problem is that at present it is not possible to cover all fishery reservoirs of the country with control. Works on the study and mapping of plant reserves are carried out research institutes and departments of the corresponding universities. However, the reserves of grasses within the ranges have not been determined, there is insufficient information about the existing areas of their location, and all this does not allow us to speak about the existence of monitoring in this area.
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Conclusion Conducting environmental monitoring allows you to quantify all those negative processes in nature that are caused by human activity. It also allows you to see the positive results of environmental protection measures and thereby understand “what is good and what is bad”. The essence of nature management is not in putting nature to one's advantage, but in determining what way of life to lead and in what forms to carry out activities in order to benefit nature by participating in the restoration of natural systems, in improving, harmonizing relations between man and the biosphere.
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Typical structure, schemes, procedures for local environmental monitoring and monitoring of sources of environmental pollution
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Organization and tasks of local environmental monitoring When organizing and conducting local monitoring, priority pollutants should be identified, first of all, which are already being monitored by global and national monitoring programs (or at least most of them). which makes it necessary to participate in the local monitoring of Roshydromet divisions. Grid of sampling points, frequency of observations, timing of issuing information to authorities local government and other details of the organization of monitoring are determined based on general requirements described earlier, and the specifics of local conditions According to the results of local monitoring, the relevant competent authorities may suspend the activities of enterprises leading to excess pollution of the environment, until the emergency situation and its consequences are eliminated or the technological process is improved, eliminating the possibility of such pollution
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Local environmental monitoring Due to the presence a large number licensed areas Organized to monitor the dynamics of the state of the components of the natural environment under the influence of the oil and gas production complex at the local level Provides the bulk of systematic observations of the quality of the components of the natural environment
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For the correct organization of local monitoring, it is necessary to determine the most sensitive to the expected or already existing set of pollutants in the ecosystem in the area, or at least a number of such supposed critical links in the environment and biota. Often, identifying one of the most sensitive links is a very difficult task that cannot be solved unambiguously. When planning and conducting local monitoring, it is necessary to take into account not only the spread of pollutants from local sources, but also their input from the outside due to global and regional transport, which is also important when determining the MPE and the permissible load on the environment.
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When developing measures to improve the air basin of a particular city or large industrial region, it is sometimes necessary: - to study in detail the state of atmospheric pollution in order to identify areas exposed to the influence of certain sources of pollution; - to clarify the distribution of the main and some specific hazardous substances on the territory of the city, which were not previously monitored; - to clarify the correctness of the calculation of the fields of maximum concentrations in the development of MPE standards, the features of the transfer of harmful emissions for tens, and sometimes hundreds of kilometers from the source and the study of the mutual influence of individual industrial centers on a large industrial area.
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The program should include following works: 1.Clarification of emission characteristics industrial enterprises and vehicles (a list of enterprises subject to survey; substances whose emissions should be determined; motorways to determine the characteristics of traffic, indicating the survey period and their frequency). 2. Study of the meteorological regime (determination of the meteorological parameters for which observations should be carried out, the timing of the observations, the indication of observation points on the map-scheme). 3. Determination of the observation program: - determination of the number of stationary posts and additional observation points with indication of their location on the map-scheme of the city, - compilation of a list of substances subject to control and observation dates, - a list of enterprises in the area of which under-torch observations will be carried out, indicating the distances and the number of observation points, timing of observations and substances, the concentration of which will be determined. 4. Collection of biomedical data (compiling a list of indicators of places of examination, etc.), which is carried out in accordance with the methodological instructions of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, as well as with special programs for studying the effect of air pollution on the health of the population.
AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM This system covers all potential sources of pollution that pose a danger to the working personnel and the environment, as well as the population living around the facility. Its main functions are as follows: 1) signaling about exceeding the permissible level (detection) and measuring the concentration of harmful substances (determination) in controlled environments near the source of pollution, as well as in the area of the industrial site and in the SPZ; 2) detection of places of leakage of hazardous substances in the environment and the formation of initial data for forecasting their distribution in the event of an accident; 3) control of technical parameters of environmental equipment and structures, as well as other environmentally significant parameters of technological processes; 4) diagnostics and monitoring of the performance of the elements of the control and measuring instruments and automation (instrumentation and automation), as well as means of processing and displaying information; 5) processing, systematization, logging, display and storage of the obtained analytical information (including with the use of software and hardware of computer technology); 6) formation and transmission of information to the enterprise dispatcher to the central control panel (CPU) or to the main computer, as well as to the higher level of the Unified State Energy System - to the local or regional monitoring subsystem.
AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM The structure of the automatic instrument control system (AIC) of an object is multilevel, functional and hierarchical. It implements the subordination of the processes of origin, processing, transmission and display of information about the pollution of the environment at the facility and beyond, and also manages this information at each level of the hierarchy and the relationship between them. It includes 3 levels. At the first level, there are sensors that automatically take samples, generating primary analytical signals about the appearance of contamination in a controlled environment (air, water, hard surfaces) and converting them into electrical signals that are convenient for transferring to other levels of the subsystem or instantly displaying them at the sensor installation site in the appropriate form (light or sound signal of danger). Sensors differ in their functional features and are installed in the immediate vicinity of a controlled source of pollution or taking into account the direction of air or water flows on traffic routes or at the points of location and work of personnel.
AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM The second level is the level of local control panels for sensors (local computers) and panels (monitors) for intermediate display of grouped and partially generalized information from several sensors solving the same problem or controlling one zone (room). Local control panels for sensors are the sources of commands for them (at the same time they can serve as a signal board), and intermediate information boards display signals collected in one place from all sensors of the same type of one or several automatic control devices. Signal boards (monitors) are usually located at the workplace of the shift supervisor or section manager, and local consoles, as a rule, are generally removed from the work area to the instrumentation and control rooms.
AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM The third level is a central control panel for storing, processing and displaying all information, equipped with a main computer and a mnemonic diagram - a signal "map" of the location and status of all sensors. At the CPU, the dispatcher (manually), the software-instrument control complex or the central computer (automatically) controls the entire monitoring system of the object. Signals about the presence of pollutants in the controlled environment, about malfunctions of elements of subsystems, and other important and useful information are also sent here via the corresponding communication lines (channels).
SENSORS OF THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM Sensors of technological capsules (DTC), installed inside some capsules or in the immediate vicinity of them inside ventilated protective boxes, limiting the space around sealed capsules or devices with OV, in fact, are an integral part of instrumentation - process control devices and are mainly used for operational regulation of environmentally hazardous parameters production processes(the speed of the process, the level of concentration of harmful substances in the capsule or technological apparatus), and also partially to control the load on treatment facilities and devices. These are devices of continuous and selective action with respect to the target substance, they are distinguished by high selectivity, but relatively low sensitivity, albeit with a fairly high response time (minutes ÷ seconds)
SENSORS OF THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM Sensors of protective boxes (DZB), installed inside ventilated semi-hermetic protective boxes, in which technological capsules and devices are located. They can also be placed inside ventilation systems or drainage communications leaving the protective boxes (to the equipment for collection and cleaning), as well as inside some boxes that do not contain capsules with OM, but in which auxiliary work is carried out. These are devices that combine the functions of regulating some technological parameters (technological control devices) and monitoring environmental pollution in the immediate vicinity of the equipment - the source of pollutants. These devices have a constant and continuous monitoring character, as well as a particularly high response rate. High selectivity and sensitivity for sensors in protective boxes are not required, since when the capsule is depressurized or in another emergency situation, it does not matter which impurity in the process mixture triggers the sensor, especially since the local concentration of pollutants inside the box may turn out to be quite high. The main thing is that the signal about depressurization and emergency contamination of the environment in the box is received as quickly as possible (seconds) for making appropriate decisions and actions to eliminate the emergency.
SENSORS OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM Sensors of working rooms (PDC), installed inside ventilated ("conditionally dirty") rooms of the working area, around boxes where especially dangerous operations are carried out, as well as near workplaces and along the routes of personnel movement. They can also be installed after treatment systems at ventilation outlets to the atmosphere from the outlet sewage collectors of buildings (workshops), at waste unloading, i.e. at the "ends of the pipe" - these are devices for sanitary and hygienic and partly environmental control. Their the main task- continuous, but not necessarily continuous (it is possible in cycles) control of pollutant concentrations in environments at the level of maximum permissible concentrations in the working area (MPCr.z.) or at the level of MPC in treated wastewater. These devices must have an appropriate high sensitivity and a sufficiently high speed of response to enable prompt decision-making and the use of personal protective equipment by personnel in an emergency or accident. Characteristic feature of these devices is their selectivity, which requires distinguishing between the contamination of the OS of working rooms by really hazardous substances (OM) or other substances at a really dangerous level (i.e., DRP, as a rule, should be not just signaling devices for exceeding the MPC level, but also analyzers capable of measuring concentration of pollutants).
SENSORS OF THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM Sensors of the industrial site and the sanitary protection zone (DPP and DSZ), installed in a protected and regularly monitored open area outside the working buildings (in the flare zones on the territory of the industrial site, around the working buildings in which especially dangerous work is carried out, along the perimeter of the fence industrial sites where "conditionally dirty" working buildings and hazardous installations of an open type are located, as well as at "background" posts located in the sanitary protection zone, etc.). These devices are made in "climatic" design (taking into account the possibility of working on the street). They should be highly sensitive, selective, long-term episodic (cyclic) action, with a wide sector of capture of pollutant flows from the OS and, at the same time, analyzers equipped with powerful signaling devices, the ability to automatically take samples for subsequent confirmatory analyzes in the laboratory. Industrial site and SPZ sensors are most often combined into blocks at stationary environmental monitoring stations located on the territory of the enterprise or outside it. At the same time, the post should include a set of sensors for all the main, most dangerous pollutants for the enterprise, means of sampling, control of meteorological parameters, as well as auxiliary equipment. These sensors also include multichannel automatic liquid analyzers installed on the outlet manifolds of the working buildings and the outlet manifold of the enterprise, as well as multipurpose devices or their complexes of "flare" air monitoring posts, sometimes located in the SPZ.
SUBSYSTEM OF SAMPLING AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS The subsystem of laboratory analytical control (LAC) of an object can function independently (at ordinary industrial facilities in Russia it is, as a rule, the main one, including when monitoring sources of pollutants), but in conditions of a particularly hazardous object, its role in monitoring The OS becomes secondary in the presence of a highly efficient subsystem of automatic instrumental control, although some specific functions are retained that the machines cannot yet solve. The main task of the LAC subsystem at a particularly hazardous facility is to verify (confirm) the data of the devices about the pollution of the environment. There are other tasks related to the planned technical control of production processes, the provision of a variety of analytical measurements that are not able to carry out target automatic devices. First of all, this relates to the solution of multivariate problems associated with the identification and quantitative measurement of the concentrations of the components of complex mixtures (reaction masses, as well as samples taken from the environment, heavily contaminated with many different impurities).
SUBSYSTEM OF SAMPLING AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS The structure of the LAC subsystem is also usually three-level. At the first level of this subsystem is a network of sampling stations, including automatic devices for sampling (in the most dangerous places), as well as clearly defined schedule and route (taking into account technological scheme and air distribution) equipped positions for manual sampling. The same level includes instrumentation for finding leaks (leak detectors), the simplest means of express analysis "in place" - indicator tubes, films, paints, crayons, express tests and other indicator test systems, as well as means of delivery of samples and personnel working in the appropriate places.
SUBSYSTEM OF SAMPLING AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS The second level is an analytical laboratory equipped with instruments and other equipment for carrying out analyzes that correspond to the tasks solved by the laboratory. In the laboratory, in addition to measuring instruments, a pneumatic mail receiving station is installed, to which automatically taken samples are received, there are various zones and sectors (storage of samples and sample preparation, identification, quantitative measurement of analytes, etc.), as well as various auxiliary equipment that ensures the operability of the laboratory ... In addition, the analytical laboratory is usually assigned vehicles and mobile control posts (auto laboratory) for sampling and delivery of samples, as well as conducting primary analyzes in areas remote from the facility (in the SPZ and beyond). The most important component of the analytical laboratory is the staff of its personnel - trained and trained samplers, laboratory technicians, instrument technicians, engineers and other employees who carry out the complex of work of this LAC subsystem.
SUBSYSTEM OF SAMPLING AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS The third level is the Central Control Panel (CPU), storage, processing and display of information, which is common for both the AIC and LAC. The work of the laboratory analytical control subsystem basically consists in automatic or "manual" sampling of air, liquids, water or washings from surfaces, solid (loose) substances and waste - in accordance with the sampling schedule or after a signal from an automatic device at the place of installation of the triggered sensor. In addition to sampling in the working buildings of the facility, the personnel serving this subsystem takes samples of environmental objects outside the territory of the industrial site - in the sanitary protection zone, along its perimeter and (in emergency cases) - even in populated areas, using mobile (mobile) means. The taken sample is then taken by pneumatic tube (automatically) or in another way (manually - on foot, by car, etc.) to the maximum short term delivered to the analytical laboratory and carry out the necessary analyzes. The obtained data of laboratory analyzes, as well as the data of automatic devices, are processed, systematized, recorded and promptly transferred to the CPU (where they are stored) at the disposal of the dispatcher and the controlling central computer.
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- Information systemobservation, assessment and forecast
changes in the state of the environment
environment designed to highlight
anthropogenic component of these
changes against the background of natural
processes
The environmental monitoring system should accumulate, systematize and analyze information:
about the state of the environment;the reasons for the observed and probable
state changes (i.e. about
sources and factors of influence);
on the admissibility of changes and loads
on Wednesday as a whole;
on the existing reserves of the biosphere.
The Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" of January 10, 2002 defines environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation as a complex system of monitoring
the federal law"About protectionenvironment "of January 10
2002 defines the environmental
monitoring in the Russian Federation as
an integrated monitoring system
the state of the environment, assessment and
predicting state changes
environment under the influence
natural and anthropogenic factors. Monitoring system block diagram
Monitoring includes three main areas of activity:
observation of influencing factorsand the state of the environment;
assessment of the actual state of the environment;
forecast of the state of the environment
natural environment and assessment
predicted state.
The purpose of environmental monitoring is to provide information support for environmental management and environmental safety,
The purpose of environmental monitoring is informationmanagement of environmental
activities and environmental safety, for this
a number of issues need to be resolved:
what is the state of the natural environment in
the considered period of time in comparison with
the state preceding technogenesis (in
relative or absolute form) and what
changes (positive, negative)
expected in the natural environment in the projected
time interval;
what are the reasons for the changes and
possible changes in the future (including
unwanted, destructive, critical) and that
appeared, is or will be the source
these changes (usually harmful technogenic
impacts); what are the impacts on this local natural
environment, determined based on the developed for
in this case, the criterion basis for evaluating the function
"Usefulness - harmfulness" are harmful
(unwanted or unacceptable);
what is the level of man-made impacts, including in
aggregate with natural or spontaneous
processes and influences occurring in
considered natural environment is
acceptable for the natural environment and its individual
components or complexes (cenoses) and what
reserves are available in the natural environment for
self-regeneration of a state adequate to the initial one,
taken for the state of the ecological balance;
what is the level of man-made impacts on the natural
environment, its individual components and complexes
is invalid or critical, after
which restoration of the natural environment to the level
ecological balance is impracticable. Environmental monitoring classification Priority areas of monitoring
Monitoring object
1. Territory
Highest priority
Cities
Water pools, drinking facilities
water supply
Spawning grounds for fish
2. Environment (component
ecosystems)
Atmospheric air
Freshwater bodies
3. Ingredients
pollution:
for air
for water
4. Sources
pollution (in cities)
Dust, sulfur dioxide, heavy metals
(mercury), nitric oxide, carbon monoxide,
benzo (a) pyrene, pesticides
Biogenic products, petroleum products,
phenols
Automobile transport, thermal
power plants, enterprises of color
metallurgy
Prioritization is based on the properties of pollutants and the possibility of organizing observations and is carried out according to the following criteria
Prioritization is based onproperties of pollutants and opportunities
organization of observations and is carried out on
the following criteria:
the size of the actual or possible health effect and
human well-being, climate or ecosystems;
the tendency to degradation in the natural environment and
accumulation in a person and food chains;
the possibility of chemical transformation in physical and
biological systems, resulting in secondary (daughter)
substances may be more toxic or harmful;
mobility, mobility of pollutants;
actual or possible trends in concentration in the environment
environment and (or) in a person;
frequency and (or) magnitude of impact;
measurement capability;
value for assessing the state of the environment;
suitability in terms of general distribution for
uniform changes in the global or subregional
programs.
Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS)
The main provisions and objectives of the GEMS program wereformulated in 1974 at the First
intergovernmental monitoring meeting.
The organization was recognized as a top priority
monitoring of environmental pollution
and the factors causing it.
It is implemented at several levels:
impact (study of significant impacts in the local
scale - I);
regional (manifestation of migration problems and
transformation of pollutants, joint
the impact of various factors specific to the economy
region and transboundary transfer - P);
background (based on biosphere reserves, where
any economic activity - F). Program
Regional
impact
monitoring
(local)
explores
monitoring
condition
may be
surrounding
directed
Wednesday in
to study
within that
to study
or otherwise
discharges or
region.
emissions
specific
enterprises.
Background
monitoring,
carried out in
framework
international
program "Human
and the biosphere ", has
aim to fix
background state
environment,
what is needed for
further assessments
levels
anthropogenic
impact. Classification of pollutants by priority classes,
adopted in the GEMS system
Class
Pollutant
Wednesday
1
Sulfur dioxide, suspended particles
Radionuclides
Ozone
Air
Food
Air
Organochlorine compounds and dioxins
Cadmium
Nitrates, nitrites
Nitrogen oxides
Mercury
Lead
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Petroleum hydrocarbons
Fluoride
Asbestos
Arsenic
Microbiological contamination
Reactive contamination
Biota, human
Food, water, man
Water, food
Air
Food, water
Air, food
Air
Air
Sea water
Fresh water
Air
Drinking water
Food
Air
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Program type
(monitoring level)
I, R, F
I, P
And (troposphere),
F (stratosphere)
I, P
AND
AND
AND
I, P
AND
F
AND
R, F
AND
AND
AND
I, P
AND GEMS is based on national monitoring systems that
operate in various states in accordance with both international
requirements and specific approaches that have developed historically
or due to the nature of the most acute environmental
problems.
International requirements to be met
national systems participating in GEMS include common principles
development of programs (taking into account priority influencing factors),
compulsory observation of objects that have a global
significance, transfer of information to the GEMS Center.
On the territory of the USSR in the 70s on the basis of the stations of the Hydrometeorological Service
the National Monitoring and Control Service was organized
state of the environment (OGSNK), built on a hierarchical
principle.
In 1993, it was decided to create the Unified State System of Environmental Monitoring (EGSEM), which, as a center for a unified scientific
In 1993, a decision was made to create a Unified Stateenvironmental monitoring system (EGSEM), which, as a center of a single
scientific and technical policy in the field of environmental monitoring
should provide:
coordinating the development and implementation of programs
observations of the state of the environment;
regulation and control of collection and processing
reliable and comparable data;
storage of information, maintenance of special banks
data and their harmonization (harmonization,
telecommunications) with international
ecological information systems;
activities for the assessment and forecast of the state of objects
natural environment, natural resources,
responses of ecosystems and public health to
anthropogenic impact;
the availability of an integrated environmental
information to a wide range of consumers. Information flow in the hierarchical USEM system Ministry of Defense
environment and natural
RF resources
Goskomgidromet RF
State service for monitoring and control of
environmental pollution (EGSEM)
Supervision and control over
the state of the natural environment
atmosphere
sfe
ra
hydrosphere
over
nostal
e water
sushi
soils
NS
surface
the rest
water
seas and
oceans
1460
4000
1300
station observer
ny posts
points
Grade
the effect
ivnost
nature
security
NS
meropri
yati
Forecast
changed
and I
qualities
a
link
ntov
natural
Oh
Wednesday
1750
observer
points
The structure and functions of the EGSEM
Providing
e
organization
yi
institutions
promptly
yi
regime
information
her about
quality
natural
Wednesday The impact monitoring system should accumulate and analyze detailed
information on specific sources of pollution and their impact on the environment.
In the current system in the Russian Federation, information about the activities of enterprises and the state of the environment in
the area of their impact is for the most part averaged or based on the statements of the
enterprises. Most of the available materials reflect the nature of the scattering
pollutants in air and in water, established using model calculations, and
measurement results (quarterly - by water, annual or more rare - by air).
The state of the environment is described quite fully only in large cities and
industrial areas.
In the field of regional monitoring, observations are carried out mainly by Roshydromet,
having an extensive network, as well as some departments (agrochemical service
Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Sewerage Service, etc.)
There is a background monitoring network under the MAB program (Man
and Biosphere).
Small towns and numerous
settlements, the vast majority of diffuse sources of pollution.
Monitoring of the state of the aquatic environment, organized primarily by Roshydromet and, before
to some extent, sanitary and epidemiological (SES) and communal (Vodokanal)
services does not cover the vast majority of small rivers. At the same time, it is known that
pollution of large rivers is largely due to the contribution of an extensive network of them
tributaries and economic activities in the catchment. In the face of a reduction in the total number
observation posts, it is obvious that the state currently does not have the resources
to organize any effective system monitoring the state of small rivers.
