Linguistic support during the installation of equipment in the translation agency “TranslatePro. Professional problems of translators' training Efficiency of the translator's work during editing

The widespread practice of interlingual communication, in particular translation activities, should be constantly under the close supervision of linguistic science. It is difficult to overestimate the urgent need, and also the theoretical and practical value, of bilingual dictionaries which would give carefully executed comparative definitions of all the relevant units with regard to their meaning and scope.

Within the framework of the special theory of oral translation, a number of other features of the translator's speech are also noted. This includes slower articulation associated with the so-called. hesitation pauses, fluctuations in the choice of options, leading to a sharp increase (3-4 times) in the interval behind erroneous options, as well as the total duration of pauses in relation to the pure sound of speech. The interpreter’s speech is less rhythmic, the simultaneous interpreter often speaks at an increased pace, trying to “speak” what is already understood faster, and with consecutive interpreting, the tempo of speech is significantly reduced, since the interpreter at the same time understands his record, restoring the content of the original in memory. Particular attention in the theory of oral translation is paid to the normative requirements for the translator's speech, the implementation of which in extreme conditions of simultaneous and consecutive translation requires special efforts: ensuring clear articulation, uniform rhythm, correct placement of accents, mandatory semantic and structural completeness of phrases and other elements of the "delivery" of the translation. to ensure that it is fully understood by the audience. Komissarov VN Modern Translation Studies. Tutorial. M.: 2001, 321 p..

An important section of the theory of oral translation is the study of the nature of equivalence achieved in various types of such translation. As already mentioned, there is sometimes a loss of information in interpreting, compared to the level of equivalence established by written translation. Observed deviations are reduced to omissions, additions or erroneous replacements of information contained in the original. Each type of deviation includes smaller categories, differing in the degree of importance of information not transmitted or added.

Passes include:

• 1) the omission of an insignificant single word, mainly an epithet;
• 2) the omission of more important and large units, associated with the translator's misunderstanding of part of the text;

omission of a part of the text due to the restructuring of the text structure during translation;

omission of a significant part of the text due to the lag of the translation from the speech of the speaker. Additions are classified according to the nature of the added redundant elements:

individual determinants, additional clarifications clarifying connections between statements, etc. And, finally, errors are divided according to their degree of importance: a small error in the translation of a single word, a gross semantic error in the translation of a single word, a small error due to a slight change in structure, a gross semantic error with a significant change in structure, etc. When assessing the quality of interpreting, the specifics of the oral form of communication are taken into account: in the case of direct contact between communicants, the establishment of equivalence at a lower level in some cases does not prevent their mutual understanding, which to a certain extent compensates for the loss of information in the process of interpreting, the specifics of interpreting imposes certain restrictions on the degree the complexity and volume of translated texts, which in a certain respect is connected with their functional and genre characteristics. Artworks fiction, in general, are not translated orally, although individual quotations from such works may be given in oral presentations and translated simultaneously or sequentially. Ensuring artistic and aesthetic impact in oral translation with its rigid temporal framework is a very difficult task, especially if poetic works are quoted, the translation of which is not known to the translator in advance. Large-scale works of informative genres are also not translated orally, since the duration of oral translation is limited not only by the possibilities of translation, but also by the short duration of oral communication in general: it is physically impossible to speak, listen and memorize continuously for a long period of time.

For translations of an official report, message or speech, it is advisable to provide the text of the entire document in advance, or at least indicate its topic. It is advisable to provide the translator with the opportunity to study the text of the report, get acquainted with the specialized literature on the topic, and compile a glossary. However, even in this case, the translator is not immune from surprises, because the speaker can shorten or expand the text of his report during his speech, evade the topic or even completely change it.

Mental stability is considered by many translators to be the first among the qualities of professional suitability, and this is no coincidence. After all, forced long speaking, and inevitably frequent switching, and an increased speed of speech, and the need for a whole day to follow only other people's thoughts, not allowing one's own - all this leads to mental overload. Since mental stability, in addition to the innate evenness of temper, implies endurance, strong-willed qualities, the ability to win, the ability to find a way out of difficult situations, it becomes clear that it is given by conscious work on oneself, on improving one's character.

Contact, i.e. The desire to communicate with other people is inherent in any person from birth. In the course of personality formation, contact is limited for many people; personal attitudes, life experience, features of professional life often make a person self-contained. However, for a number of professions, including the profession of an interpreter, high level contact is needed. And this is not about innate extraversion, openness of character - it can even interfere with the translator, but about a conscious psychological attitude towards contact. The translator must be well aware that he is an expert not only in the language, but also in the culture of two peoples and countries at once, and actively contribute to establishing contact between the parties.

In the post-war years, the demand for simultaneous interpreters from international organizations and private conferences began to grow rapidly. In 1948, the first school for training professional synchronists was opened in Geneva, and in 1962 at the Moscow Institute. M. Torez created courses that train translators specifically for the UN Breus E.V. Fundamentals of the theory and practice of translation from Russian into English. - M.: At RAO. 2000. - 207p.. Currently, not only government agencies or organizers of teleconferences and conferences, but also managers of companies involved in computers, satellite communications and many other types of global communications, need the services of qualified simultaneous interpreters. Without simultaneous translation into several languages, modern international conferences would be simply unthinkable.

This is true for our country and for most forums in the West, and especially for the UN. where six languages ​​are official. These are English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese and Arabic, which correspond to an equal number of so-called booths or "booths" (from the English "booth"). In the booths, with the rare exception of "bilinguals", native speakers of all languages ​​translated at the meeting work. For example, the "English booth" - and the name of the booth is determined by the language in which its interpreters work - provides a reproduction of the meeting in English language, "Chinese cabin" - into Chinese, etc.

In principle, six booths should operate at the meetings, but the first four of them, namely: English, French, Russian and Spanish, work exclusively on G1Ya. The Chinese translate from English into and out of their native language, and the Arabs into English and French and vice versa. This, of course, is a double load, due to which the Chinese and Arabic interpreters work in threes, while the rest of the booths sit in twos. In the English booth, one interpreter (called russisant) translates from Russian and French into English, another hispanisant - into the same language from Spanish and French. In the French booth, respectively, russisant translates from Russian and English into French, and hispanisant translates into the same language from Spanish and English.

Under such a system - and it operates in many large international organizations - each translator works for thirty minutes, and then it is the turn of his colleague. As a result, if the speaker speaks in Russian, and there is no russisant in the English booth, then his colleague hispanisant listens to the translation from Russian into French from the next booth, and then translates from French into English.

Interpreters often coordinate their work so that both do not leave the booth at the same time. Triple translation often happens at meetings - for example, a Russian text is translated into French, from French into English, and then into Chinese. This three-phase transmission takes place in a few seconds. If there are only two working languages ​​in the conference room, for example, Russian and English, then only two booths are created. And if interpreters translate "in both directions", they sometimes sit in the same booth.

Synchronists listen to the voices of the speakers through headphones. Many people prefer to wear only one earpiece in order to better monitor their voice and translation. A simultaneous interpreter must learn to simultaneously focus on the speaker's speech and listen to his own translation. The translator himself turns his own microphone on and off, which allows him to consult or talk with a colleague while working. However, the microphone in the booth must not amplify the interpreter's voice, otherwise the loud sound of his own voice may drown out the speaker's voice.

With such a high voltage, a simultaneous interpreter needs such conditions for work that would contribute to its efficiency. It is absolutely essential that the temperature of the air in the booth be well regulated, since heat and cold can shackle the interpreter's energy and seriously divert his attention from the case.

But the most important thing is to have at hand all the written materials needed for the upcoming meeting. This includes, first of all, the agenda. a list of speakers with their names and positions, a list of specific abbreviations used by experts in the field under discussion and other documents that are printed in all working languages ​​and distributed to translators in advance for mastering specialized terms.

Correction of mistakes made by an interpreter during work is done through stenographers (in English, verbatim reporters), who in large international organizations keep records of the most important meetings. If the interpreter knows that he has made a mistake, he reports it to the stenographer after his speech, indicating exactly where in the recorded speech and what corrections should be made.

Perhaps the most difficult role falls to the interpreter when he has to deal with vague or ultra-velocity sources of the target language. These are, in particular, videos and slide commentaries, which are increasingly being used as visual aids today at international conferences. To work flawlessly at such a pace, the interpreter has to ask to watch the video before the meeting or receive the text of the script.

Along with the general discipline and rules of conduct in those institutions where interpreters work, booths have their own ethical standards. For example, simultaneous interpreters spend most of their working time wearing headphones, through which it is very difficult to hear the voice of an interpreter (including colleagues in the booth). Therefore, if it is necessary to urgently inform a working translator of something - be it a term or other information - it is better to write him a note, and not distract his attention; otherwise, he will be forced to remove his headphones or cover the microphone, which is fraught with missing part of the performance. Even when the interpreter is temporarily not working, he must still closely monitor the progress of the meeting. Alekseeva I.S. Professional training of a translator. M: 2000, 271 p..

And yet, the rules of behavior in the booth, as well as the problems of using written texts, are only ethical and technical details of the translator's activity. In his work, however, there are such problems that the synchronists themselves prefer simply not to think about, so as not to become insecure and not get confused in their actions. This primarily applies to their incredibly versatile role. Indeed, only a simultaneous interpreter knows how to hear, understand, remember the phrase he heard, expand or compress it if necessary, change its syntax, and at the same time breathe as quietly and calmly as possible, and speak evenly and smoothly

The ability to be always in shape, in an instant reaction to each translated phrase, in the simultaneous juggling of concepts and thoughts, is precisely the essence of the work of a simultaneous interpreter. As one of the professionals in this field wrote, "among translators there is no place for slow thinking or for" verbally dumb "".

Psychologically, the working conditions of a simultaneous interpreter are very difficult. Since any speaker, in the end, does not address the interpreter, but the listeners, the simultaneous interpreter has to fulfill the dual role of being the recipient and sender of information and doing both things at the same time.

The attitude towards the work of simultaneous interpreters is in line with the common American idea that translation is a kind of mechanical activity and that any person who has memorized a few hundred words can cope with the duties of a simultaneous interpreter. Such an illusion is especially strongly strengthened during intercontinental videoconferences, where the interpreter is completely impersonal, since he is located at a distance of several thousand kilometers from the scene of action.

The feeling of being isolated puts pressure on the psyche of the translator, whatever his mentality. And this is despite the fact that his colleague is sitting next to him and that both of them are members of a team where people help each other. But at the moment when the translation begins, the simultaneous interpreter goes one on one with the audience. "He can only rely on himself, on his intellectual resources, his knowledge, his energy. He works alone. The more listeners he has, the more his sense of his own isolation can increase."

Another psychological pressure exerts its influence on the translator because in the field of his activity everyone is rewarded only for errors. There were cases when, as a result of a single mistake or oversight in the course of delicate negotiations, the interpreter acquired a sad world fame.

They say that to translate means, first of all, to understand. And in order to understand and translate, you need talent, knowledge and special training. He must have excellent long-term and short-term memory, the ability to concentrate, endurance, intuition, the ability to improvise, the ability to grasp the tone and nuances of speech and adapt to the style of the speaker.

Another of the most difficult and basic tasks of the simultaneous interpreter is to catch the tone of the speaker, to understand whether he speaks with irony, dispassionately or furiously. However, the interpreter must not betray his personal attitude to the delegates or to the issues under discussion.

In the course of work, the interpreter has to deal with the terminology of political negotiations, geography, literature, world history, not to mention the rules and procedures for conducting meetings. A professional simultaneous interpreter also needs to be knowledgeable in areas such as natural science and technology, which are very often discussed at scientific conferences.

Speech compression, omissions and addition of material, synecdoche and metonymy, the use of antonyms and semantic equivalents and grammatical inversion - that's it. approximately, the main methods of work of a simultaneous interpreter, which have developed as a result of the long development of oral translation. Although each of them differs to some extent from the others, they all boil down to the main task of a simultaneous interpreter, which is to edit and shorten the verbal material and at the same time transmit it. without distorting the general meaning. Being engaged in the layout and re-arrangement of phrases, he invariably strives to make them, above all, clear and concise. The possibilities for this are rooted in the very structure of the language as a means of communication between people of different nations. As studies of the process of translation reproduction of live speech have shown, in simultaneous translation, the syntax is always simpler, and the average sentence length is always shorter than in written processing of the same text.

Both the whole process of translation and its individual phrases - listening and understanding, memorization and decoding, and then pronunciation of verbal material - depend on the very nature of human language and speech. According to Vygotsky's psycholinguistic theory, when a translator moves from one lexical system to another (for example, from Russian to English), the words of a foreign language are deciphered at an abstract or symbolic level before they are recoded into the target language Vygotsky V. A. Psychology and Linguistics. M.: 1980. In other words, there is a movement from the surface structure of the language to the deep one, and then again a return to the surface structure. Theoretically, the translator can bypass the "entry" to the abstract level by choosing equivalents that are often found in the language, i.e. frozen expressions. However, the better he knows the language, the semantic correspondences between languages, as well as the principles that govern the construction of phrases and sentences, the more chances he has to improve his translation - to make it adequate and smooth.

Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the problem of training a simultaneous interpreter is very relevant.

Installation work includes: installation of equipment industrial enterprises, equipment for the extraction and processing of minerals, lifting and transport equipment, electrical equipment and means of communication and signaling, instrumentation and devices, installation of heat and power and other equipment, process pipelines and metal structures.

Installation(GOST 23887-79) - installation of the product and its components at the place of use.

TO mechanical assembly includes works on the installation of technological, energy, handling and non-standardized equipment, pipelines and metal structures

Installation of equipment- a set of works, including the assembly of machines (aggregates and other equipment), their installation in working position at the place provided for by the project, assembly and connection into production lines and installations, tests at idle and under load, as well as auxiliary, preparatory and fitting operations that were not performed for any reason during manufacture.

Production process of installation equipment is a set of interrelated actions, as a result of which the initial products of engineering are converted into a mounted unit, industrial lines, complexes or technological installations intended for the production of certain types - industrial products.

Technological process of installation- part production process installation, directly related to the sequential change and (or) determination of the spatial and qualitative state of the elements of the equipment or unit being installed. A distinctive feature of the assembly process and its hallmark is the ability to isolate, register and evaluate the changed state of the mounted element or equipment.

Installation of equipment consists of preparatory, actual installation work, testing and testing of the installed equipment. Accordingly, the technological processes of installation are divided into basic, preparatory and commissioning.

Commissioning is the responsibility of the customer, who engages the installation organization for their implementation.

The assembly itself includes following works: checking foundations and accepting them for installation; installation of foundation bolts and embedded parts; checking the completeness of the equipment and its acceptance for installation; dismantling of equipment, its cleaning from preservative grease, washing, inspection of parts and their lubrication; pre-assembly of equipment supplied in parts; movement of equipment or its components and parts within the installation area, installation of equipment in the design position (basic rigging); installation of gaskets; alignment and fastening to the foundations; assembly and installation of metal structures, pipelines, fittings, fans, pumps, feeders included in the supply of equipment; control and measuring and ballast equipment; fences; pneumohydraulic control systems, centralized lubrication, filling with lubricants and filling with coolants. Accordingly, these works are part of the main technological processes of installation.

Among the installation works, the leading technological processes are the assembly of equipment and components, installation in the design position with the required accuracy and subsequent fixing on the foundations. These processes largely determine the quality of installation of machines and units, the stability of their design position in production lines and installations, as well as reliability in operation.

Important technological processes, especially during the installation of heavy large-sized equipment, can also include basic rigging.

TO rigging include: horizontal, vertical and inclined movement of equipment carried out on the installation site; installation, removal and movement of rigging equipment (mounting masts, portals, chevrons, mounting winches, etc.). At the same time, rigging processes carried out within the installation area are classified as the main ones, and those performed outside it are referred to as preparatory technological installation processes.

Mounting preparatory technological processes arise depending on the availability and equipment of special sites for pre-assembly. Installation preparatory processes consist of the actual pre-assembly of equipment, pipe assemblies and metal structures, as well as the implementation of a complex of loading and unloading and transport operations.

TO testing and complex testing of equipment includes works that ensure compliance with the technical specifications of the installed equipment, including checking for tightness and strength, accuracy of installation of components and parts, testing the operation of equipment at idle and under load, as well as running-in of its components. Specified works include the preparation and testing of individual mechanisms, machines, devices and pipelines, as well as their comprehensive testing as part of production lines.

Equipment setup- preparation technological equipment to the implementation of a certain technological process as part of a line or installation together with instruments and devices for control, automatic regulation and control.

Products of mechanical assembly production is a complex of technological, handling and power equipment, pipelines and metal structures mounted at the facility. The price of this product is the estimated cost of mechanical installation work. The production of assembly production after its creation is fixed motionlessly in a certain place.

The subject of labor during mechanical installation work is equipment, pipelines, their components and parts, metal structures.

Installation of equipment is characterized by a long production cycle, high labor intensity and high cost of finished products.

The territory where work is underway on the installation of several pieces of equipment, a section of pipelines or metal structures, is called mounting area. The assembly area is the workplace of the installer. mounting platform name the territory on which work is carried out on the installation of a complex of machines, units and other technological equipment, pipelines and metal structures of an object under construction.

Technological installation processes consist of operations.

Assembly operation called the completed part of the installation process, performed continuously on a node, machine or unit at one workplace (within the same installation zone), by one worker or a group of workers united by a single goal. The assembly operation is characterized by the constancy of the composition of workers, the workplace, tools and objects of labor. The main feature of the installation operation is the possibility of its normalization, selection and control of the results obtained.

Mounting transition- part of the technological operation, characterized by the invariability of the mating surfaces of the equipment and the equipment or tool used.

Mounting technique- a complete set of individual movements of the worker, connected by a single goal, in the process of performing the installation operation.

Services of translators during installation and commissioning of equipment by foreign specialists.

The process of modernization of production is the only way for domestic companies to remain competitive in world markets today. This process is often impossible without the purchase of the necessary high-tech equipment from foreign manufacturers. However, the equipment is not enough to buy, it must be properly installed, adjusted and put into operation. For these purposes, foreign specialists are invited to domestic enterprises.

As a rule, commissioning works last from several weeks to several months, depending on the required scope of work. And all this time, foreign specialists need translators who will carry out oral technical translation, escort of specialists to launched objects, will translate all related technical documentation, drawings, etc.

Undoubtedly, specialists involved in translating into such projects should not only have excellent linguistic training, but also understand the technical aspects of the operation of the unit being launched. Indeed, on the installation site, any inaccuracy in translation can lead to incorrect installation and possible damage to expensive equipment.

Kontsevoi Daniil Sergeevich,
PEI VO "Omsk Law Academy", Omsk

A translator in the field of professional communications is a person who actively speaks a foreign language professional sphere who knows how to logically correctly, reasonably and clearly build a foreign language oral and written language, and most importantly, to master the technique of using machine translation systems, because even professionals cannot do without using electronic translators.

Machine translate - a process performed on a computer or other electronic device for converting the text of one language into a text of another language equivalent in content, as well as the result of such an action. Since there are no fully automated electronic translators capable of accurately and correctly translating the text, a specialist translator must prepare this text, or correct errors and shortcomings already in the text processed by the machine.

There are four forms of organization of interaction between a computer and a person in the implementation of machine translation:

• pre-editing: a person prepares the text for computer processing (simplifies the meaning of the text, eliminates ambiguous readings, marks up the text), after which machine translation is performed;
• interediting: a person directly intervenes in the work of the translation system, resolving problematic issues;
• post-editing: the source text is completely machine-processed, and the person corrects the result by editing the translated text;
• mixed system.

Modern electronic translators are able to produce an adequate translation of individual phrases and sentences for perception, they serve to facilitate the work of a human translator, to save him from the routine work of searching for the meanings of certain words and phrases in dictionaries.

To master machine translation systems, it is necessary to have at least a general understanding of electronic translation technologies. There are several of them in machine translation:

1) Direct machine translation

Direct machine translation is the oldest machine translation approach. With this method of translation, the text in the source language is not subjected to structural analysis outside of morphology. This translation uses a large number of dictionaries and is word-by-word, except for minor grammatical adjustments, such as word order and morphology. The direct translation system is designed for specific language pairs. The lexicon is a repository of information about the specifics of words. These systems depend on the quality of dictionary preparation, morphological analysis and text processing software. Systran is an example of a direct translation system.

2) Rule-based machine translation uses a large repository of linguistic rules and bilingual dictionaries for each language pair. Rule-based machine translation types include the Interlingua principle and Transfer type machine translation.

• Machine translation Interlingua

In machine translation based on the Interlingua principle, the translation is carried out through an intermediate (semantic) model of the text of the source language. Interlingua is a language-independent model from which a translation into any language can be generated. The Interlingua principle allows for the transformation of source language text into a model common to several languages.

• Transfer's machine translation is based on the idea of ​​Interlingua using a comparative analysis of two languages. Three stages this process: analysis, transfer and generation. First, the text in the source language is translated into an abstract or intermediate model of the source language, which is then transformed into a model of the target language, so that it can then be finalized into text in the target language. This principle is simpler than Interlingua, but it is more difficult to avoid ambiguity here.

3) Machine translation on text corpora

The corpus approach in machine translation uses a collection (corpus) of parallel bilingual texts. The main advantage of machine translation systems with a corpus approach is their self-tuning, i.e. they are able to memorize the terminology and even the style of phrases from the texts of previous translations. Statistical machine translation and example-based machine translation are variants of the corpus approach.

• Statistical machine translation

This is a type of machine translation of text based on the comparison of large volumes of language pairs. This translation approach uses statistical translation models. One of the applied approaches is Bayes' theorem. Building statistical translation models is a fairly fast process, but the technology relies heavily on the availability of a multilingual corpus of texts. A minimum of 2 million words is required for each individual area when it comes to the language as a whole. Statistical machine translation requires special equipment in order to "average" translation models. An example of statistical machine translation is Google Translate.

• Machine translation with examples

Example-based machine translation systems are based on the principle of a parallel bilingual corpus of texts that contains pairs of sentences as examples. Each sentence is duplicated in a different language. Statistical machine translation has a "learning" property. The more texts (examples) at your disposal, the better the result of machine translation.

Every translator in the field of professional communication will face the problem of choosing the right program for translation. Excluding paid services, we consider it necessary to analyze the most well-known systems.

The electronic translator Google Translate, which was developed by Google in the mid-2000s, is very popular. This service is intended for translation of texts and translation of websites "on the fly". The translator uses a self-learning machine translation algorithm based on language analysis of texts.

Unlike most machine translators that use SYSTRAN technology, Google uses its own software. Google Translate is by far the most popular translator due to its simplicity and versatility (as well as its direct connection to computer software developer Microsoft). Thanks to this, this machine translation system is developing very quickly and is being optimized for the needs of users. Therefore, now from the functions of this translator one can observe: translation of the entire web page; simultaneous search for information with translation into another language; translation of text on images; translation of the spoken phrase; translation with handwriting; dialogue translation.

Among the features of this machine translation system are:

1. Translation options are controlled by a statistical algorithm.

Users can always offer their own translations of certain words and / or choose one of the translation options as the most suitable. The disadvantage of such an algorithm can be deliberately incorrect translations, including obscene words.

1. Coverage of world languages.

That is, now the program works with more than a hundred languages, including Swahili, Chinese and Welsh. So, Google Translator is able to translate from one supported language to another supported one, but in most cases the translation is done through English. The disadvantage of such a mechanism is obvious - the quality of translation suffers.

On the Russian market machine translators, the leading position is occupied by PROMT, developed in 1991.

PROMT, like Google Translate, uses its own software, which was noticeably updated in 2010. From now on, PROMT translates based on hybrid technology. Its essence lies in the fact that instead of one translation option, the program produces about a hundred translations of the same sentence, depending on the ambiguity of words, structures and statistical results. The machine then selects the most likely of the proposed translations. Thus, the translator is able to learn quickly, but has the same drawbacks as all translators based on statistical methods of text processing.

From the capabilities of the translator, one can single out: translation of words, phrases and texts, including with the help of "hot" keys; translation of the selected area of ​​the screen with graphic text; translation of documents of different formats: doc(x), xls(x), ppt(x), rtf, html, xml, txt, ttx, pdf (including scanned ones), jpeg, png, tiff; use, editing and creation of specialized dictionaries and translation profiles; connection of Translation Memory databases and glossaries; integration into office applications, web browsers, corporate portals and websites.

The disadvantages of the translator are: a small number of language pairs with which the program works; complex interface; inaccuracies in translations of professional vocabulary (which, however, is eliminated due to the inclusion of thematic dictionaries).

Nevertheless, PROMT was recognized as the best English-Russian translator in the annual workshop on statistical machine translation sponsored by the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) in 2013 and 2014.

There are many other machine translation systems, but they, one way or another, copy various features of the domestic PROMT translator or the American Google Translate.

Thus, a translator in the field of professional communication, knowing machine translation technologies, able to choose the right electronic translator for certain purposes, will be savvy for successful professional activities, because at this stage in the development of computer technology it is too early to think about fully automatic machine translation. A human translator thinks in images and proceeds from the goal: to convey a specific idea to the listener/reader. It is still difficult to imagine a computer program with such capabilities. Modern machine translators play a supporting role. They are designed to save a person from routine work in the translation process. The age of paper dictionaries is over, and machine translation systems are coming to the aid of professional translators (and not only).

List of used literature

1. www.promt.ru
2. www.translate.google.com
3. Belonogov G.G. Zelenkov Yu.G. Interactive system of Russian-English and English-Russian machine translation, VINITI, 1993.
4. Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser.19 Linguistics and intercultural communication. 2004. No. 4, p.51.

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The most important part of the training of future translators is to develop their skills that are carried out in the process of translation. Such skills may be of a more general or more specific nature, covering a series of actions or a single action.

The specificity of the development of translation skills lies in the fact that they are created only as a result of the practical actions of students on the basis of their language skills and theoretical knowledge.

Skill building is a long process. It is possible to set as the goal of a separate lesson the development of this or that skill, but it cannot be expected that it will be finally formed as a result of this lesson. Often, during practical exercises in translating texts of varying difficulty, several skills are simultaneously developed. Not all skills that ensure a successful translation process can be identified and described. Some of them are complex and difficult to analyze.

1. Ability to perform parallel actions in two languages, switch from one language to another. As we have already noted,

this skill partly arises spontaneously with the development of bilingualism, but it must be brought to a professional level. The development of this skill is facilitated by the study of translation correspondence and translation techniques, but the main way to improve it lies through the constant bilingual action, the implementation of translations of both entire texts and their fragments. The speech of the teacher plays a certain role in this process. Since an important component of this skill is the use of synonymous means of the target language, it is advisable to conduct the lesson in this language. When developing interpreting skills, it is helpful to encourage students to mentally translate everything the teacher says. In this case, the teacher can alternately speak TL and FL.

2. The ability to understand the text in translation. Let us recall that although at the first stage of the translation process the translator acts as the Receptor of the original, his understanding of the text is somewhat different from the usual one, primarily in the necessary depth and finality.

The teacher needs to show and constantly remind students that they must simultaneously draw information about the meaning of language units in the text from two sources: the system meaning of the unit and the context of its use. Each language unit has a relatively stable meaning, common to the entire language community. Speakers are forced to use the unit according to its meaning if they want to be correctly understood. A word can have multiple meanings, but it cannot mean anything. So, the English "board" can mean "commission, board, food" and a number of others, but it can never mean "Universe", "love" and "running". In the text, a word can realize one or two of its meanings or acquire some additional semantic connotation due to the context. The English "student" can be used in the sense of "a student of secondary or higher educational institution”, “university student”, “student high school”,“ studying ”(I am a student of human nature”), Russian. "student" can realize the masculine seme (Students often do better than students) or neutralize it (A good student won't come to class unprepared), etc. It often happens that a future translator exaggerates the importance of one of two sources of information: he stubbornly strives to use

the dictionary meaning of the word, without paying attention to the context, or offers a variant that is suitable for the context, but does not take into account the meaning of the word at all. In such cases, the teacher points out the error to the student, demonstrating how these two "whales" should interact, on which the correct understanding of the text is based. For example: "In the past the race has never been a contest".

3. Performing parallel actions in two languages ​​in the process of translation involves the development of another skill - the ability to build synonymous structures and synonymous words in the TL and make a choice between them. Thus, the idea that earlier the competition was not tense, but now such tension has appeared, can be expressed by such Russian structures as “the struggle in the competition has intensified”, “the competition has become more intense”, “the competition has begun to arouse intense interest”, etc. d. The word "race" can correspond to the Russian words "race, chase, race, competition", etc.

The correct choice between different translation options is also associated with the ability to compare the meanings of each correspondence with a specific context. So, analyzing the use of the word "race" in Russian, it can be noted that it is limited to those sports where any technical means. Since the text refers to a race on the run, this option will have to be rejected. The “chase” option (pursuing the weaker in order to catch up and punish) and the “running” option and (a stage of the competition that has a beginning and an end) do not correspond to the context.

4. Let us remind you once again that the skill that can be described as the ability to “leave without moving away” is of particular importance for the translator. If it is impossible to apply a direct correspondence, the translator is forced to deviate from the original, but at the same time he strives to stay as close as possible to the original meaning. This strategy of "least loss" is achieved primarily by varying the language form, as well as by using the closest synonyms.

5. Translation competence also includes the ability to choose and correctly use translation techniques, which must be previously studied by students. While translating the text, the teacher offers students to use

when translating the next statement, one or another technique or ask them a question which technique is appropriate to use in this case. The course program also includes work on specially selected exercises that develop the ability to use creative translation techniques.

6. A significant place in teaching translation is occupied by the development of the ability to overcome difficulties associated with the lexical, phraseological, grammatical and stylistic features of the source language. Using the data of a particular translation theory, the teacher offers students exercises where each translation difficulty of this type is presented in sufficient quantity as part of individual statements or in a coherent text (see the section on translation exercises).

7. When translating into their native language, students are supposed to be able to competently and correctly express their thoughts in the target language. However, often the teacher has to take care and improve this skill with the help of special tasks and constant attention to the quality of the target language and the development of communicative and speech competence. To a much greater extent, such work is necessary when teaching translation from a native language into a foreign one.

8. The translator needs the ability to edit his own and other people's translations, detect and eliminate semantic and stylistic errors, critique and evaluate the proposed options in a convincing manner. During educational process the teacher constantly invites students to give their options, express opinions about the translations of their comrades, justify their comments and suggestions. It is also advisable to give students special tasks for editing translations containing typical translation errors and inaccuracies.

9. The successful implementation of the translation process requires the ability to professionally use dictionaries, reference books, data banks and other sources. additional information, as well as the ability to use a typewriter, voice recorder or computer.

10. All of the above skills come together in the ability to analyze the original text, identify standard and non-standard

specific translation problems and choose the ways to solve them that are most appropriate for each specific act of translation. Such a skill is developed only in the course of practical work under the guidance of a teacher in translating texts of varying degrees of difficulty. This work is carried out both in the process of developing private skills, and at the final stage of training.

A professional translator must not only have the necessary skills to carry out the translation process, but also be able to apply these skills in the real conditions of translation activity. Therefore, in the course of training in translation, work is carried out to develop translation skills, that is, to give the translator's actions an automatic or semi-automatic character. This is achieved both by constant exercises in the use of translation skills, and by regular tasks for practical implementation transfers of a certain volume in a specified period of time.