Bleeding. Presentation types of bleeding and first aid Download presentation on types of bleeding
1) violation of the integrity of the vessel during injuries, purulent fusion 2) increased arterial, atmospheric pressure. 3) Changes in the vitamin balance in the body. 4) the action of toxins can also lead to vascular permeability. 5) A number of diseases cause bleeding due to a change chemical composition blood: hemophilia, jaundice, scarlet fever, sepsis, scurvy, etc.
Blood is ejected in a jet, often jerkily (pulsing) its color is bright red Arterial external bleeding is the most significant and quickly leads to acute anemia: increasing pallor, frequent and small pulse progressive decrease in blood pressure dizziness blackout in the eyes nausea, vomiting fainting This bleeding of the brain causes: death, due to oxygen starvation, violations of the functions of the brain and the cardiovascular system.
The blood has a dark color, flows continuously and evenly; external venous bleeding is characterized by a slow outflow of blood. when large veins are injured with increased intravenous pressure, more often due to obstruction of outflow, blood may flow out in a jet, but it usually does not pulsate. In rare cases, a slight pulsation is possible due to the transmission of a pulse wave from an artery passing next to the damaged vein. Injury to large veins is dangerous by the development of air embolism of cerebral vessels or heart vessels: at the moment of inspiration, negative pressure arises in these veins.
Capillary bleeding quickly stops on its own and matters only with reduced blood clotting (hemophilia, liver disease, sepsis). Separate bleeding vessels are not visible, blood oozes like a sponge. On coloring stands on the verge between arterial and venous.
Especially dangerous, it can be very difficult to stop. The entire wound surface bleeds due to the abundance of blood vessels in the internal organs. Bleeding with a mixed wound of small arteries, veins, capillaries of internal parenchymal organs (liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys) can be very profuse and prolonged. Help: before the ambulance arrives, you need to carefully lay the victim down, cover it warmly, give warm salted water to drink.
It occurs with subcutaneous ruptures of parenchymal organs (spleen, liver, etc.) rupture of the tube during tubal pregnancy, injuries of the abdominal organs, etc. It is manifested by symptoms of peritoneal irritation: pain, tension in the abdominal muscles, nausea, vomiting, etc. Signs of any internal bleeding are: extreme pallor cold sweat frequent weak pulse intense thirst.
With small bleeding (internal or hidden), they resort to puncture (of the joint, pleural cavity, pericardium). Endoscopic and X-ray examinations are of great help in the diagnosis. Bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, duodenoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, laparoscopy, cystoscopy are widely used. With hidden bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, a benzidine test is used.
Without medical attention, bleeding can end up spontaneously stopping or bleeding and death from anemia of the brain and impaired cardiovascular activity. 1) vasospasm; 2) increased cardiac activity and respiration; 3) an increase in the volume of circulating blood by attracting it from the depot and tissue fluid To maintain the required level of blood supply to vital organs, a complex adaptation mechanism develops in the body, including:
Raise the limb, bend as much as possible in the joint and squeeze the vessels passing in this area (finger pressure, pressure bandage, tourniquet, as well as clamps on the bleeding vessel in the wound). Existing methods have advantages and disadvantages and are used alone or in combination (eg pressure bandage and limb elevation).
Any injury to a limb without clear signs of damage to a large artery is an indication for the imposition of a pressure bandage. Its disadvantage is that it does not stop bleeding from large arteries and, by squeezing tissues, leads to impaired blood circulation in the peripheral parts of the limbs. By raising the limb high, you can stop bleeding if the veins are damaged. This method is often used in combination with a pressure bandage.
Often, when the vessel is pressed with a finger, the large nerve trunks located nearby are also squeezed, which causes severe pain. sometimes it is possible to temporarily stop the bleeding and deliver the victim to surgery department. Prolonged stopping of bleeding by this method is impossible.
The imposition of a tourniquet. There are various modifications (harness with a pelota, elastic, etc.) Esmarch's harness is a strong rubber tube up to 1.5 m long, at one end of which a metal chain is fixed, and at the other - a hook. A rubber bandage injures tissue less than a rubber tube. Circular pulling of the soft tissues of the limb together with blood vessels is carried out with a tourniquet.
1. Compression not only of the arteries, but also of the nerve trunks, which can lead to paresis. 2. The cessation of blood circulation in the tissues reduces their resistance to infection and creates fertile ground for the development of anaerobic gangrene. 3. Do not leave a tourniquet on the limb for more than 2 hours due to the danger of necrosis. Therefore, the accompanying patient should be informed of the time of application of the tourniquet.
To reduce the adverse effect, it is recommended to dissolve the tourniquet after one hour for a few minutes (if the bleeding does not resume) and then tighten it again. This improves tissue nutrition and increases their resistance, which is especially important when transporting victims in the cold season (especially in winter). It is not recommended to apply a tourniquet to limbs with acute surgical infection, or in case of vascular damage (arteriosclerosis, thrombophlebitis, etc.), as this may contribute to the spread of the process or the development of embolism.
Types of bleeding. First aid for bleeding MOU secondary school Oak Mys MOU secondary school Dubovy Mys Teacher of life safety Ushatova Irina Alekseevna Teacher of life safety Ushatova Irina Alekseevna 2007
Purpose: to study the different types of bleeding and the rules for first aid for bleeding Tasks: Tasks: Get acquainted with the characteristic differences between different types of bleeding Get acquainted with the characteristic differences between different types of bleeding Learn to provide first aid for various types of bleeding Learn to provide first aid for various types of bleeding
Bleeding - outpouring (leakage) of blood from blood vessels in violation of the integrity of their walls. Bleeding can be traumatic, caused by damage to blood vessels and non-traumatic, associated with the destruction of blood vessels by some disease process. Depending on the type of damaged blood vessels, bleeding can be arterial, venous, capillary and mixed.
Depending on the type of damaged blood vessel, arterial, venous, capillary and parenchymal bleeding is distinguished. Depending on the type of damaged blood vessel, arterial, venous, capillary and parenchymal bleeding is distinguished. Types of bleeding
The most dangerous arterial bleeding, in which for short term can be expelled from the body significant amount blood. Signs of arterial bleeding are the scarlet color of the blood, its outflow in a pulsating stream. Venous bleeding, unlike arterial bleeding, is characterized by continuous outflow of blood, which has a darker color.
At the site of bleeding, bleeding can be external and internal. Capillary bleeding occurs when small vessels of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and muscles are damaged. This bleeding is usually not heavy and tends to stop spontaneously. Parenchymal bleeding occurs when internal organs: liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs. This bleeding occurs when closed injuries internal organs are difficult to identify.
ARTERIAL BLEEDING SIGNS: blood flows from the wound in a gushing stream or jerks; a large bloody stain on clothing or a pool of blood near the victim. 1. Don't take off your clothes (don't waste time). Stop the bleeding immediately with your fist or finger. 2. Raise the injured limb. If there is no bullet wound, bend it. 3. Apply a tourniquet (scarf, belt) or pressure bandage. 4. After stopping the bleeding, treat the surface of the skin adjacent to the wound with iodine and apply a sterile bandage. 5. In the cold (frost), wrap your arm / leg to prevent hypothermia (frostbite). 6. Provide the victim with peace in the "lying" position. 7. Cover the victim to keep him warm. Give a warm sweet drink (if there is no damage to the abdominal cavity). 8. Urgently deliver the victim to the doctor.
POINTS OF PRESSING THE ARTERIES 1 - temporal 2 - maxillary 3 - carotid 4 - radial 5 - brachial, 6 - axillary, 7 - femoral, 8 - tibial On the extremities, the point of pressure of the artery to the bone should be above the place of bleeding. On the neck and head - below the wound or in the wound (press with your finger). IT IS FORBIDDEN! PRESS THE ARTERY ON THE HEAD IN THE PLACE WHERE THE BONES ARE DAMAGED
REMEMBER: a single loss of 1.5-2 liters of blood, especially in severe combined lesions, can lead to death. REMEMBER: a single loss of 1.5-2 liters of blood, especially in severe combined lesions, can lead to death. First aid for bleeding In first aid, only a temporary or preliminary stop of external bleeding is possible. A temporary stop of external bleeding aims to prevent dangerous blood loss, gain time for transporting the patient, clarifying the diagnosis and preparing for radical measures. It can be done in the following ways: Elevated position of the bleeding area; The imposition of a pressure bandage; Maximum flexion in the joints of the injured limb; For example, when bleeding from the foot and lower leg, the leg is fixed in the position of maximum flexion in the knee joint; Finger pressing of the artery above the injury site.
During long-term transportation (in warmth after 40 minutes, and in cold after 30 minutes), the tourniquet must be slowly, gradually loosened for several minutes - until drops of blood appear on the wound, and then tighten again (slightly higher or lower than the previous place). If the tourniquet is applied too tightly and for a long time, tissue necrosis is possible. METHODS OF APPLICATION OF A HARNESS A tourniquet is applied to the neck without pulse control and left until the doctor arrives. To seal the wound, use any tampon (handkerchief), a pack of bandage. A tourniquet is applied to the thigh through a smooth solid object (bandage, automatic horn, clip), after which they are convinced of the disappearance of the pulse in the popliteal fossa. No pulse REMEMBER! WHEN THE TOURION IS IMPROPERLY APPLIED - IN CASES OF BLUE AND Swelling of the Limb, Swollen Veins - IMMEDIATELY RE-APPLICATION OF THE TOURNON
Head, chest, stomach. Can only be stopped on the operating table. Signs - as if fainting. It is necessary: put a cold, urgently deliver to the doctor. The blood is darker than in arterial bleeding; flows out of the wound more slowly, not in a pulsating, but in a continuous stream. Necessary: elevate the limb and apply a pressure bandage. Lay the victim on his back (head below the body). If there are no abdominal injuries, you can drink plenty of tea or water with salt / sugar. It is necessary: to arrange an urgent infusion of blood or its substitute.
First Aid for Severe Bleeding Apply a sterile dressing or clean cloth to the wound. Ask the victim to press the cloth firmly against the wound with their hand. If this is not possible, then do it yourself. Don't waste time trying to clean the wound. Apply pressure to the wound Apply pressure to the wound The injured part should be as high as possible above the level of the heart. Raise the injured limb Raise the injured limb
Lay the casualty on their back Lay the casualty on their back Apply a pressure bandage Apply a pressure bandage Fully bandage the injured area, applying the bandage in a spiral. Tie or secure the bandage with a band-aid or a pin. If blood is seeping through the bandage, apply additional sheets and wrap them with the bandage over the old bandage. Do not remove wipes already soaked in blood. When bandaging an arm or leg, leave your fingers open unless bandaging is necessary. You can tell from your fingers if the bandage is tight. If your fingers or toes begin to feel cold, numb, or discolored, loosen the bandage slightly. Be aware that if used incorrectly, elastic bandages can block blood flow to the extremities.
Take anti-shock measures Take anti-shock measures Elevate the victim's legs. Maintain normal temperature body of the victim. Cover him with a blanket or coat. Reassure the victim. Watch for signs of life. Wash your hands immediately after handling. Even if the bleeding is stopped, the victim must always consult a doctor for qualified help.
First Aid for Nosebleeds 1. Tilt the victim's head slightly forward and let the blood drain. 2. Squeeze for min. the nose is slightly higher than the nostrils. 3. Apply cold to the bridge of the nose and on the back of the head (snow, ice). 4. If the bleeding has not stopped, insert cotton swabs moistened with hydrogen peroxide into the nasal passages and press them against the nasal septum with your fingers for a minute. 5. After stopping the bleeding, the victim should avoid sudden movements and do not eat hot food. You can't blow your nose!
Capillary bleeding Bright red blood. Weakly oozing from the wound with abrasions. Such bleeding will soon stop on its own, and a fresh blood crust forms on the surface of the wound. To reduce bleeding, it is enough to raise the injured limb above the level of the body.
Arterial bleeding Blood from the wound splashes out in a fountain. Its color is bright scarlet. The pulsation of the blood coincides with the pulse rate. The most dangerous injuries are large arteries - femoral, brachial, carotid; in these cases, death can occur within minutes.
Wrap the area of the limb with a towel (gauze) above (5-7 cm) from the bleeding site (central). Raise the injured limb. Make 2-3 turns with a tourniquet. Fasten the tourniquet. Leave a note "15:43". The tourniquet can be on the limb from 90 to 120 minutes! You can not close the tourniquet, it must be conspicuous!
Sources krovotechenijakhhttp://900igr.net/kartinki/obg/Pervaja-pomosch-pri- krovotechenijakh
MOU secondary school No. 4 Presentation on life safety on the topic: “Bleeding. First Aid for Bleeding” OBJ teachers Sulaimanov Zh.D. Plakhin S.V. Vsevolozhsk 2011 In many cases, when soft tissues are injured, it is enough to apply a bandage and not disturb the wound. But there are cases when more qualified assistance is required. To do this, you need to know how to recognize and how to handle the most common injuries - bleeding and wounds. Blood has three main functions: To supply oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and to excrete waste products Protecting the body from disease by producing antibodies and protecting against infection Maintaining a constant body temperature by circulating blood throughout the body Bleeding causes several reactions in the body. The brain, heart and kidneys try to immediately compensate for the loss of blood in order to maintain the flow of oxygenated blood to the vital organs. Blood in the area of the wound begins to clot. The body also begins to produce more red blood cells (erythrocytes), which helps increase the oxygen supply to the cells. Erythrocytes Soft tissue Includes skin layers, adipose tissue and muscles that protect the underlying departments. The dermis contains nerves, sweat and fat glands, and blood vessels. Most soft tissue injuries are painful and often result in bleeding. With a strong external impact, damage to all layers of soft tissues is possible. BLEEDING External bleeding - a sharp object, Internal bleeding - an organ or part such as a knife that pierces the skin and damages other organs of the body receives a blow, for example, when kicking on a table. Severe internal bleeding - a strong impact on a blunt object, for example, when falling from a great height. External bleeding Causes damage to blood vessels with the release of blood to the surface of the skin. Minor bleeding stops on its own after about 10 minutes as the blood clots. But if large vessels are damaged, the blood flows out too quickly, not having time to clot, bleeding can be life-threatening, especially for children and infants. Signs and symptoms of severe external bleeding Arterial (a): 1. Weakness 2. Rapid and severe bleeding 3. Severe pain in the injured part of the body 4. Bright red color of blood 5. Blood usually shoots from the wound in a fountain Venous (b): 1. Blood flows smoothly from the wound, does not spurt 2. Dark red or burgundy blood First aid for external bleeding First aid is aimed at stopping bleeding and protecting the wound from infection. Apply pressure to the wound 1. Apply a sterile dressing or clean cloth to the wound 2. Ask the victim to press the cloth firmly against the wound with his hand. If this is not possible, then do it yourself 3. Do not waste time trying to clean the wound Elevate the injured limb The injured part should be as high as possible above the level of the heart Lay the victim on his back Apply pressure bandage 1. Completely bandage the injured area, applying the bandage in a spiral 2. Tie or fasten bandage with plaster or pin 3. If blood seeps through the bandage, apply additional tissues and wrap them with a bandage over the old bandage. Do not remove wipes already soaked in blood. Apply a pressure bandage When applying a bandage to an arm or leg, leave your fingers open, unless bandaging is necessary. You can tell from your fingers if the bandage is tight. Be aware that if used incorrectly, elastic bandages can block blood flow to the limb. Take anti-shock measures 1. Elevate the victim's legs 2. Maintain a constant temperature in the victim. Cover him with a blanket 3. Reassure him 4. Watch for signs of life 5. Wash your hands immediately after handling 6. Even if the bleeding is stopped, the victim should seek qualified help from a doctor. bleeding. It is applied in combination with direct pressure on the wound. This method provides that the person providing first aid squeezes the artery above the injury site with his hand. There are many pressure points for the arteries, but the two main ones to remember are the brachial and femoral. This manipulation should be carried out for at least 10 minutes. Its main drawback is that the person providing assistance is not able to carry out other actions at this time. Finger pressure on the arteries Applying a tourniquet Applying a tourniquet is an effective way to completely stop arterial bleeding in uncontrolled bleeding in the extremities. Good example applying a tourniquet - with amputation of a limb, since almost always the imposition of a tight bandage and finger pressure on the arteries is sufficient to stop severe bleeding. The first aid provider should be aware that application to a non-amputated limb cuts off blood flow to areas below the tourniquet, which can lead to damage to nerves, blood vessels, and eventual loss of the limb. Rules for applying a tourniquet 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The tourniquet must be applied above the injury at a distance of about 5 cm. Place a napkin or clean cloth between the injured limb and the tourniquet. A wide strip of cloth can be used as a tourniquet. Do not use rope or twine, as they may damage underlying tissues Tie a tourniquet in 1 knot, place an object (pen, scissors, piece of wood) on top, secure it with another knot and start twisting until the bleeding stops Never loosen the tourniquet; remember the time when it was imposed; do not cover the tourniquet with clothing or a blanket. Applying a twist: It can be made from improvised materials (shawls, pieces of cloth, gauze, etc.). We wrap the limb, firmly tie the ends, insert a piece of a strong stick between the rings, rotate it in a circle, squeeze the limb segment and blood vessels (arteries) until the bleeding from the wound stops. We fix the stick with an additional bandage. Further actions are similar to those when applying a tourniquet. Infection The first signs and symptoms of an infection, which may occur in the next two days after the injury, is that the area around the wound is swollen, reddened, and warmer to the touch. In this place, the victim may experience throbbing pain. A serious infection leads to an increase in temperature and a deterioration in the patient's condition. Sometimes there are red streaks on the skin that radiate from the wound. In this case, you need to see a doctor. Keep the wound clean by covering it with a bandage. Minor wounds Signs and symptoms: In capillary bleeding, blood seems to ooze from the wound; Blood flows out at low pressure; Blood from capillaries is usually not as bright as arterial blood; Blood clotting is fast. First aid for minor wounds Wash the wound with an antiseptic solution or soap and water; To clean contaminated wounds, use a clean tissue or sterile swab: always start in the middle of the wound, working towards the edges. Change the napkin with each subsequent action; Apply a small bandage; The help of a doctor is needed only if there is a risk of infection of the wound; Do not use alcohol to wash the wound. Internal bleeding Internal bleeding is much more difficult to identify than external bleeding, as its signs and symptoms are not so pronounced and may be revealed only after a while: Blue skin (bruising in the area of injury) Soft tissues are painful, swollen or hard to the touch Feeling of excitement or anxiety in the casualty Fast, weak pulse, rapid breathing, nausea or vomiting, decreased level of consciousness Pale skin, cool or damp to the touch Feeling of unquenchable thirst Bleeding from the natural openings of the body (nose, mouth, etc.) First aid for internal bleeding: Provide help with or prevent shock A cold compress relieves pain and swelling. Apply ice for 15 minutes every hour Call '03' immediately Examine the casualty carefully for serious internal injuries Shock reduces the flow of oxygen to vital organs. Shock is a life-threatening condition and can lead to death. Signs and symptoms of shock Pale, cold and moist skin; Weakness, restlessness, dry mouth; Weak rapid pulse, rapid breathing; Confused consciousness or unconsciousness. Remember that it is not necessary for the casualty to know the cause of the shock or see the bleeding in order to give first aid. important organs. Legs should not be lifted if head, neck, spinal, hip, or lower leg injury is possible, if a stroke, heart attack is suspected, or if you are unsure of the victim's condition Try to correct the cause of the shock, such as external bleeding Reassure the victim lips of the victim with water if he is thirsty) List of sites and literature used: http://www.itmed.ru/library/k/krovotecheniy_1.htm OBZH textbook - First medical aid. Atlas of the Volunteer Rescuer.
