Ethical principles and norms of the activities of employees of the internal affairs bodies. Professional ethics of employees of the Department of the Interior Code of Ethics employee of the internal affairs bodies
In democratic societies based on the principles of legality, police (militia) performs traditional functions: prevention, detection of crime and the struggle with it, the preservation of public peace, ensuring compliance with the law and public order and protecting the fundamental rights of citizens, assistance and services to the population.
As is known, one of the main differences of morality from other forms of public consciousness is. That its norms are not strictly mandatory, provide the right of broad selection and authorized exclusively by the force of exposure to public opinion. But if this provision appreciates all citizens equally, then in relation to the requirements that are presented to the staff of the ATS, these conditions are ethical and acquired strictly mandatory in nature and are provided with administrative sanctions. An example of such a character is the "Code of Internal Affairs of Russia" authorities, which is approved by the Order of the Interior Minister in 1993. Violation of this Code of honor for an employee may have negative consequences - until dismissal from organs on the basis of Art. 58 "Provisions on service in the internal affairs bodies": for the commission of misconducts incompatible with the requirements for personal, moral qualities of an employee of the internal affairs bodies, employees can be dismissed from the service. "
To the number of similar deontological norms (Deontological norms are specifically imperative, enshrine in official documents and are provided with administrative (legal sanctions). They, unlike the norms of ordinary ethics, do not give the right to choose, they are imperative, are imperative and mandatory)There are also the requirements of disciplinary statutes and regulatory documents that determine the forms of behavior and communication of law enforcement officers. In general, moral obligations and ethical requirements for the employee of the internal affairs bodies are reduced to the following:
Attitude towards man as a higher value, Respect for the rights, freedoms, interests and human dignity in accordance with international and Russian legal norms and the universal principles of morality.
Deep understanding social significance for his roleand high professionalism, their responsibility to society and the state as an ATS officer, on which public security, life protection, health, legal security, citizens depends.
Reasonable and humane useprovided by the law an employee of the ATS rights in strict accordance with the principles of social justice, civil, service and moral debt.
Principle, courage, uncompromising, Defenselessness in the fight against crime, objectivity and impersonal in decision-making.
Impeccability of personal behavior in service and in everyday life Honesty, integrity, care for professional honor - "Honor - in service", public reputation of an ATS officer.
Do not allow abusethe official position, facts of corruption, impede such phenomena in every way.
Defenselessness and steadily all legal measures to protect innocent from lawlessness and deception, Weak from intimidation, peaceful from violence and disorder, in an extreme atmosphere not to leave defenseless women, old people and children, sick and disabled, not allowing condustion evil and lawlessness.
Conscious discipline, Performance, execution and initiative, professional solidarity, mutual assistance, support, courage and morality - psychological readiness for actions in non-standard, extreme conditions.
Continuous improvement of professional skills, knowledge in the field of service ethics, etiquette and tact, increasing the overall culture, expansion of intelligence, creative (creative) mastering the necessary in the service of domestic and foreign experience.
The listed requirements give a fairly complete and deep view of the moral qualities that not only an employee of the internal affairs bodies should have, but also all law enforcement officers who can manifest humanity, tolerance, justice, a sense of debt, courage, courage, excerpt, Unfortunately, honesty, patriotism, impartiality, modesty, professionalism.
Police in the Russian Federation is a system of state executive authorities, designed to protect life, health, rights and freedoms of people, property, the interests of society and countries from criminal and other unlawful encroachments and entitled to apply coercive measures. Police enters the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
The service in the internal affairs bodies and police activities are built in accordance with the principles of legality, humanism, respect and respect for human rights and citizen, publicity, control and accountability of employees of the internal affairs bodies with the relevant authorities of state power and management, compliance with official discipline, fair remuneration for labor, Promotions on the results of labor, taking into account the ability and qualifications.
The police entering the system of internal affairs organs solves tasks facing it in assistance with other government agencies, public associations, labor collectives and citizens. Her tasks are:
Ensuring personal safety of people; - warning and prevention of atrocities, administrative offenses; - disclosure of crimes; - Public order protection and public safety; - Assistance within the limits established by the Law on Police of the Russian Federation, citizens, officials, enterprises, institutions, organizations and public associations in the implementation of their legitimate rights and interests. Other targets for the police can only be assigned by law.
Employees of the Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation are citizens of the Russian Federation, consisting in the posts of the ordinary and superior composition of the internal affairs bodies or personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, which in the established provision on service in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation are assigned special ranks of the ordinary and the superior composition of the internal bodies affairs.
Each citizen of the Russian Federation, who joins the ranks of the employees of the internal affairs bodies, devotes its lives to the execution of the debt of selfless service to the Fatherland and the protection of noble public ideals: freedom, democracy, triumph of legality and law enforcement.
The highest moral meaning of the employee's official activity is the protection of a person, his life and health, honor and personal dignity, inalienable rights and freedoms.
OVD employee, conscious of personal responsibility for the historical destiny of the Fatherland, considers its duty to protect and multiply the fundamental moral values: 1. Agencies - as a dedication of the Russian Federation, awareness of the unity of the rights, freedoms and duties of a person and a citizen;
2. Statehood - as approving the idea of \u200b\u200blegal, democratic, strong, indivisible Russian state;
3. Patriotism - as a deep and elevated sense of love for the Motherland, loyalty to the oath of employee of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation, a chosen profession and a service debt.
Moral values \u200b\u200bform the basis of the moral spirit of the employee who embody the awareness of involvement in the noble cause of protection of the rule of law, the heroic history of the internal affairs bodies, victories, achievements, the success of previous generations.
Professional debt, honor and dignity are the main moral guidelines on the official path of the defender of the law enforcement and along with conscience constitute the moral stem of the personality of the employee of the internal affairs bodies.
The employee's debt is the unconditional fulfillment of emphasis, laws and professional-ethical standards for ensuring reliable protection of law enforcement, legality, public security.
Honor an employee is expressed in a well-deserved reputation, a good name, a personal authority and manifests itself in loyalty to civil and official debt, this word and adopted moral obligations.
The dignity is inextricably linked with debt and honor, representing the unity of the moral spirit and high moral qualities, as well as respect for these qualities in itself and other people.
Professional debt, honor and dignity act the most important criteria for the moral maturity of the employee and the indicators of its readiness to perform operational and service tasks.
3. Professional Ethics of ATS staff: Basic concepts, categories, Legal basis.
Professional ethics are a combination of moral norms that determine the attitude of a person to their professional debt. The content of professional ethics is the codes of behavior that prescribes a certain type of moral relationship between people and ways to justify these codes.
Professional ethics studies:
Relations of labor collectives and each specialist individually;
Moral qualities of the personality of a specialist who provide the best performance of professional debt;
Relationships within professional teams, and those specific moral standards peculiar to this profession;
Features of professional education.
Professional ethics can be considered either as the theory of professional morality, or as certain moral requirements for employees, due to the specifics of their profession.
Professional ethics here is characterized by such categories as "professional debt", "official dignity", "Professional Honor of Mundir". There are well-defined professional sound in the practice of ATS and such ethical categories as "responsibility", "Justice", "Humanism", "Collectivity" and a number of others.
As a rule, an employee determines its line of behavior, concrete actions, attitudes towards the service and people, withholding them with his understanding of "personal and official dignity", "professional debt and honor". If his intended actions comply with the ideas of a worker about the debt, honor, dignity, he willingly fulfills his duties, acts initiatively, is not afraid to take responsibility, because He approves morally and encourages his actions. From an ATS officer, professional ethics requires integrity, loyalty to the spirit and the letter of the law, compliance with the equality of all before the law.
So, for example, courage, courage, determination - very positive qualities of any employee, but if the quality data act as desirable for a baker, a hairdresser, a photographer Atelier, then in relation to the employee of the ATS, they are professionally necessary.
The concept of professional ethics of law enforcement officers includes special, sometimes even punctual and pedantic commitment to the spirit and the letter of the law, compliance with the principles of justice and humanism, the hard moral belief in the need for strict compliance with the requirements of the law, regardless of personal and official benefits or difficulties. The police officer should always remember that it was him that the society entrusted the security of the law enforcement and therefore he should be a model, the standard in its observance. And no personal benefits should stand between him and the requirements of the law.
Professional ethics of employees of the internal affairs bodies
Conclusion
Factors - indicators of vocational and moral deformation and its main reasons.
The structure of the moral culture of law enforcement officers
Features of professional ethics of law enforcement officers
Introduction
Plan
Topic number 3. Professional morality and professional ethics of police officers
Stock lecture
According to the educational discipline "Professional Ethics"
Topic: "Ethics as a philosophical science about morality"
Discussed and approved at the meeting
Departments of professional ethics and aesthetic culture
Moscow - 2007.
Main literature:
1. Code of honor of the ordinary and superior composition of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation (1993).
2. Shcheglov A.V. Professional ethics of internal affairs bodies: course program. M., 2001.
3. Medeb T.G., Shcheglov A.V.Professional ethics of internal affairs bodies: course of lectures. Part 1. M., 1998.
4. Shcheglov A.V.professional ethics of internal affairs bodies: course of lectures. Part 2. M., 1999.
5. Shcheglov A.V.Professional ethics of internal affairs bodies: course of lectures. Part 3. M., 2001.
6. Shcheglov A.V.Professional ethics of internal affairs bodies: educational and methodical materials. M., 2002.
7. Psychology. Pedagogy. Ethics: Textbook for universities. / Ed. Naumkina Yu.V.. M., 1999. (Chapters 13-18 ).
8. Psychology .. Pedagogy. Ethics: Textbook for universities. 2nd ed. and add. Add. / Ed. Naumkina Yu.V. M., 2002. (Chapter 11 - 16).
9. Professional ethics of law enforcement officers. Tutorial / Ed. Opaalova A.V.and Dubova G.V. (Year of publication - any).
10. Kukushin V.M. Your professional ethics. M., 1994.
11. Dustyov S.S.The spiritual and cultural foundations of the police and the police of Russia (history and modernity). Monograph. M., 2003.
Additional literature:
1. Kukushin V.M. Professional ethics, etiquette and tact of employees of the internal affairs bodies. M., 1991.
2. Kukushin V.M. Police Deontology: Sociological analysis of foreign concepts. M., 1994.
3. Tips to the young policeman (about culture of behavior in service and in
everyday life). M., 1996.
4. Huseynov A.A., Apresyan R.G.Ethics. Textbook. M., 1998.
5. Huseynov A.A. Great moralists. M., 1995.
6. Zelenkova I.L., Belyaeva E.V. Ethics: Tutorial. Minsk, 1997.
7. Groovo D.I., Malakhov V.P., Dustyov S.S.Issues of forming the moral needs of employees of the internal affairs bodies. M., 1996
8. Professional ethics and aesthetic culture of law enforcement officers: Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference at Moscow University of Russia on December 6, 2002 M., 2003.
Deontology (Greek Deon - Debt; Deontos - Due; Logos - Teaching, Science, Knowledge) - Section of ethics, which addresses the problems of debt and due (all that expresses the requirements of morality in the form of prescriptions). The term "deontology" first introduced an English sociologist, philosopher and lawyer Jeremiah Bentam (1748 - 1832) into scientific circulation. In his book "Deontology, or Science of Morality" (published in 1834), he developed a model of science on the norms of professional behavior of a person, which, due to its social role, is endowed with powerful powers And it is designed to implement them in the interests of society and specific citizens.
Deontology studies various forms and manifestations of clerk, which express the requirements of social laws, the objective needs of society and man.
Professional deontology studies principles, norms, patterns and forms of professional behavior, due to both social factors and specifics of professional activities, the nature of the relationship between a professional with society, state, citizens, as well as with members of their professional group and other social (professional) groups.
In recent decades in a number of European countries (first of all in France), an applied interdisciplinary science is developing at the junction of professional ethics and sociology of morality. policedeontology.
By spending considerable funds on the content of the police, society expects a strictly defined effect from its activities, it hopes that the frames of this system of state bodies will always act exactly as they represent all conscious law-abiding citizens who prefer not to enter into conflict with the law. Naturally, the society that "contains" the police is entitled to evaluate the work of its staff and require it to comply with the functions performed.
1. Features of professional ethics of law enforcement officer
Features of professional ethics of law enforcement officers are determined by the main essence of their activities defined by Art. 2 Constitutions of the Russian Federation: "Man, his rights and freedoms are a higher value. Recognition, observance and protection of human rights and freedoms and citizen - the duty of the state. " It is the fulfillment of this duty and is carried out primarily by law enforcement agencies, which is determined by the policy-state and departmental documents. As an example, give extraction from Art. 1 of the Law of the RSFSR "On Militia": "Police in the RSFSR - a system of state bodies designed to protect life, health, rights and freedom of citizens, property, the interests of society and the state from criminal and other unlawful encroachments and endowed the use of coercion measures within the limits established by This Law and other federal laws. " The moral and humanistic aspects of the police are also defined in Art. 3 and 5 of this law.
In this context, it should be noted: today our society has reached such a level of democratic and civilization, as in such strictly regulated structures, as law enforcement agencies, humanism, morality and culture (these concepts in the ideological installations of the personality are closely interrelated) of employees have gained tremendous significance. As shown sociological research And as it is noted in a number of documents of the leadership, the observance of legality and official discipline is determined primarily not only and maybe not so much the demanding of managers, how many moral attitudes and the cultural fiction of employees.
In many cases, these qualities have a greater impact on the effectiveness of the work activity and play even a large role than professional competence (which, of course, does not diminish the need for a constant increase in professionalism). It is not by chance that today it urges the requirement to conduct a detailed analysis of the moral qualities and cultures of employees in their re-certification or when they are nominated for more high position. In other words, the morality and culture of the employee are treated as the most important professional qualitydefining its readiness to ensure any service tasks, the desire to fulfill them, a sense of responsibility for their implementation with the greatest effective effect.
The underestimation of these factors is generated by a fairly common opinion that the official activity of law enforcement officers is so severely regulated by laws, subtitle acts, statutory provisions, instructions, service discipline requirements, etc., which, with the proper level of demanding management, any employee will successfully fulfill its functional duties. . Opinion is deeply mistaken for a variety of reasons.
First, modern society, including law enforcement agencies, is in conditions of permanent change, and this dynamic is solely intensive, sometimes even unpredictable nature, due to the administrative and legal documents and orders can determine the activities of the employee only in the most common Damn. Their interpretation in relation to a particular situation is often determined by the head of the service team (where the moral component is played), and sometimes the performer himself.
Secondly, all legal and legal documents (including orders and orders) do not contain well-defined decisions for any situation, but only prescribe the framework in which these decisions should be accepted. These frames are often so wide that, depending on the level of culture and moral liction of the employee, the task may be solved both treasonally, formally-bureaucratically, and creatively - as efficiently as possible and with the "human face".
Thirdly, functional responsibilities can be performed in different ways. It is possible in the minimum permissible volume, so to speak, "from this so far", compensating for this by creating the visibility of cycling activities, and it is possible, as the poet said, "not know no winners", but to work with the maximum return, causing "fire on yourself ", Selflessly turning the interests of the service to the main meaning of your life. Determines the nature of the execution of official debt in this case only the morality of the employee, its conscience.
Fourthly, in the activities of any employee of law enforcement agencies, the element of secrecy, conspiracy, and, as already mentioned above, in many situations there is no decision, clearly defined by official documents, law standards (especially this is characteristic of operational search services). Therefore, in many cases, he is forced to act in accordance with his moral concepts of good and evil, justice, debt, honor, etc. And there is an important difference between the employee's activities from all other spheres of social life: the lack of moral control by public opinion. Thus, in this case, the only judge of the correctness, i.e. The genuine morality of his actions is its culture and its morality, his conscience.
And finally, fifthly, it is well known that there is a rather broad "border strip", which is certainly passed between the lifestyle and criminal behavior, which is deformed by the person and where it is spiritually deforming before criminal acts begins to perform. We have already spoken about this deformation higher when the spiritual barriers arising from the person who decided to become the goal of achieving the goal through the crime of a criminal act. In relation to the specificity of the activities of the law enforcement officer, this issue is analyzed in the next paragraph ..
Summing up said, it is possible to define such a concept as "professional ethics". Professional ethics - an area of \u200b\u200bethical science, which studies a system of moral norms and principles operating in the specific conditions of the relationship between people in a certain profession; This is a specific effect of both general soccer standards and special norms of professional morality, which have an analytical and advisory nature arising and existing in this professional group.
At the same time, professional ethics of law enforcement officers are fundamentally different from the ethics of the absolute majority of other professions (the exception is military personnel, doctors, seafarers, pilots, specialists of some other professions working in risk or related health and people's lives) deontological Character (from Greek. Deon - due). One of the main differences in the morality from other forms of public consciousness is that its norms are not strictly mandatory, provide the right of broad selection and authorized exclusively by the power of public opinion. But in relation to the requirements for law enforcement officers, these conditions are in many cases insufficient, and ethical norms Provided here is strictly mandatory and ensured by administrative sanctions.
Professional deontology - part of the professional ethics that studies the set of moral norms unambiguously regulating the proper behavior of the person in a certain professional sphere and wearing a specific imperative character; In contrast to the norms of ordinary ethics, these norms do not give the right to choose, enshrine in official documents and are provided with administrative (ie, legal) sanctions.
A rather expressive example is a disciplinary statute that prescribes strictly mandatory norms of behavior and relationships, the failure of which entails a scrupulously developed system of recovery. As an example, it is also refer to the code of honor of the ordinary and the superior composition of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia, non-compliance with which may have very significant negative consequences for an employee - until dismissal from bodies on the basis of Article 58 (paragraph "L ") Regulations on the service in the internal affairs bodies. Deontological standards also include requirements and other charters and in general all the requirements of service documents that determine the norms of behavior and communication.
Accordingly, a number of specific law enforcement agencies are made to the law enforcement officer. moral requirements. Partly they are contained in service regulatory documents - such as, for example, the Code of Code already mentioned, and then they are deontological character, and partially produced in the process of accumulating official experience and folding official traditions, the moral and psychological climate of the team of employees of a particular service of law enforcement agencies. In general, the moral requirements for the law enforcement officer are as follows:
attitude towards a person as a higher value, respect and protection of rights, freedoms and human dignity in accordance with international and domestic legal norms and the universal principles of morality;
a deep understanding of the social significance of his role and high professionalism, its responsibility to society and the state as a law enforcement officer, from which public security, life protection, health, legal protection of large masses depend on a crucial extent;
reasonable and humane use of law enforcement officers provided by law in strict accordance with the principles of social justice, civil, service and moral debt;
principle, courage, uncompromising, dedication in the fight against crime, objectivity and impersonal in decision-making;
impeccability of personal behavior in service and in everyday life, honesty, integrity, care for the professional honor, public reputation of a law enforcement officer;
conscious discipline, operational and initiative, professional solidarity, mutual assistance, support, courage and moral and psychological readiness for action in difficult situations, the ability to reasonable risk in extreme conditions;
continuous improvement of professional skills, knowledge in the field of service ethics, etiquette and tact, increasing the overall culture, expanding the intellectual outlook, creative development of the necessary in the service of domestic and foreign experience.
The listed requirements give a sufficiently visual understanding of the moral qualities that the law enforcement officer should have. At the same time, these moral qualities differ in priority. This can be seen from their classification by groups:
1. Attitude towards others: Modesty, pride of their profession, respect for the feelings of dignity and honor - in others, conscientiousness, justice, demand, truthfulness, politeness, decency, goodwill, constant readiness to help.
2. Attitude to the performance of official duties: Courage, exposure, self-control, durability, determination, demanding, discipline, principle, courage, initiative, honesty, selflessness, diligence, independence, businesslikeness, creative approach.
3. Attitude towards homeland, society, state, people: Patriotism, devotion, loyalty to debt, responsibility, dedication.
Some of these qualities are worth talking in more detail.
One of the main requirements for a law enforcement officer is the requirement of humanity and tolerance. An employee of the authorities must constantly remember that his work is the work of a doctor. Just like the doctor, his service activity includes the treatment and prevention of diseases. The only difference is that the doctor treats physical and mental diseases, and the employee of the organs is social. But just like a doctor, he has to deal with people who fell into trouble, people sick, although not always aware of it. Of course, there are criminals and there are victims. The latter cause sympathy and desire to assist them and support. And first? Of course, they must be betrayed and incur punishment. The easiest way to take place here for the saving phrase: "It's guilty." But let's continue our comparison. Is it really not guilty of the patient physically? Many, very many diseases are generated by the fault of the diseased: alcohol, nicotine, indiscriminate lifestyle, non-compliance with the regime, other "excesses" - as a result of the weakening of the body's immunity, the gap of the "weak link" and the disease. You can, of course, say that the patient punishes itself, and the criminal - others, but it is not entirely true - and the patient punishes others: relatives and loved ones, forced to suffer from his illness and care for him, genetically their children who are born weakened or patients, society that should spend funds for its treatment, etc. And the offender is also not born such, but becomes a considerable role, the public conditions, the environment play a considerable role. And he punishes himself at the same time, like the patient, for, condemning himself to a criminal lifestyle, he will inevitably be forced to undergo a lot of suffering. And he, "social patient", with all that indignation, and sometimes hate and disgust, which he causes from ordinary people, as well as an ordinary patient, is needed by human kindness. The kindness is also a medicine, and it can treat sometimes even more efficiently than the most severe punishment. Recall the Roman Hugo "Rejected". The main character - Jean Valzhan was a false criminal, more precisely, he became such, because by the people of people he met only injustice and cruelty and paid them the same. And once he decided to raise his priest's shelter - stole his only value: Silver candlesticks. He was caught by the gendarme and led to the priest to identify. What was his shock when the priest assured the gendarmes that he gave him these candlesticks, and he really gave them to him! The kindness of the priest reborn Valzhana, and all the further effect of the novel is a huge list of good deeds performed by Valzhan, which he committed from the greatest dedication, sometimes sacrificing life and not demanding anything in return. They may say that an example is the book that in life everything is far from being "beautiful and noble", and this will largely be true. But at the same time, there are many cases in real life when the kindness did from the former criminals of people and wonderful people. Read the "Pedagogical Poem" A.S. Makarenko. There's the truth there, it's just an artistic (remarkable interesting) statement of the process of re-education of ex-thieves, prostitutes, hooligans, etc. in decent people. Makarenko "treated them", and he treated with kindness. The kindness was harsh, sometimes very tough, but it was kindness and love for people! And she gave excellent results - Makarenko had almost no failures. And if we say that the doctor is a humane profession, then the profession of a law enforcement officer should be considered no less humane. An employee of the authorities should be humane, he must love people, without this quality, like a doctor, he cannot become a full-fledged specialist. Yes, sometimes he has to be tough, even cruel, but in this hardness - the highest kindness!
Any professional quality of law enforcement officers has a moral pain. And if we take it into account, it turns out that any such quality, even the most "professionally necessary" - such as, say, courage, generates not only performance, but also a genuine nobility, without which no profession is unthinkable, directly related With the fate of people. Let us give a confirmation of this another example. Major Milia A.S. Landin (Podolsk) returned after duty deeply night home. Suddenly, in the light of the headlight, he saw on the road there was a sedentary woman, and he was chasing armed with a huge Tesacian man. A.S. Landin stopped the car, came out and demanded that he stopped persecution. With fierce groats, the gangster rushed at Major. Since the latter was armed with a term weapon, it cost him to apply it, especially since the law on the police (Article 15) provided him in these circumstances a full right. However, Major did not shoot. The risk of life (the gangster physically over all articles was superior to Major), Major managed to twist the criminal, put his handcuffs on him and made detention. Later by A.S. Landin so explained his actions: "Of course, he is a villain, especially since it turned out, a recidivist, a coordinated criminal. But I could not just kill a person so much, and then live with it. "
Special attention deserves such professional quality as justice. Perhaps this quality, this feeling is the most difficult - in the sense that, by making a fair decision, it is very difficult to find the only right one. Actually, the activities of any law enforcement officer is based on the principle of justice, and in the name of the celebration of this principle, it is created. Why does he seem to be the most difficult? First of all, because both the act and its consequences are never unequivocal, and always represent a certain combination of evil and kind. The law enforcement officer, making a decision on a particular collision, is obliged to accurately calculate the measure of the other that it is often very difficult: no wonder, as a consequence, and the lawsuits are sometimes for months. Recall the film of the wonderful American director Stanley Kreimer "Nuremberg Process". Although he is artistic, but almost literally repeats all the peripetics of the really held trial over the members of the Supreme Tribunal of Hitler's Germany. At first glance, Hitler's judges were unequivocally presented by criminals: they endured the cannibal sentences, which were killed, destroyed in gas chambers, were subjected to brutal tortures many thousands of people. But the judges themselves and their lawyers proved the absolute innocence of the defendants! Yes, they argued, all the factors incriminated by the defendants - perfect truth. But are judges guilty of them? Always, starting from ancient times, the judge is only a minister of law, he simply executes what he is prescribed. Yes, indeed, the laws were cannibal, gangster, anti-human. But not the judges came up with them. They simply, as always, served as the law - in this the sacred debt of every judge. Only the legislator is guilty of, it is he who is subject to a court, and the judges are guilty only when they pervert the law. In this case, this was not, and therefore they are innocent. This process lasted a few weeks, and in the end the court ruled the fair sentence: the judges are guilty! Yes, the law itself is crime, but judges had a moral choice: to serve this law or not. They chose the first, although they understood that the law is criminal, and therefore they fully share the guilt along with the legislator. The judges were convicted, but how difficult it was to prove to the global democratic community that this sentence is fair.
The aggregate of moral qualities forms the moral culture of the employee. It is conditionally divided into three levels: high, medium and low. The high level is characterized by the formation of all components
in their unity and interaction, deep ethical knowledge in close unity with the wealth of moral feelings and practical action. The average level is characterized by a partial formation of components of moral culture, well-learned ethical knowledge, but always leadership to action, a fairly exacerby sense of good and evil, fair and unfair, but often there is no will for its practical implementation. The low level is characterized by non-formation of individual components, surface ethical knowledge, undisciplined behavior, relatively low moral qualities, a weak development of moral feelings, adverse effects of an employee on the moral and psychological climate of the service team.
2. The structure of the moral culture of law enforcement officers.
Let us dwell in more detail on the structure and content of the moral culture of the personality: the culture of the moral consciousness, the culture of moral relations and the culture of communication. Of course, moral culture is characterized by a certain level and content of moral knowledge and feelings, beliefs, the needs, moral qualities and the norms of behavior, habits and skills. In other words, it is impossible to talk about moral culture without the appropriate development of moral consciousness.
In the moral consciousness of the person, two levels can be identified: theoretical (rational) and psychological (sensual). Both are closely related to each other, affect each other and allow the most fully and deep, mind and heart to evaluate social phenomena from the standpoint of good and evil and influence the actions and affairs of a person from the same positions. Nevertheless, it would be a mistake not to notice the differences between them.
The content of theoretical or rational level of moral consciousness is ethical knowledge, views and ideals, principles and norms, moral needs. The content of this level of moral consciousness is formed purposefully as relevant public state institutions (kindergarten, school, university, service team) and the efforts of the very personality. Elements of this level are more stable, they are closerly related to political and legal consciousness. They are deeper and founded, because they reflect the most significant links, patterns, trends in the moral life of society. It is because of this that they can control and orientate, to restrain the moral feelings and emotions of the person.
Ethical knowledge is knowledge of the essence, content and structure of morality, its origin and the laws of development of its social role. What they are extensive and deeper, the more reasonable employee can make a moral choice. Ethical views and principles, the moral needs of the personality - the fruit of deep understanding social Life From the point of view of moral categories of good and evil, debt, honor and dignity, conscience, etc. The moral ideal of the individual is a peculiar personification of a public ideal with the active impact of moral feelings. "The ideal is a guiding star," said L.N. Tolstoy. - Without it there is no hard direction, but no direction - no life. "
Moral needs, as well as convictions, the result of the activity of the mind and heart, are becoming an important goal of the transfer mechanism from moral consciousness to moral behavior. The culture of moral needs is such a level of their development, which expresses the constant desire of a law enforcement officer consciously and disinterestedly to fulfill its civil and official debt, comply with the requirements of public morality and military ethics in everyday office and non-vocabulary activities. The more exalted nature is moral needs, the higher the level of moral qualities.
As noted above, the second level of moral consciousness is psychological, or sensual, level. Sometimes it is called the level of ordinary moral consciousness. It includes a rich spectrum of morality, emotions, sympathies and antipathies, ideas about moral and immoral, moral rules, morals, customs, etc., developed and enshrined in the personality in the process of life experience. This is a kind of primary elements of moral consciousness. They are formed spontaneously in the process of everyday life. In feelings, emotions, sympathies and antipathies, the formation of the moral position of the personality is emotionally and directly. Sometimes it manifests itself very impulsively: a person is rejoicing or angry, crying or laughs, flows into prostration, closes, and sometimes, as they say, gives Will his hands. Moral feelings are very numerous and classified according to a variety of grounds. Some divide them along the human life sphere: moral and political, moral and labor, moral, combat, actually moral. Others drive into three groups: situational, intimate and senses of public experience. The third them are classified based on the depth of experiences. All these and other approaches have the right to life, for help more deeply and comprehensively know their essence and social role.
For example, intimate feelings are a feeling of love, friendship, loyalty, hatred or devotion, etc. They arise in relations to other people, they express sympathy and antipathy, pleasant and dislike.
Friendship and partnership - unconditionally intimate feelings. Friendship and partnerships that have passed through heavy trials, difficult times, when and "hill hill and that in half," when the situation was evolved: "The perpetrator himself, and the comrade will help", remain for life.
A completely different character has a sense of public experience. They are, in fact, are moral and political feelings, because they reflect the relationship not so much to other people as far as the phenomena of a large civil sound: this is a sense of patriotism and internationalism, collectivism and solidarity, national pride, etc. They are complex in their content and diverse in their manifestation and represent a peculiar alloy of personal and public. It should also be emphasized that in contrast, for example, from intimate feelings that are movable, dynamic, the feelings of moral and political are more stable, stable and are not exposed to the introduction of at least transient factors.
Moral feelings, in contrast to ethical knowledge, directly reflect those or other aspects of real reality and sometimes have a significant impact on the affairs and actions of a person. A man with a well-developed system of feelings is certainly richer than rational breadcrumb. But it is also true: it is impossible to live only feelings. They must inevitably be monitored by reason. Sometimes it is just necessary to "step on the throat of your own song." People who do not know how to keep themselves, impulsive, currently acting in a state of affect, as a rule, regret the deed.
However, on this basis, it is impossible to underestimate the positive role of moral feelings. They, possessing a huge motivating force, perform powerful incentives to make positive actions. A sense of love straightens a person, gives him additional forces in the fight against difficulties, makes it better to be constantly improving.
In a word, the moral feelings of a person is his wealth. But those are becoming if they are aligned, manageable. The culture of moral feelings directly speaks of the depth of the moral lifting of a person, its moral culture. Poverty and low level of culture of moral feelings - the reason for many vital turmoils, failures, and even tragedies. Often, this circumstance leads to egocentrism, creates an atmosphere of misunderstanding, emptiness. Conversely: A person with a developed culture of feelings is a respected person, he is communicating, it is interesting and comfortable with him, with his opinion they are considered to be equal in his behavior.
Moral feelings, multiplied by theoretical elements of moral consciousness, manifest themselves and, revealing in actions, in the end, they are fixed in a person as its moral qualities. Moral qualities are holistic spiritual and practical education, manifested in a variety of spheres of human life.
It is customary to allocate four groups of moral qualities: moral and political, moral and labor, actually moral and moral-combat. If the first three groups are found in almost all citizens, the latter is the "property" of the soldiers of the army and the fleet, employees of special services and law enforcement agencies. In accordance with this, some determining qualities of law enforcement officers can be identified.
First, these are the qualities in which their attitude towards their Fatherland, people, his culture and language manifests themselves. This is primarily patriotism. Even deformations made in the 1920s - 40s, persecution of patriots in the 1990s could not extend the inexpensive sense of love of Russians to their own country, feelings of national pride, respect for other peoples.
Especially brightly patriotism of Soviet people manifested itself during the Great Patriotic War. The people arose to defend their homeland, and in the first ranks of the fighters were law enforcement officers. They fought in the connections and parts of the NKVD on the front, guarded the law and order in the rear, we went out of deserters.
An integral moral and political quality of law enforcement officers is genuine internationalism, which is implemented in respect to other peoples, intolerance to national and racial rosas.
It should be recognized that the arbitrariness made by Stalin in relation to whole nations, the desire to issue the desired interest in the stagnant years inflicted serious damage to interethnic relations, contributing to the development of such manifestations such as chauvinism, nationalism, national dishes, intolerance to customs, the language of other nations. These facts are not located and now.
Secondly, it is a developed sense of duty and personal responsibility for the entrusted matter. The object of the activities of law enforcement officers are people, their concerns, anxiety, joy and sadness, and sometimes life. Without the greatest sense of responsibility for the entrusted business, an employee cannot count on the effectiveness of his work without a deep-conscious sense of debt. In this sense and the demand from it is special. The negligence, naughty attitude towards the destiny of people is unacceptable and must meet a sharp condemnation.
Thirdly, these are those moral qualities that are made by name by moral: honesty, truthfulness, modesty in public and personal life, self-esteem, the ability to behave. Unrestrictions, faithfulness, indiscretion, ambitiousness, sexual licenses - the right way to moral deformation of the employee.
Fourth, these are moral qualities that are manifested in extreme situations: courage, courage, excerpt, vigilance, discipline, composure, readiness for self-sacrifice. These moral qualities received the name of moral-combat. Without them, law enforcement officer simply cannot effectively fulfill its official duties, because it is necessary to work very often in extreme conditions: to drive hostages, to join the psychers, etc.
Fifth, this is the quality characterizing the culture of communication of law enforcement officers both in service and it. Employees of law enforcement agencies, the Company places particularly strict requirements in this sense. What it can forgive the worker, student, seller, in short, representatives of many other professions, never says goodbye to them. And no wonder, as already mentioned above, the requirement of a high culture of communication is specifically recorded in service-policy documents.
An important structural element of the moral culture of the personality is the culture of moral relations. Moral relations are special view Public relations that practically do not exist in pure form, but are an integral part of any human relationships that are moral evaluation. Moral relations are a peculiar relationship between moral consciousness and moral behavior. First, they are formed in the consciousness of the person, and they will ultimately find themselves in moral behavior. Moral relations are essentially the process of moving moral motivation into a moral effect. Moral relations are customary to classify according to the content, in form and, finally, by the method of communication between people. According to the content, it is possible to indicate moral relations that exist in the system of economic, political, legal, professional, family-marriage, etc. relationship. And in all cases, they characterize the moral side of these relations: love for homeland, honesty and decency in economic calculations, feeling of honor and professional pride, etc.
The form of moral relations depends on how the moral requirement is in front of a person, how generalized or specified in nature it has. Accordingly, various types of moral requirements, the attitude of the individual to society takes a special character. In addition, moral requirements are also manifested in such moral categories as debt, honor, dignity, conscience, etc.
Finally, it should be said about the ways of communication between people in the process of moral relations. Moral relations always suggest at least the relationship between two entities, but in reality they are like
the rule is always multilateral. Moral relations are a truly integrating element of morality, its leading link. They combine consciousness and activities together, play a crucial role in regulating relations between people in general. In moral relations, their behavioral is clearly manifested.
The culture of moral communication or behavior is, ultimately, the main objective indicator of the moral maturity of the person. Only a certain level of the cumulative development of moral consciousness, moral relations and moral behavior gives grounds to name a person with a carrier of high moral culture.
From the considered it follows that moral culture is indeed one of the leading components of the culture of law enforcement officers. Caring for his constant improvement is not only a state, society, but also every employee. The higher the moral culture of law enforcement officers, the more efficient, with other things being equal, they fulfill their official debt.
3. Factors - indicators of professional moral deformation and its main reasons
It has already been said above that between immoral and criminal behavior the border is very prison and uncertain. A rather broad "border strip" runs between them, which is certainly passed by the person, before from an enjoyless citizen, it will turn into a criminal. The same applies to the service team when negative moral values \u200b\u200bare beginning to prevail, the so-called "moral antigenism" begin to prevail. In any case, any crime is preceded by the moral deformation of the individual, education in her on the ideological level of immoral moral installations. Ultimately, this leads to moral degradation of the person (and the team, when such installations are beginning to be considered "normal"). Here are the main steps of this "Fall Staircase".
Factors - indicators of a positive moral and psychological climate in the service team, characterizing its high moral culture and, therefore, its high moral potential:
1) good psychological and physical condition of the staff;
2) reasonable and appropriate manual and control;
3) a high level of training personnel;
4) a sense of group cohesion and mutual support;
5) Friendly management attitude to employees;
6) public approval of successfully completed service tasks and conscientious performance of official duties;
7) open discussion of management decisions;
8) lack of rumors;
9) assistance to the leadership by informal leaders;
10) partial delegation of power authority from top to bottom;
11) Practical inclusion in managing the team of informal leaders.
If the team begins to reduce the level of moral culture, it creates favorable conditions for its subsequent professional-moral deformation, which are characterized by the following negative factors of the factors of the moral and psychological climate in the service team:
1) hidden criticism of working conditions;
2) Hidden criticism of guidance instructions;
3) inaccurate execution of orders;
4) group gatherings during operation;
5) empty waste of working time;
6) late and long lack during operation;
7) care from the work of the previous time;
8) refusal to work in overtime;
9) the spread of rumors;
10) negligent treatment of equipment and machinery;
11) An indifferent attitude towards the aesthetic design of working conditions.
The emergence of factors - indicators of a negative moral and psychological climate should be seriously anxious, of course, of course, at the head of the service team and the most moral mature members. They serve as red light bulbs warning about the impending accident. In the case when they do not pay due attention and do not take appropriate measures to eliminate them, the professional and moral deformation begins first of individual members of the service team, and then the entire official team as a whole. This deformation is characterized by the following indicators:
1) formal-bureaucratic leadership methods (arrogance, rudeness, cvtism, a soulless attitude to subordinates);
2) the abuse of power (rudeness in relation to citizens, humiliation of their human dignity, unwise of assistance, unjustified use of physical strength, combat techniques, special means and weapons);
3) tolerance to disorders of official discipline and to the facts of non-fulfillment of official debt;
4) negligent attitude to functional duties;
5) formalism and simplified when issuing documentation;
6) violations of the procedural code;
7) cultivation by the leadership of headquarters and informations, the division of members of the team on "pets" and "disadvantageous";
8) psychologically conflict atmosphere in the team (conflict situations as a constant rate of service relations);
9) priority orientation in the team on moral antigen;
10) the formation of double morality (for "their" and for "strangers");
11) Inspection in the means ("To achieve the goal, all means are good");
12) formation of the atmosphere of a circular order;
13) the psychological inferiority of individual employees due to inability to adapt to the moral climate, traditions and behavioral standards of the service team;
14) "Fatigue" from the fulfillment of official duties, generating indifference to the interests of the service;
15) Rough Violations of Rules roadnot caused service necessitylike the rate of behavior driving;
16) domestic decomposition, drunkenness.
The emergence of factors - indicators of professional-moral deformation suggests that the official team (or employee) is seriously ill and that this disease requires radical treatment. At best, it leads to a decrease in official indicators, an increase in the number of complaints, to unscheduled inspection checks and, as a rule, to the change of leadership by the team, to the loss of the team for a long time of authority and to long-term close attention to the team of senior management, which, as is known, does not Service easier. In the worst case, this leads to the emergence of emergency, since all these factors are a nutrient medium and a prerequisite for criminal acts implemented through the following main forms:
1) shelter from registration and accounting of crimes, their concealment from career or mercenary considerations;
2) gross violations of legality with an approving attitude to this many members of the service team;
3) disclosure of official secrets;
4) self-use of official position, corruption, bribery;
5) splicing with a criminal world, betrayal of the interests of the service;
6) Group crimes (theft, robbery, sweeping, etc.).
Knowledge and accounting of the above factors and indicators are extremely important primarily for managers and employees of the personnel apparatus, as well as for employees who exercise educational work with the personnel. For timely neutralization and prevention of negative factors of moral deformation and the criminal degradation of the service team, it is also necessary to know and take into account the main reasons for the emergence of these factors, which, of course, depend on the specific manifestation of individual members of the service team, but in their service basis, there are objectively existing reasons, generated as specific service (internal causes) and certain conditions of social life (external causes):
1. Internal causes of moral deformation:
a) negative example of manual;
b) overloading work;
c) the presence of the "ceiling" (marginal title);
d) low moral fiction of the team;
e) low legal culture of the team, "Legal Nihilism";
e) low level of educational work;
g) negative "educational" impact of a criminal environment;
h) the negative impact of the family (where there is);
and) isolation, limited communication with a cultural environment, a certain "custodium" of organs;
k) dissatisfaction with material payment and other forms of material incentives for labor;
l) dissatisfaction with working conditions;
m) non-compliance with the qualification level of the position
n) the conspiracy of the service activities (lack of public control);
o) The authorities of the employee opening the opportunity to abuse.
2. External reasons moral deformation:
a) social instability;
b) the crisis of social, ideological and moral ideals;
c) corruptness of officials, employees of management apparatus;
d) legal lawlessness in society, law of laws, discrepancies in the interpretation of laws, non-fulfillment of laws;
e) the predominant installation in society on pragmatic priorities;
(e) Low socio-legal and economic security of law enforcement officers;
g) negative coverage of law enforcement agencies in the media and in works of literature and art;
h) low social prestige of law enforcement agencies;
and) fulfillment by employees of the unusual functions of them.
Based on the analysis of the forms and the causes of moral deformation and degradation, they can be determined by their main stages that can be figured out as "the" Fall Ladder ".
For the personality of the employee:
1. Replacement of generally accepted norms of general and professional ethics by Antinorms in moral installations.
2. Replacement of civil and official debt requirements with personal self-interest interests.
3. Formation of installation on committing criminal acts.
With regard to the service team:
1. Formation of a negative moral and psychological climate in the service team.
2. Formation of a priority orientation in the service team for moral antinorms.
3. Formation in the team of installation on the commission of group criminal acts.
Summarizing the foregoing, we emphasize: inattention to moral culture, to the moral and psychological climate of the service team leads not only to reduce the quality of service activities, but also to general degradation, to the full collapse of the team. That is why the requirement of high moral culture is one of the most important demands of the official activities of law enforcement agencies.
Conclusion
Society evaluates police activities, first of all, according to the laws of moral. It has every reason to expect that employees of this law enforcement industry will perform the oath, and in good faith, that is, not only promptly, efficiently, but also highly agreed, protecting the honor and dignity of citizens, taking into account the moral consequences of their activities . Hence, perhaps the most important social norm, dictated by the interests and expectations of society in his relations with the professional group of police officers (police). This is a norm-demand: "To fulfill your professional debt is honest, not just formally, according to the law, but also in good faith, responsibly, morally, ethically."
Police deontology is the science of the emergence, formation, development and operation of the particular system of the norms and codes of professional behavior of police officers in the professional group of police officers.
Police deontology is considered by foreign scientists and practices as a science that studies the entire set of professional-ethical and organizational and managerial standards, the principles of due behavior of police officers when they perform official duties.
The codes created on its scientific basis are widely used in the training of police personnel, the system of professional-moral education of personnel, regulation of their behavior, in assessing activities and relevant control. As an academic discipline, police deontium is taught at the Academy of Police, Medium and Higher Educational Institutions of the Police of a number of European countries (France, Holland, Denmark, Lithuania, Poland, Finland). As international conferences and seminars of police scientists and practitioners are shown, educational materials of police academies, schools and colleges (USA, Germany, Great Britain), a deontological approach prevails in the moral and ethical training of police personnel and work with them. In class studies, he is constantly emphasized that in the conditions of rigidity and brevity of legal norms, it is ethical norms that are especially important.
Professional deontology is often mistakenly perceived as a science about the rules of good tone. Contrary to such inadequate consideration of deontology at the level of everyday consciousness, the science of the norms of proper professional behavior seeks to more and more comply with the modern needs of social practice.
1 Here it is appropriate to remind you that the document differs from any other text with its details: it has a number, date and signature of a responsible person. In the necessary cases, it is assigned to print and printed on a blank with a stamp of the institution.
Cyt. by: Vorontsov V.P. Symphony of mind. Pp. 135.
Cm.: Volkzhonov D.A. Military ethics. M., 1976. S. 196-197.
Conducted sociological studies unequivocally include this indicator to the basic, that is, underlying the demoralization of the service team.
Law enforcement agencies, and the police are primarily intended to protect the life, health, rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, individuals without citizenship, to counteract crime, the protection of public order and property, providing public security.
In the performance of their official duties, police officers should focus on the needs of society and the state. This, in turn, should increase the level of citizens' confidence in the activities of the police and its individual employee. In order to effectively solve the crime prevention tasks, it is necessary to study the reasons that affect it, and try to exclude them. Thus, the activities of police officers are aimed at eliminating the reasons affecting the state of crime. However, the police independently, without third-party help, cannot fully resist crime. That is why when solving this apparent in the conditions of development of our society, the tasks of the internal affairs authorities simply need support for citizens and public structures.
This company support is important, on the one hand, to obtain information necessary to prevent, disclosure and investigate crimes. On the other hand, the interaction with citizens increases the confidence of the population to the police, allows citizens to contribute to ensuring their own security and to some extent to coordinate police activities, depending on the needs modern society and public hopes in a specific region. In addition, due to such cooperation, citizens begin to feel the responsibility for maintaining the rule of law and public security, the solution of social problems in their area.
The confidence of the population to the police is closely related to the behavior of police officers in relation to citizens, and in particular, in compliance with the norms of professional ethics, both in the performance of official duties and in privacy, ordinary household situations. Everything is an appearance, a form of clothing, manner of communication, respect for police officers of the dignity and fundamental freedoms and human rights, not indifference to other people's problems and trouble, elementary attention - contributes to the establishment of trust relationships.
The new approach is based on the ideas of police ministry to society and involves a high degree of social importance of its work, increasing the level of responsibility for the results of its activities not only before the state, but, first of all, to society and each individual citizen.
Based on the foregoing, the tasks of the police are: maintaining public peace and law enforcement, protection and respect for the rights and freedoms of the individual, the prevention of crime and the struggle with it, assisting citizens.
Protection and respect for human rights as the most important task law enforcement - distinctive trait Police functioning in a democratic society. The duty of the police be on guard of human rights becomes a priority, and the key to success in this case is a well-organized prevention of crime, that is, its warning. When performing this task, the interaction of the police with citizens and society as a whole, as well as government agencies, is becoming the greatest importance, since only in such cooperation in the prevention of crime and prevent their negative manifestations can be as effective as possible.
However, the work in this direction to date was not organized as properly, since the interaction of this kind was poorly reflected and disclosed by Russian legislation in the field of law enforcement, and citizens perceived negatively at all. In the Law of the Russian Federation "On Police", the interaction of law enforcement agencies with civil society and citizens not only found their proper reflection, but also allocated as a priority direction in the activities of the police and its employees.
Since any mandatory task assumes a responsible attitude towards the process and the results of its implementation, such a new task of the internal affairs bodies, as the organization of interaction with society and a citizen, involves developing new mechanisms and search for new ways to solve it.
In this case, raising the level of professional ethics, the development of personal and professional culture, the ethical and intellectual development of each individual employee are mandatory and simply necessary element Solutions and execution of one of the most important police tasks. Confirmation of this - the following factors:
First, the fight against crime and other offenses is not only a legal, but also a moral problem, because it is impossible to fight crime and caused it by generating, without strengthening the moral courts of society, and without the fight against crime it is impossible to ensure all the development and manifestation of moral Factors in its constructive, creative role.
Secondly, employees of the internal affairs bodies have to deal, as a rule, not with the best part of society, which, on the one hand, is very adversely affecting their own moral appearance and can lead to professional deformation under certain conditions. On the other hand, official ethics obliges each police officer to show tact, exposure, to morally affect the detainee, arrested, condemned. In addition, the moral culture of employees of the internal affairs bodies has a noticeable disciplining, educational impact on citizens, and also determines the degree of their confidence in law enforcement agencies.
It is also no secret that in the context of democratization and humanization of society, expanding publicity regarding the activities of law enforcement agencies, the importance of the professional morality of employees increases markedly, since it is primarily a negative manifestation becomes public.
Professional ethics are considered as certain moral requirements for employees, due to the specifics of their profession. Morality would lose their functions of the most universal regulator of behavior and activity of people, if its requirements, the norms would not be so universal and generally in society. Thus, the requirements for the vocational-ethical culture of employees of the internal affairs bodies are twice as high as the ordinary citizen. Even the correct conversation can become a favorable and often the only opportunity to convince the interlocutor in the validity of your position will help to incline him to adoption. right solution and create prerequisites for change, if not the worldview as a whole, but evaluating your specific act or attitudes towards a specific problem. It must be remembered that the person you could arrange to themselves will provide much greater help than who you are trying to make talking to you. In communicating with any citizen, even if it is a representative of the marginal community, the ability to listen carefully to carefully. The ability to listen, and most importantly, hear the interlocutor -
In a difficult situation, the key to mutual understanding.
The rules for the behavior of employees of the internal affairs bodies that determine the polite and attentive appeal to citizens, strict compliance with their rights and freedoms, are developed on the basis of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, generally accepted principles international lawAs well as other regulatory legal acts and are reflected in the Code of Professional Ethics of the Employee of the Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated December 24, 2008 No. 1139.
Each citizen of our country should feel safe, see in a police officer who can reliably protect his life, health, honor and dignity from criminal encroachments worthy of becoming an example for the younger generation causing respect.
With broad rights and powers granted by law, police officers must use them skillfully and reasonably, showing exposure and high culture, adhering to high moral obscures. At the same time, police officers are obliged to be decisive when suppressing offenses, but at the same time their actions should be impeccable in legal attitude, excluding violation of legality, understandable and reasonable for others, excluding the infringement of citizens' rights, including detainees and arrested.
Employees of the internal affairs bodies must remember that they are constantly in sight of the population and the authority of the police in general, the credibility of each specific employee and support of citizens largely depends on their behavior. As life shows, people in the first place are put by professionalism, culture of behavior and the general intellectual development of the employee, its ability to effectively, competently and confidently fulfill its official duties, the desire for social justice and strict compliance with legality, as well as high morally, ethical qualities, The ability to take responsibility and confront any actions that violate the law, the rights and freedoms of citizens. Also, citizens believe that no less necessary qualities of the employee are decency, morality, kindness and empathy, generosity and the desire to help man in a word and work, that is, generally accepted and universal, and therefore the most valuable.
If they evaluate the wishes of citizens in principle, their demands are absolutely legitimate and they are understandable. Such must be employees of the internal affairs bodies in the legal highly developed state seeking to excellence.
In conclusion, I can only say that ethics, since ancient times also called practical philosophy. It is studied not only to find out what virtue is, and in order to be virtuous. The purpose of ethics is not knowledge, but actions. It does not replace a living person in his individual moral efforts and cannot withdraw responsibility for the decisions made or at least soften it. For ethics, you can not hide, it is possible to rely on it. It can only help someone who is looking for her help sincerely wants to eradicate evil in themselves and help in this other, it is better to be better and to make the world around himself.
Leonid Rotaru,
assistant Chief of OMVD of Russia in the district of Kryukovo in Moscow
for work with the personnel
lieutenant Colonel of the internal service
Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
Ural Law Institute
Professional ethics of employees
Internal Affairs
Lecture course
Yekaterinburg
ISBN 5-88437-098-9
Discussed at the meeting of the Department of Philosophy Uryusch of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (Minutes No. 9 of October 25, 2001).
Approved by the editorial and publishing council of the ureasics of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (Protocol No. 33 dated November 29, 2001).
© Urey of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2001
| Topic 1. Morality as a subject of ethics ........................................... ..... | 4 |
| Topic 2. History of ethics ............................................. ....................... | 16 |
| Topic 3. The main categories of ethics ............................................ .... | 29 |
| Topic 4. Morality and the right ............................................ ...................... | 42 |
| Topic 5. Professional morality ............................................. .... | 66 |
| Topic 6. Regulatory framework of the professional morality of the employees of the ATS ......................................... ......................................... | 83 |
| Topic 7. Ethics business communication and service etiquette of law enforcement officers ............................................ ......... | 103 |
| Topic 8. Moral aspects of the activities of employees of operational services and investigative units ........................................ ....... | 144 |
| Topic 9. Problems of professional-moral deformation of the staff of the ATS ........................................ ...................................... | 163 |
Topic 1. Moral as a subject of ethics
1. Introduction.
2. The concept of "morality", its origin, structure.
1. Introduction
Well-known words Moral, morality, ethics are often used as synonyms or by tetat, depending on the consonance of words in the proposal. If you take the story of the appearance of these terms, it is known that etymologically the word ethics comes from Ethos (Greek) and in translation means custom, temper, character. The Latin word MOS is also translated as a custom, temper. Cicero, focusing on the Greek translation, formed from the word MOS adjective Moralis (relating to the nravam), and the term Moralitas (moral) appears later. Therefore, as written in some textbooks, the values \u200b\u200bof Greek Ethica and Latin Moralitas coincide and correspond to the Russian word morality.
However, within the framework of scientific knowledge, these terms have their specific content and semantic load. This difference was comprehended and terminologically secured by G. Hegel, in which morality and morality act as two independent and historically replacing each other's concepts.
First, the morality is fixed by tradition, the individual is included in it directly, as in the outside world, Morality is an expression of inner conviction, in it reality is made by an individual to the extent that it has withstanding checking before a critical thought.
Secondly, morality coincides with the neravami, actually practiced forms of behavior, morality follows from a negative attitude towards reality and is a subject responsibility.
Thirdly, morality can be defined as a public morality, it expresses the point of view of the commonality (family, states, society), morality, on the contrary, there is something like individual morality, it comes from the idea of \u200b\u200bthe intrinsicness of the human person.
In modern literature, along with the identification of these concepts, their differences are distinguished. Under the morality is a form of public consciousness, in which moral requirements and ideas are recorded. Morality is really existing forms and models of human behavior and relations between them.
In an understanding of the term, ethics can be distinguished by two approaches. The first is traditional - under ethics understands science about morality. In the current meaning of ethics is the philosophical science of the essence, the emergence, development and structure of morality. An indication of its philosophical character shows that morality, morality is comprehended from certain ideological positions.
The second approach is to understand the ethics as a doctrine of morality. His feature is that not any doctrine is scientific. Score is the highest form of knowledge involving the truth, evidence, knowledge being checked. In relation to ethics, this is not always possible to achieve. Ethics does not simply displays the morals, customs, and gives them critically - carries out a value analysis. It is a way to aware of public existence, included in moral consciousness as a higher level. The scientific and ethical ideas about morality are in some extent poured into the mass consciousness and have an opposite effect on the development of morality and morality.
Accordingly, in the structure of ethics, two parts are distinguished: theoretical, which describes and explains the morality, and applied, which teaches morality, i.e. Practices certain moral views and principles.
Among the sections of the ethics allocate professional ethics. This concept is often used to refer to the moral code of people of a certain profession. Some authors share the concepts of "professional ethics" and "Professional Morality". Under the first one, the section of ethical science is understood, and under the second - morality, a combination of the established norms of behavior and relations between people. Generally accepted is the following definition of professional ethics as system of norms and rules of behavior of a certain social Group, in the professional activity of which the action of the general soccer and professional norms of morality specifically appears; This section of ethical teachings studying the features of the functioning of morality in various types of professional activities. The term "professional ethics" is conditional as it means primarily professional moral codes. However, the use of the term "professional ethics" is justified, as it makes emphasis on the need for a thoughtful development of its norms. The term "professional morality" implies a known spontaneity in the formation of such rules.
The existence of professional ethics is due to the historically established division of labor, group interests, traditions and stereotypes of professional activities. Of course, in any form of activity, moral problems and contradictions may occur. However, it is possible to allocate a special group of professions to which elevated moral requirements are presented. This is, first of all, the profession, the object of which is a person. To secure these elevated moral requirements for subjects of professional activity, the "Moral Code", enshrined in oaths, charters, provisions, etc. Usually ethics of the doctor, teacher, officer, journalist, etc. In this regard, it is important for representatives of these professions not only knowledge of moral norms, but also a special ability to embody moral principles in specific conditions of its activities. Norms of professional ethics are created under the direct influence of interested organizations. They contain a greater element of rational justification than in the total morality, since the specified professional groups Technologically expedient and self-moral sides of the activity coincide.
Professional morality is in close connection with the general morality. Any attempts to neglect this link are completed either by replacing a certain moral Code Elevated installations (charters, instructions) or abstract declarations. This connection is deep, necessary. General moral norms, principles, which are more significant, significantly capture changes in public requirements for the activities of specific professional groups. Therefore, they primarily stimulate the generalization of moral practices and the emergence of new standards and prohibitions in professional morality. The main feature of the norms of professional morality is their recommendation.
A special place is occupied by professional ethics of police officers, which is deontological character. This means that the moral claims imposed on employees of the ATS are strictly mandatory and are provided with administrative sanctions (for example, the Code of Honor, orders and instructions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, disciplinary statutes that determine the forms of behavior and communication).
The activities of ATS officers are state in nature, as they are representatives of power. Actions and solutions of various divisions of internal affairs bodies affect the fundamental rights and interests of citizens. Therefore, their activities must comply with the principles and norms of morality, the protection of state authority and its representatives. State duties requires representatives of the power of an increased sense of debt and responsibility.
