Survey method. Questioning. Presentation to the lesson in the course "Introduction to sociology. Interview. Sociological study Download presentation Questioning as research methods

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Sociology: textbook for universities / ed. prof. V.N. Lavrinenko - M.: Unitidan, 2005.-448 p.

The survey is a method for collecting primary sociological information through issues to a certain group of people (respondents). The survey is a kind of communication, and its results depend on a number of circumstances: the psychological state of the respondent at the time of the survey; survey situations (conditions that must be favorable for communication); Contents of the questionnaire or oral question.

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Devyatko I. F., "Methods of sociological research." - Ekaterinburg: Publishing House of Ural, University, 1998.- 208 p.

For a typical "Gallapovsky" survey, the following signs are characterized: 1) a national nature; 2) selection from the general population of all persons who have reached the election age; 3) the maximum approach of the time of the polling to the time of elections or referenda; 4) the average number of respondents in the sample - 2000 people; 5) random or quotary sampling; 6) the use of standard questionnaires and personal interviewing of each respondent at the place of residence; 7) "closed" the nature of the issues; 8) Collecting individual data and such that each observation can be correlated with a specific individual in the sample.

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For an ideal experiment, characteristic: 1) monitoring conditions, i.e. the possibility of varying independent variables and measuring dependent; 2) the use of experimental and control groups for repeated comparisons; 3) randomization, i.e., random selection of tests in the control and experimental group.

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Types of survey

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Yadov V.A., "Sociological Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - p. 596.

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Interviews - conducted according to a specific conversation plan, involving direct contact of the interviewer with the respondent (interviewed), and the record of the last responses is made either by the interviewer (its assistant) or mechanically (on film).

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Varieties of interviewing Documentary interviews - study of the events of the past, refinement of facts; Interviews of opinions whose goal is to identify estimates, views "judgments.

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Free interviews is a long conversation without strict detailing questions, but according to the general program. Such interviews are appropriate at the exploration stage in the formulative plan of research. The standardized interview involves the detailed development of the entire procedure, including the general conversation plan, consistency and design of questions, options for possible answers.

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Objective: intensive (clinical) interview - to get information about internal motives, motifs, the increments of the respondent, focused - to extract information on the reactions of the subject to the specified impact in the focused interview tend to determine which semantic units of the text analysis were in the center of attention of the respondents, which on Peripherals and that at all remained in memory, an unireded interview is "therapeutic" character. The conversation initiative belongs to the respondent himself, the interview only helps him "throw out the soul." Naragenive interview - a free story sent by the interviewer, a story about life.

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The questionnaire is a system of issues united by a single idea and aimed at identifying the quantitative characteristics of the object and the object of analysis. It includes an ordered list of questions to which the respondent is responsible independently in accordance with the indicated rules. It is advisable in two cases: when you need to poll a large number of respondents in a relatively short time; Respondents should thoroughly think about their answers, having a printed questionnaire before their eyes.

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The survey on the questionnaire suggests: hard fixed order, content and form of issues; Clear indication of the response methods, and they are recorded by either alone with themselves (per unit survey), or in the presence of an outline (direct survey).

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The classification of surveys in the open survey respondents are in free form. In a closed questionnaire, all the answers are provided in advance. Semi-closed questionnaires combine both procedures.

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Site, or express survey, applies in public opinion surveys and contains only 3-4 points of basic information plus several points associated with the demographic and social characteristics of the respondents. When polling by mail, the return of the questionnaire is expected to be paid in advance postal postage. When surveying on the site, the outpiece itself collects filled sheets. Group Question: Questioned up to 30-40 people: The outrigger collects the questionnaire, instructs them and leaves for filling out the questionnaire, individualized questionnaire: the outline is addressed individually to each respondent.

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When classifying, the questionnaires also use numerous criteria related to the theme of surveys: Event Questions; Questionnaires to clarify value orientations and opinions; statistical questionnaires (in population censuses); Timekeeping of daily budgets time, etc.

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Procedure for organizing research using survey

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The program and working plan of a sociological study: form a single document, which is discussed with the customer and should be approved. Yadov V.A., "Sociological Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - p. 596.

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The main elements of such a program are as follows: 1. A clear wording of research tasks with an indication of the expected practical result. This section substantiates the need for a study, based on the relevance of specific problems and contradictions that prevent the normal functioning and development of this object. For example, it is emphasized that the implementation of certain social goals is difficult due to ignorance about the problems of various groups of the population; According to the available data, it is obvious to the increase in tension in such other areas or a conflict is possible, etc. The results of the results are described in the terminology of possible management decisions, indicating their general nature and orientation: for such purposes in the form of such actions and For such controls. For example, it is recommended to negotiate between the conflicting parties. Yadov V.A., "Sociological Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - p. 596.

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2. A brief scientific and practical substantiation of the problem and possible ways to study. This section of the program combines the clarification of the basic concepts, the list of structural units of this object (groups of workers or population, production cells, etc.) and social processes, which should be analyzed, and in conclusion it contains a list of alleged reasons that prevent normal operation and development. These structural units, the object as a whole in these areas of activity. In the program submitted to the customer, these scientific categories must be replaced with conventional. Yadov V.A., "Sociological Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - p. 596.

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The same should be done to describe the tasks of research related to the estimates of the "social resource" of national minorities: to explain that the relationship between the main population and minorities will be studied in various indicators of their potential labor market (education, qualifications, etc. .), In the field of claims to participate in political life, in terms of self-assessment of material and other living conditions; Whether they are similar estimates of the majority or essentially different - this indicates the differences in subjective "resources" necessary to overcome some vital difficulties, which can be either already a source of social tension in relations between most and national minorities. Here, the researcher relies on the theory of relative deprivation of needs. You can equally use the theory social movements And to set the task to determine the states of the "mobilization of" minorities to certain collective action, conduct a survey on their attitude to various "repertoires" of joint shares (appeal to the authorities, protest, etc.). At the same time, using theoretical knowledge, the researcher does not scare the customer with his academic scholarship, but it seeks due mutual understanding. Yadov V.A., "Sociological Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - p. 596.

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3. In the third, methodological, the program section proposes the type of sampling (with a sample examination), its volume is specified, the data collection methods are listed and the method of processing results is in a compressed form in several phrases. The task of this section is the transition to the rationale for the resource costs necessary for the implementation of the study. Yadov V.A., "Sociological Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - p. 596.

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4. The work plan of the study is an indispensable section of the program. It statenly defines the timing of the work, if necessary, the co-valves are fixed, the calculation is proposed. moneynecessary for the reproduction of field documents and machine processing, for transportation costs, etc., the number of employees and their qualifications are justified, including auxiliary personnel. Here are the timing of presentation of preliminary and final results of work. Yadov V.A., "Sociological Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - p. 596.

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In the event of an extreme lack of source information in Section 4 (Work Plan), it is planned to the formulant stage of the study, and all previous sections are set out in more general With the reservation, that a clearer setting of tasks is subject to clarification to a consistent time. The work plan will certainly be attached to the substantiation of the scope of resources for research. In research with the participation of clarifieds to the second section of the program, it is advisable to apply subprogrammes developed by co-valves in private areas and tasks. Yadov V.A., "Sociological Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - p. 596.

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The organization of an applied study requires first of all the establishment of due mutual understanding with the "customer". It should be clearly understood that the customer expects from the planned study and that, from the point of view of a sociologist, can be realized undoubtedly, allegedly or not at all succeed. If the purpose and objectives of the study are not agreed with the customer properly, the result, as a rule, is a deplorable: the customer doubts the utility of the data. Doubts of this kind can be quite reasonable, but it happens so that they are dictated by the false impression of the Customer about his awareness in this area. Yadov V.A., "Sociological Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - p. 596.

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Types of issues and requirements for their compilation

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Yadov V.A., "Strategy of a Sociological Research" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - pp. 596. The reliability of the data significantly depends not only on the content of the planned information, but, of course, and on the design of the very question, the expediency of which is dictated Specific task and survey conditions Open questions are good at the stage of samples, determining the research area and in the function of the control. It is assumed that the answer in free form allows you to identify the dominant of opinions, assessments, sentiment, but most importantly is that, reacting to the question without a prompt answer options, people better show the features of their everyday, everyday consciousness, their image of thoughts. Closed questions allow you to more strictly interpret the answer. Frames of correlation of estimates and judgments are determined here by a set of uniform for all respondents. The researcher has more reliable foundations than with independent issues, to compare the data in equal terms. It is possible not only to find out the content of judgments, but also measure the estimate intensity by making them for each option.

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Yadov V.A., "Strategy of a Sociological Research" - M.: Academkniga ICC, 2003 - pp. 596. The formulation of closed issues involves compliance with the following basic requirements: (1) The main thing is to maximize the possibilities of answers. The semi-closed version is also used, in which the battle is left for additional comments and comments. At the end of the answer list, there are: "Additional comments (specify which one) ...". (2) Formulating the answers (prompts) options, three important rules should be remembered: the first should be the least probable answer options; Tips must be approximately equal length; All response options should be withstanding at one level. (3) In no way, it is impossible to combine several ideas in one phrase, for example: "work is interesting and well paid"; "The work is well paid, but uninteresting." (4) All possible options for answers must be printed on one page so that the respondent can reach the rating framework framework.

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Yadov V.A., "Sociological Study Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - P. 596. (5) It is impossible to print the entire series of positive prompts in a row and followed by her - a series of negative or vice versa. (6) The list of suggested answers is sometimes so extensive that the respondents get tired as it moves to its end and with the latest groups of judgments work less carefully than with the first, or the inertia force begins to operate in responses. In this case, it is advisable to disdate a list of three blocks and offer parts of the pollock pollock in one sequence, the rest of the groups in the other. (7) Restrictions on the choice of tips can be rigid and non-rigid. It depends on the program goal of the question and its meaning.

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Yadov V.A., "Strategy of a Sociological Research" - M.: Academkniga ICC, 2003 - P. 596. In an interview, the Deployment of the conversation implies the formulation of open issues and further clarify the answers depending on the situation. The final result of the individual interview sections can be formulated as a closed question, lizing the judgments specified by the respondent with a request to clarify them and compare the questionnaire surveys, as a rule, combine all issues of questions: open, closed and semi-closed. This increases the validity and completeness of information. Direct and indirect questions. In the direct version of the question there is a response that should be understood in the same sense, as it is understood by the respondent. The answer to an indirect question involves deciphering in another, hidden from the respondent's sense. The most common way to replace direct questions of indirect - translating from personal shape into impersonal. Personal and impersonal issues are equally related to estimates and judgments of the person being interviewed, but in the second case, the estimates are indirect. The impersonal and semi-drying form of the question is used to identify opinions divergent with generally accepted. In the options, the answers emphasizes that they are all possible and the respondent will not be

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Yadov V.A., "Sociological Study Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - P. 596. Basic and control issues differ in their functions in the interpretation of data. Using the controls, you specify, complement the information obtained in the main issues. In the questionnaire, the main and control issues should be placed so that the respondent will not capture the direct link between them. Therefore, they are mixed with other topics that are not related to this. Sometimes this is used by the "silencer". In addition to the leading - targets that meet the direct tasks of the study, so-called functional, or official, wording and issues are always used. The tasks of the latter are to facilitate the process of interviewing or a questionnaire, relieve the voltage and fatigue, which appear by the end of the respondent, distract its attention when required, or, on the contrary, to help concentrate. Functional questions include "filters" and "traps", selecting incompetent and inattentive; "Silencers", with the help of which distract attention with a long list or before performing a control question; Material explanatory comments and reservations such as, such as: "In your opinion," and now, if we consider as a whole, how would you characterize? ... ", etc. The purpose of such wording is to create psychological comfort to respondent .

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Structure of the questionnaire and requirements for its preparation

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Yadov V.A., "Strategy of a Sociological Research" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - pp. 596. The form is filled with independently, so its design and all comments should be extremely clear for the respondent. The basic principles of building a questionnaire are as follows. First principle: Program logic of issues should not be mixed with the logic of building a questionnaire. The second principle is the indispensable consideration of the specifics of the culture and the practical experience of the interviewed audience. The third principle follows from the fact that the same questions located in different sequences will give different information. The fourth principle is the semantic "blocks" of the polling sheet must be about one volume. The dominance of some "block" inevitably affects the quality of answers on other semantic "blocks." The fifth principle concerns the distribution of questions in the degree of their difficulty. The first questions should be simpler, then follow more complex (preferably eventful, not estimated), then - even more difficult (motivational), then - recession (eventual, factual) and at the end - the most difficult questions (one or two), after What is the final "passport".

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Yadov V.A., "Strategy of a Sociological Research" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - pp. 596. The usual sequence of semantic sections of the questionnaire is as follows: the introduction in which it is indicated: who and for which the survey will be carried out how data will be used ; If required by the content of the issues, is a guarantee of anonymity of information, instructions for filling the questionnaire and a method for returning it. Introductory issues perform two functions: interest the respondent and make it easier for him to go into work. It is impossible to start a survey with "passports", which is generally disturbing some people. Details about demographic data being interviewed is helpful to attach a questionnaire. Difficult issues supplied at first can scare away, and this will lead to a failure to participate in the survey. If the respondent already joined the conversation, he will be inclined to finish the work rather than to interrupt it halfway. The most acute sensitive issues are located in the last third of the sheet.

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Yadov V.A., "Sociological Study Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - P. 596. (c) Final issues on the content of the topic should be relatively difficult, as it is necessary to consider that, working with the questionnaire, People are gradually tired. Here are good scores of estimates and other information in closed versions. Open questions requiring extensive comments are closer to the middle of the questionnaire; As the control, they are allowed at the end, but not more than one or two. (d) "Passport" takes the last page. It is concise, does not require much voltage and testifies to the completion of the survey. (e) Usually, in conclusion, gratitude for cooperation in conducting a survey is expressed. Often it is re-gratitude, because in the introduction they write: "Thank you in advance for your cooperation."

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Yadov V.A., "Strategy of a Sociological Research" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - pp. 596. The layout of the questionnaire must meet the requirements of simplicity and convenience of work and for the respondent, and for the encoder. All semantic sections begin with special introductory explanations that are allocated to the font. For example: "Now we go to the estimates of various television gear. We remind you that we are not only interested in the opinion of the owners of the TV and permanent television viewers) but also all who are at least occasionally watching television programs. "(2) Each question is accompanied by a clear instruction, how to answer it: Mark some points, answer in free In no case cannot be offered to emphasize or cross the text of the proposed judgments (in closed issues): they usually have difficulties in deciphering such marks, for they are sloppy. You should leave a special place for marks either in front of the phrase or after it.

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Yadov V.A., "Sociological Study Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - pp. 596. (3) Cannot break text related to one question: The whole design of the question is located on one lane. (4) All questions are numbered in order, and answer options are denoted by letters or numbers in brackets (for ease of processing and self-control of the respondent). It is advisable to apply a variety of fonts and certainly a varied layout of questions and answers. Different fonts are gaining: introductory comments to a series of questions, the questions themselves, instructions how to respond, answer options. Do not abuse "matrix" questions. The "matrix" form is convenient and economical when laying and processing a questionnaire. But it was here that the effect of "echo" is most dangerous. (7) To revitalize texts, also use drawings and unusual ways of mark

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The advantages and disadvantages of the survey

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Yadov V.A., "Sociological Study Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - pp. 596. The advantages and disadvantages of the survey method. Advantages. - The ability to receive information directly from the event participants - the survey allows information on a wide range of topics (practically unlimited) - the survey allows you to collect information from any number of respondents (unlimited number of informants) disadvantages. - Collection of information outside the "natural" situation - any information obtained during the survey is not deprived of subjectivism associated with the pressure of social approval - provokes to the statement of an answer, even ate respondent is not comettent in one way or another aspect

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Yadov V.A., "Sociological Study Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - P. 596. Benefits and restrictions on the main techniques 1. Personal interview. Advantages. - High achievability of the planned sampling of respondents - the possibility of using complex questions (schemes, tables, different blocks for different respondents) - the ability to vary the sequence of questions - the interviewer can provide explanations, comments, seek answers to most questions - can be used visual materials (cards, product samples ) - The interviewer allows longer to hold the attention of the respondent - a relatively high speed of data collection - the ability to observe the respondent of disadvantages. - Relatively more expensive - distortion is possible due to the effect of the interviewer (for example, the influence of the socio-demographic characteristics of the interviewer to the result obtained. For example, the average income from unstary men is in direct dependence on the size of the inter-Waiter boobs) - no personal control capabilities Interviewer

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Yadov V.A., "Strategy of a Sociological Research" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - p. 596. 2. Telephone poll of dignity. - high efficiency of obtaining results (short field stage) - high control over the operation of the interviewer - the smaller effect of the interviewer is a high level of telephonization \u003d\u003e Wide geographical coverage - relatively low cost - the possibility of simultaneous data processing (instant computerization and generation of data array) disadvantages - restriction on the duration is the need for the most simple questions - the impossibility of demonstrating the respondent of visual materials is the risk of sample displacements due to the low level of telephonization (or, for example, due to large number unregistered in numbers of numbers)

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Yadov V.A., "Sociological Study Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - pp. 596. Pressure survey. - Clear redirection of the questionnaire of a specific audience - the lack of influence of the interviewer - the low cost of the field stage of the study is an extremely wide initial coverage of the audience of the shortcomings. - the same as in the postal survey - the maximum briefness of the questionnaire (no more than 5-7 questions) is the need to stimulate the responses - the impossibility of potential appeal to a specific respondent is the impossibility of implementing any sample, except the spontaneous

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Yadov V.A., "Strategy of a Sociological Research" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - P. 596. The Internet survey is divided into on-line (a questionnaire is possessing) and off-line on the site (in the form of a file - Sites to the address of the potential respondent). Advantages. - The ability to use a wide variety of visual materials is the possibility of coverage of specific audiences - instant processing of collected data - low costs for the field stage and processing data disadvantages. - Forced briefness of the questionnaire - the inability to test the sincerity of the responses received is the sample displacement, which is difficult to evaluate 6. Independent filling is largely similar to the postal survey. Advantages (besides those in the postal) - a great control of the return questionnaire is relatively cheaper than a personal survey - a fairly fast information collection - usually a high refund

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Yadov V.A., "Strategy of a Sociological Research" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - pp. 596. Postal poll of dignity. - The respondent can choose a convenient time for it - no influence of an interviewer - wide geographical coverage - ease of sampling - a relatively low cost of data collection is a higher anonymity of flaws. - Low achievability (about 5-10%) - a long field stage - the impossibility of explanations during the survey - the need for simplicity of the wording of issues and filling is the lack of monitoring of the order of filling and behind the filling process (for example, An-Keta-Centaur: Fill different people or Collegiates) - limit on the volume of the questionnaire (no more than 30 questions) - the impossibility of obtaining additional data on the respondent during observation is the sample displacement (in the direction of well-educated people who know how "handle in hand hold"

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Yadov V.A., "Sociological Strategy" - M.: Academknig ICC, 2003 - pp. 596. Typical mistakes in conducting surveys.

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* 17. Questionnaire ... What is it and how to make it? When a person ask about something, he can give the correct answer to any question - provided that the question is asked correctly. Plato, "Fedon"

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* Questionnaire - Sociological survey toolkit, which is a structured system of issues aimed at obtaining the necessary information. Participants of the survey: Oblater (from Franz. Enquete, literally - an investigation, i.e. a person who conducts a questionnaire survey) Respondent (from Lat. Responsum - answer, i.e. person who serves as a source of information and filling out a questionnaire).

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* Structure of the questionnaire questionnaire usually consists of administration, main part and passports (demographic block). In Introduction: Appeal to the respondent, an indication of a conductive survey, the purpose of the survey, an instruction of filling the questionnaire. Example

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* Profile of the Design Conference and research work Dear friend. The organizers and participants of the conference the overall desire to make it an interesting, memorable, helping studying and life. To improve the quality of the conference organization and fully take into account the opinion of its participants, the conference organizing committee conducts a sociological study. We ask you to answer all the questionnaire questions, following the instructions for questions. Fill the questionnaires easy and will not require a lot of time. Please read the question and all offered answers to it. The number of the answer, which coincides with your opinion, circle a circle. If there are no finished answers or none of them suits you, please write my thoughts on specially designated lines. The value of our research will depend on how thorough and fully you will answer all the questions. Therefore, we ask you to refill the questionnaire seriously and benevolently. Thank you in advance for participating in the study. Conference Organizing Committee.

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* Main part: Questions aimed at studying the problem under study. Simple questions that introduce the respondent in the context of the problems discussed. Sophisticated questions requiring serious reflections (in the middle of the questionnaire). Lighter questions. Demographic part (passport): questions about the status of the respondent (gender, age, education, place of residence, etc.). At the end of the statement questionnaire: "Thank you for participating in the study!", "Thank you very much for your answers", "Thank you for your cooperation!" etc.

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* Types of questions in the form of a closed question (a complete set of answer options is given to it in the questionnaire) Alternative questions (the ability to select a respondent of one answer, the amount of answers to all options is always 100%) 3. Have you previously participated in the district conferences of design and research work? 3.1. Yes, he participated 3.2. No, did not participate. Neutternative questions (choosing the respondent of several options for answers, so their amount may exceed 100%) 5. In what conferences of project and research works did you participate? 5.1. In school. 5.2. In the district. 5.3. In urban. 5.4. In federal. 5.5. In university.

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* Semi-closed question (the respondent may be in addition to the answer offered in the questionnaire, offer its version) 7. What have you acquired thanks to participation in conferences of design and research work? 7.1. Began to learn better. 7.2. There was an increased interest in studied educational subjects. 7.3. Determined with the choice of the future profession. 7.4. Acquired the experience of public speaking. 7.5. ...

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* Open question (the respondent himself expresses his opinion in its entirety without tips on the side of the outline) to handle, to generalize this information is much more complicated. 4. Write 3 difficulties with which you encountered during the development period of the project or the implementation of an educational study. 4.1. 4.2. 4.3.

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* Direct questions (allows you to get direct information from the respondent) 2. Are you satisfied with the public presentation of your project? 2.1. Yes, satisfied completely. 2.2. Partially satisfied. 2.3. No, not fully satisfied. Indirect questions (asked when the manifestation of a critical attitude towards themselves is required, evaluating any negative phenomena of reality) allows you to smooth the personal color of the issue. We ask you to finish the following phrase: "When they say that the success of the project depends on 90% of the supervisor, I think that ..."

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* Types of issues on the importance and role in the questionnaire. Main issues (aimed at collecting information about the phenomenon study) 9. Write in the line of the number of statements in descending order of their importance: "I am engaged in project and research activities, because ..." I want to know more. I want Get good marks in the semester (certificate). The content of this activity is possible due to my future profession. I like scientific director. Work on the project, the study passes interesting. At school, this type of activity is obligatory for everyone. To keep up with classmates, friends. This is important for parents. This allows me to creatively self-realize.

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* Neostny questions perform official functions: check the sincerity of the respondent, help him understand the meaning of the main question, etc. Questions filters allow you to establish the addressee of the main question 3. Have you been a member of last year's conference of design and research work? 3.1. Yes. 3.2. Not. 4. If you participated, then appreciate the 5-point scale of this conference: 1 2 3 4 5

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* The types of questions on the content of questions about the facts of consciousness are aimed at identifying opinions, wishes, plans for the future, etc. 5. If time to turn back, would you re-execute this project again, research? Why? ______________________ ______________________ Questions about the facts of behavior detect actions, actions and results of people's activities. 2. How much time did you have work on a project studying? (Circle only one intended response number) 2.1. One month and less than 2.2. From one to three months 2.3. From three to six months 2.4. More than a year

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* Make up the socio-demographic block (passport) of the questionnaire, set, if necessary, sexually or social status Respondent (gender, age, education, place of residence, etc.) questions about the personality of the respondent

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* Questionnaire requirements Accounting for the number of questions in the questionnaire, optimally 15-20 questions. The inclusion of terms understandable for the respondent, non-infringement of superfluous words. Compliance with the principle of arrangement of questions: Simple - complex - simple. Inadmissibility of the impact of previous issues on the next. The absence of an unnecessary number of similar options for possible answers to your question. Supply of filter issues in transitions for different groups of respondents. (For example: Attention! Only those who have already participated in our conference of design and research work are responsible for the next two questions. Those who take part first go to the question number ...). The desire to clearly explain the technique of answers to questions, linking how many answer options it can be noted. Transformation of closed questions in half-closed, adding the position "Your answer" Go "Other Answers". Inadmissibility of typos in the text of the questionnaire.

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Memo iconer Oblater! When you go to the respondent, remember: we should not just get answers, but to get truthful answers. The one to whom you go, while only one of our samples; Will he want to take on the role of the respondent depends on you. The first impression is the strongest. And the first impressive, which the respondent will receive about our study as a whole, about you, our outline. Therefore, be polite, attentive, accurate, energetic, confident, charming. At the very different people You must cause sympathy, arrange to sincerity. You go to look for the truth that you can not know, but your respondents know. And therefore be friendly and demanding at the same time. Meet the respondent is better in the morning. Well, if you are able to negotiate with him in advance by phone: he can have other plans. *

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At the meeting, you must: 1. To introduce yourself. Contact response by name and patronymic. The list of respondents in the hands do not hold, checkboxes in it at the respondent do not put. Briefly explain: who, what and why conducts a survey. 2. Be sure to specify the practical purpose of the study. This will help to interest the respondent, to create a motivation to participate in the study. 3. Before turning to the respondent to answer questions, it is necessary to say a few words about the rules of the sample. 4. Anonymious guarantee: We undertake to prevent anyone in addition to completed questionnaires, except for representatives of the research team, do not disclose the content of the answers. The information will be grouped, summarized, subjected to statistical analysis. 5. Explain the rules of filling and passing the questionnaire. Absornet, we ask you to write a short report about your work in which you will point out: those who reacted to our work are good - how many people and their characteristics: gender, age, degree, position; 2) Who refused - their number, signs, the cause of failure. *

... the pioneer of using this method was Francis Galton, who studied the origin of the mental qualities of the personality of self-debt respondents. The results of the survey was presented to them in the book "British People of Science: their nature and education" 1874

The advantages of the method of oscillate the efficiency of obtaining information. Obtainability of mass examinations and collecting a large amount of data. Occasively small labor-intensity procedures for preparing and conducting research, processing their results. The positiveness of the influence of the individual and the behavior of the responding respondents. Onevenivity from researcher relations of subjective addiction to some of those responsible.

The disadvantages of the method of a personal contact does not allow to change the procedure and wording of questions, depending on the responses or behavior of respondents, the vulnerals of the Village on the responses of the respondents are not always sufficient, because Respondents wish to look in a more advantageous light, deliberately embellish the real state of affairs or just lgut

Requirements for the formulation of issues Clarity, conciseness (shortness), literacy of the wording Coldness, Laconicity (shortness), the literacy of the wording The question requires a specific answer. The question requires a specific answer. No ambiguity of the question. No ambiguity Question The question should not be leading or inspireing a certain answer. The question should not be applying or inspire a certain answer Method "Funnel" Method "Funnel" Method "Funnel" Method "Funnel" should be a trusting situation should be a trusting situation Accounting and the profession of the responsible accounting of age and the profession of the responsible cannot be asked for non -actic issues.

Ways to improve the effectiveness of control issues in the questionnaire. The main and control question should not be placed nearby, otherwise their relationship will be detected. Answers to direct questions, it is better to control indirect controls. It is necessary to expose only the most significant issues in the questionnaire. The need for control is usually reduced if a significant part Issues allow evasion of response, expressions of uncertainty of opinion ("I don't know", "I find it difficult to answer," "when, and so paragraph.) [1,182]

Questionnaire composition 1. Note. 2. Contribution - appeal to the respondent, which outlines the topic of the survey, its goal, is called an organization or person conducting a survey, reports the strict confidentiality of information. 3. Instructions for filling out a form. 4. Acknowledgments. 5. Thanks for cooperation.

Stages of preparation of the questionnaire 1. Analysis themes themes and selection of individual problems in it. 2. Development of the trial questionnaire with the predominance of open questions. 3.Pill questioning. Analysis of its results. 4.Un the wording of instructions and the content of questions. 5. An accounting. 6. Entity and interpretation of results. Preparing of report.

Used literature 1. Gorbatov D.S. Psychological research workshop. Tutorial. Samara, Bakhrakh-M, 2003, 272c. 2. Methods of practical social psychology: diagnosis. Counseling. Training: Tutorial for universities / Yu. M. Zhukov, A. K. Erofeev, S. A. Lipatov, etc.; Edited by Yu. M. Zhukov. - M.: Aspect Press, 2004, 256 p. 3. S. I. Melekhina Student training 8-9 classes project activities In technology lessons, Kirov, 2002

The "funnel" method is very rare the process of filling in the questionnaire is a special benefit for the respondents, so the first questions are maximally easily and interesting. It is important to make that they want to answer most of the respondents. From simple questions to more complex, from common to concrete. Each previous question should increase interest in the following. In the final part, the form again follows simple, general issues, which is associated with the advancing extrusion of attention, with strengthening the fatigue of respondents.

Contact issues The first introductory questions helping to arrange a person to themselves, to make contact with him, set up to a survey, give to think, remember. They must be as easy and interesting as possible. These issues form a cooperation plan. Stimulate the interest in the subjects. They introduce respondents in the range of problems discussed in the questionnaire. Serve for information.

Examples of contact issues: - If you would suggest to act in the movie, whatever the role of you choose? - Did you get acquainted with an interesting young man near the bus stop? -Do you have pets (dogs, cats, fish)? -Do ever ride on the car or motorcycle? -What do you like music most?

CLOSED QUESTIONS Question containing a complete set of possible options for response options for standards 1 opposite, mutually exclusive ("Yes - no", "right - incorrectly", "I agree - I do not agree", etc.) (Dichotomic form of the question) you have a good appetite ? 1.We 2. No 2 providing the "Response Menu", assume the presence of answers (polyvariant form of the question) What attracts you the selected car brand? 1. Employment 2. Equity 3. Economic 4. Disease 3 Sabling shape (used in cases where there is a need to express the intensity of relationships, experiences, impressions, etc.) - I fully agree - I agree, but there are exceptions - I do not know - I do not agree, but sometimes it happens - absolutely disagree 4 Table form Do you have enough time on: Danenna I know the performance of lessons to help parents

Open questions The question assumes that the response will fully formulate him completely and fully formulate himself. Assuming arbitrary answers, questions help learn the opinion of people. But in this case it will be difficult to compare the answers. Such questions are used in the early stages of the compilation of the questionnaire, or when there is a need for the maximum full expression of all available in the response group. There are inappropriate issues and in cases where the anonymity of respondents has a special place. Examples: - How do you feel about your profession? - What style do you communicate with classmates? - What is the value of learning in your worldview?

4 3 Illustrated Issues Questions Augmented by photographs, pictures, avenues, samples. These additions help the best show what is asked about to correctly orient the respondent. Example: Which of these cars would you like to have? 1 2 5.

About the personality of the respondent. Questions regarding gender, age, education, profession, marital status ... etc. The presence of these issues makes it possible to further process the material of the survey within a subgroup of people, if necessary, comparing similar information from various subgroups. Examples: - How many years old? -What education do you have? - Show marital status? - What specialty do you work? -How many children do you have?

On the facts of consciousness issues that reveal the opinion, motifs, expectations, plans, evaluation judgments responsible. Examples: - What are your plans after graduation? - Considering what motives, did you choose your future profession? - What is the opinion about the new classmate? - What do you expect from the New Year? - Whose opinion is the most important thing for you? - How do you feel about religious holidays?

On the facts of behavior, questions revealing real actions, actions and results of people's activities. Examples: What do you do if you are offended by a friend? -What will your actions on the fire alarm signal? - Transfer the consequences of staying students at school? - Did you have a treatment assigned by the doctor? -How changed the environmental situation after school tour?

Questions - filters use when information is needed not from the entire totality of respondents, but only from part of them. This is a kind of "profile in the questionnaire". And the end of the filter is usually clearly denoted graphically. Example: "The following two questions only for students of the Peduchili. Are you going to practice at school? What knowledge do you miss at work? Do you assist the teacher? Attention! Questions for all. "

Control questions issues that make it possible to clarify the correctness of the information reported by the respondents, as well as eliminate unreliable responses from further consideration or even questionnaires. 1. Learning, which are a repetition of informational, formulated by other words 2. Employments that serve to identify persons with an increased tendency to choose socially appreciated responses.

Direct questions are aimed at the direct, open receipt of information from the respondent. It is assumed that it will be given an equally direct and honest answer. Examples: What is your parents? - Show your home phone. -What city do you live in?

Indirect questions The question associated with the use of any imaginary situation masking the critical potential of the transmitted information. Used where you need to express enough critical attitude towards yourself and to others. In such cases, many tend to be limited to socially approved responses, sometimes to the detriment of sincerity. In fact, what will be the answer to the question: "What prevents you from doing homework well?" And if you formulate it indirectly: "It is no secret that part of your class students extremely rarely performing homework. What do you think, why? "

The survey method, its definition, the most common method of collecting primary marketing information is a survey. It is used about 90% of studies. The survey is a method of collecting primary marketing information, providing, in return, written or verbal treatment of researchers to a certain set of people (respondents) with questions, the content of which reflects the problem under study, and, secondly, registration, statistical processing and interpretation of the responses received. The purpose of the survey is to find out the subjective opinions of people, their preferences, beliefs, installations for any object.

The survey method is based on obtaining information from respondents who respond to the questions asked them. Respondents are offered many questions about their purchasing behavior, intentions, relationships, awareness, motivation, demographic characteristics and lifestyle. Questions can be set orally, writing or using a computer, as well as the answers can be obtained by any of these three ways. As a rule, questions are structured, that is, some standardization of the process of collecting information is assumed. With a structured data collection, a formalized questionnaire is developed, and the questions are set in a predetermined order. Such a survey method is also called direct. The classification of marketing research, both direct and indirect, depends on whether its true goal is known to respondents. Direct study is open, i.e., his goal is known to respondents or to some extent is obvious from the nature of the questions asked. Structured direct survey is the most popular method of data collection - involves the development of the questionnaire. Most of the typical questionnaire questions are questions with the specified response options, when the respondent is invited to choose the most suitable answer from several proposed options.

Poll survey methods can be carried out: by phone, personally, by mail, using the Internet. Polls on the phone can be divided into traditional polls by phone and telephone polls using a computer (Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviews- Cati). Personal surveys can be held at home, in a department store or polls using a computer (Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews- CAPI). The third, the main method of the poll by mail includes a regular postal survey and a survey based on post panels. Finally, surveys via the Internet are held by e-mailor on Internet sites. From these methods, the survey is most common on the phone, followed by a personal survey and a poll by mail. Using internetmes, especially surveys on the Internet sites, grows with a rapid pace. Consider each of these methods.

Interviewing methods by phone 1. The traditional survey on the phone occurs when the interviewer calls a certain sample of respondents and puts them a number of questions. The interviewer uses a printed list of questions in which the pencil notes the answers received. 2. Telephone survey with a computer. Computerized questionnaire can be filling using any kind of computer. The interviewer sits in front of the monitor in the headphones. The monitor thus replaces the printout of the questionnaire, and the headphones are telephone. On the command, the computer is gaining a respondent's number and connects. After the respondent's response, the Interviewer reads a list of questions from the monitor and enters the answers directly to the computer. Only one question is displayed on the screen on the screen. The computer checks the adequacy and consistency of responses. Data collection flows smoothly and naturally, the survey time is distorted, the quality of the data obtained increases, and such labor-intensive data collection stages, like data coding and entering them into the computer, become excess. Since the answers are directly entered into a computer, intermediate and updated reports on the process of collecting information or results can be obtained almost instantly.

Personal survey methods Personal interviewing methods are divided into public surveys in respondents, surveys in shopping centers and polls through a computer. 1. Polls at home from respondents. In this case, the respondents interviewer interviewes them at home. 2. Personal polls in shopping centers. In this case, in shopping centers, buyers are "intercepted" when moving around the center and are invited to special places. Then the interviewer invites them to answer the questionnaires in the same way as it is done when surveys at home. 3. Personal survey with a computer (CAPI). This is the third personal survey method, it means that the respondent is behind the computer terminal and answers the questionnaire questions displayed on the monitor screen using the keyboard, mouse or touch screen.

Poll methods by mail and electronic polling methods The polling methods by mail. Poll by mail. With traditional postal survey, the questionnaires are sent pre-selected potential respondents. A typical set for a poll by mail includes two envelopes, transmittal letter, questionnaire and sometimes remuneration. Respondents fill and returned questionnaires. There is no verbal contact between the interviewer and the respondent. Post panels. The postage panel consists of a large, representative sample of households (families), which agreed to take part in periodic surveys by mail, testing products and telephone surveys. Electronic methods survey. Email polls. To conduct an email polling, first of all, a list of mailing addresses is drawn up. The profile is then inserted into the letter and sent to respondents. Respondents are introduced answers, both open and closed questions in the places specified for this and click on the "Reply Author" button. Answers are then entered in a numeric format in the table. Interviews in the Internet. Respondents also selected through the Internet from the database of respondents supported by marketing firms. Respondents can be attracted by traditional methods (by mail, by phone). They are offered to go to a specific Web site and fill out a questionnaire there. Answers accumulate in an integrated database. After some processing, it is reduced to tables or are used in statistical calculations. All this helps to get high quality data.

Advantages and disadvantages of the survey method, the survey method has a number of advantages. First, he is simple in conducting. Secondly, the answers received are reliable because the number of specified response options is limited. The use of questions with specified options allows you to eliminate discrepancies in the results caused by differences in the survey technique, finally coding, analysis and interpretation of data relatively simple. The disadvantages include the fact that sometimes respondents do not want or cannot provide the necessary information. For example, answering questions about motivation, respondents may not be aware of their motives to acquire various goods or making purchases in certain department stores. Therefore, they are not able to accurately answer questions about their motives. Respondents will not want to respond if the required information is personal or affects their feelings. In addition, the answers to standardized questions and questions with the specified answers may be unreliable for certain data, for example, relating to emotions and beliefs. Finally, it is quite difficult to correctly formulate questionnaire questions. Nevertheless, despite these disadvantages, the survey is currently the method that is used wider than others to obtain primary information in marketing research.

Conclusion The survey is a very convenient way to get the necessary information. For conducting a person survey conducted marketing research, must, first of all, to be determined with the choice of the object of the study (how many people and how to make a sample) used by the instruments of the study (the procedure for compiling a questionnaire), as well as with the most acceptable ways to establish contacts with target audience. The formulation of the main goal of the survey is the definition of tasks that must be solved by the survey. The clarity of the purpose of the survey largely depends on the depth of study of the problem under study, attentive to familiarize the researcher with the entire information on this issue, accounting, the experience of previous studies.

Questioning is a survey procedure in writing with pre-prepared forms prepared. The questionnaire is a system of issues united by one research plan and aimed at identifying the characteristics of the object and the subject of analysis.

Postal Questioning - Questionnaires are sent to respondents and returned to the researcher by mail Advantages: Easy to distribute profits; Simplicity of distribution of the questionnaire; the possibility of obtaining a significant sample; the possibility of obtaining a significant sample; The ability to bring in the number of respondents the opportunity to bring to the number of respondents of persons geographically far away, geographically far away handling survey provides for personal presentation of the questionnaire respondent, filling it at home and returning advantage: Personal contact of the researcher with the respondent increases in the last interest in the study; Personal contact of the researcher with the respondent increases interest in the last interest in the study; You can advise the respondent about the regulations for filling the questionnaire; You can advise the respondent about the regulations for filling the questionnaire; There is an opportunity to assess the compliance. There is the opportunity to assess the correspondence of the respondent of the respondent's planned sample of the sample of the deficiencies of the postal questionnaire: a low percentage of the questionnaire; The distortion of the intended sample of the respondents is, because when distributing the questionnaires to unfamiliar persons it is difficult to establish how they correspond to the alleged contingent of respondents; The lack of confidence that the questionnaires were filled independently

Introductory part: 1) The scientific institution that leads this topic of research and on behalf of which the researcher acts; 2) research tasks; Theoretical and practical importance of solving these tasks; 3) the role of each respondent in solving the tasks; 4) certification in the full anonymity of the respondent's responses (the name of the respondent should not appear in the reports and publications of the researcher); 5) Questionnaire Filling Rules; 6) certification of readiness to send the results of the research to the respondent if he wishes it; 7) The method of returning the questionnaire to the researcher Three main requirements: it should be clear for any respondent. It should be clear for any respondent should arouse a desire to answer the questions raised must arouse the desire to answer the questions set at the same time to be extremely brief at the same time be Maximum brief

The bulk of the main part of the first one third of the questions is intended to be interested in respondents and include them in the work. The first third of the questions is intended to be interested in respondents and include them to work (questions of this part must differ in comparative simplicity and to more concern facts , events); The second third of the questions is aimed at solving the main tasks of the study and concerns, as a rule, motives, opinions and assessments The second third of the questions are aimed at solving the main objectives of the study and concerns, as a rule, motives, opinions and evaluations (which is why such questions are the most difficult for respondents. ); The last third includes issues that detail the answers to the previous part of the issues, as well as the control questions and the most intimate, requiring an individual opinion of the respondent The last third includes issues that detail the answers to the previous part of the questions, as well as the control questions and the most intimate, requiring the individual opinion of the respondent. (researchers noted that these questions respondents are most truthful at the end of the questionnaire)

Passport 1.Familia; 2.Pol; 3. TRAST; 4. Education; 5.Sportive qualifications 6. Trade contributes: First, the qualitative analysis of the assembled material of the material secondly, the determination of the representativeness of the material obtained as a result of long discussions, the scientists concluded that the demographic part of the questionnaire should be located at the end of it. Although it is not excluded by the location of it in The beginning of the questionnaire (so to speak, to establish contact with the respondent, to introduce it to the work process) or dispersing demographic issues among other parts of the questionnaire

By the content of the situation Questions about motives Demographic Questions about the facts Questions of content Questions with the choice of answers to lines Plug-shaped in the form of closed-bench-disconnected issues with an assessment of the function unconditional filter-corrected dichotomous questions

The closed questions in the questionnaire gives several possible options for answers to answer the indoor question, the respondent must be noted the selected answer option (put a tick, circle the corresponding number or simply emphasize the answer option) Example: What studios, clubs, clubs do you know? Which of them visited over the past 6 months? What are you visiting most often? I seem to visit more often than 1stiya "Phoenix" * 2 Circle of ballroom dancing * 3 klube flower water * ...

Semi-closed questions If you do not provide possible options for answers, it is better to use a half-closed question at the end of the answer list should be written: "What else?" or "Other ..."., Leaving the place to record the answers, two or three lines at the end of the answer list should be written: "What else?" Or "Other ..."., Leaving for recording responses, two or three lines Example: How do you learn about the events of our club? 1. Advertise on Street 2. Newspapers 3. Radio 4. From friends 5. From distributor of tickets 6. From other sources (name what) ________ 1. Advertising on the street 2. Newspapers 3. Radio 4. From friends 5. from the ticket distributor 6. From other sources (name what) ________

Open questions Open questions, unlike closed, do not contain prompts, they give more rich in content information, since the respondents have the opportunity to express their opinion with all the details they give more rich in content information, since the respondents have the opportunity to express their opinion with all the details of the example : What do you dislike about our club? _______________________ _______________________ _________________ + If the respondent is well acquainted by the topic of the survey, he will be more willing to answer open questions + if the subject of the survey does not know him or uninteresting, he either will not be in essentially or evaluate the answer + so applying an open question, there is a risk Do not get meaningful information at all. + Therefore, applying an open question, there is a risk to not get meaningful information at all.

Questions like "Yes - No" This question is the most simple and known to be used mainly to obtain data on facts and actions is used mainly to obtain data on facts and actions Example: Have your children visited the past 6 months of studios and circles of our club? Have your children visited the past 6 months of studios and circles of our club? - Yes - no What do you think should the club work around the clock? - Yes - no - not sure - yes - no - not sure

Alternative questions Answers to these questions are mutually exclusive. The amount of answers to an alternative question is equal to 100% the amount of answers to an alternative question equals 100% example: how often do you visit concerts? How often do you visit concerts? 3 times a week 3. 1 time a week once a month 5. Once a month 6. More easily, than once a month, call your age: 1. Up to 12 years - 24 years 3. Over 24 years 1. Up to 12 years - 24 years 3 . older than 24 years

Polvariant questions These are questions like "Menu". A set of answers options is given from which the respondent can choose a few these questions like "Menu". A set of answers options is given from which the respondent can choose a somewhat example: from which newspapers and magazines do you get information about the cultural events of the Vologda region? What newspapers and magazines do you get information about the cultural events of the Vologda region? 1. Red North 2. Russian North 3. Vologda poster 4. Rural Star 5. Vologda Lesorb 6. Strawberry 7. Strawberry 8. Others (specify the name) ______________ 1. Red North 2. Russian North 3. Vologda poster 4. Country Star 5. Vologda Lesorb 6. Strawberry 7. Strawberry 8. Others (specify the name) ______________

Range issues Sometimes the respondent is proposed to run the selected answers and streamline them according to the degree of importance for it. Sometimes the respondent is proposed to run the selected answers and streamline them according to the degree of importance for it. Example: What prevents your frequent visits to the club events? (Select no more than 5 options for answers and put them with an estimate on a 5-point scale, where 5 is the greatest importance of the factors assessment of the significance of little information, advertising. Low quality programs is now not fashionable I am not interested in too high ticket costs too low ticket tickets unworthy image institutions other (what exactly) _____________________

Basic and secondary questions about the goal: 1. Suitable (main) are aimed at disclosing the content of certain phenomena and their relationships 2.Functional (secondary) streamlines. Functional and psychological functional and psychological questions Filters Questions Filters Control issues Contact issues Contact issues are put in the beginning Questionnaires. After reading the first questions, the respondent should be a favorable impression of the upcoming work on the filing of the questionnaire. Buffer questions. Their main goal mitigation issues in the questionnaire, ensure a smooth transition from one topic to another. For example: "And now a few words about ..." Contact issues are put at the beginning of the questionnaire. After reading the first questions, the respondent should be a favorable impression of the upcoming work on the filing of the questionnaire. Buffer questions. Their main goal mitigation issues in the questionnaire, ensure a smooth transition from one topic to another. For example: "And now a few words about ..."

Basic and minor questions Contact issues. After reading the first questions, the respondent should be a favorable impression of the upcoming work on the filing of the questionnaire. Buffer questions. Their main goal mitigation issues in the questionnaire, ensure a smooth transition from one topic to another. For example: "And now a few words about ..." buffer questions. Their main goal mitigation issues in the questionnaire, ensure a smooth transition from one topic to another. For example: "And now a few words about ..."

Filters Questions Filters are used when it is necessary to highlight and interview only a part of the entire set questionable questions, filters are used when it is necessary to allocate and polling only a part of the entire set of interviewed example: Did you visit the "pendulum" for the last 6 months? 1. Yes 2. No if not, then go to the section "Advertising events" Did you have visited the "Pendulum" club for the last 6 months? 1. Yes 2. No if not, then go to the section "Advertising events"

The test question is usually used in determining awareness. The test question is usually used in determining awareness. Example: Do you know well modern performers? 1. Yes 2. No, after the question, the list of several (10 or 20) the most famous songs and the respondent is proposed to choose the author or artist from the list given by a number. Do you know well modern performers? 1. Yes 2. No, after the question, the list of several (10 or 20) the most famous songs and the respondent is proposed to choose the author or artist from the list given by a number.