Download presentation on nuclear energy. Presentation on the topic “Nuclear power plants. Presentation on the topic
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Nuclear power in Russia Nuclear power, which accounts for 16% of electricity generation, is a relatively young branch of the Russian industry. What is 6 decades in terms of history? But this short and eventful period of time played an important role in the development of the electric power industry.
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History The date of August 20, 1945 can be considered the official start of the "atomic project" of the Soviet Union. On that day, a resolution was signed State Committee defense of the USSR. In 1954, the very first nuclear power plant was launched in Obninsk - the first not only in our country, but throughout the world. The station had a capacity of only 5 MW, worked for 50 years in an accident-free mode and was closed only in 2002.
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Within the framework of the federal target program "Development of the nuclear power industry complex of Russia for 2007-2010 and for the future up to 2015", it is planned to build three power units at the Balakovo, Volgodonsk and Kalinin nuclear power plants. In general, 40 power units should be built before 2030. At the same time, the capacity of Russian nuclear power plants should increase annually by 2 GW from 2012, and by 3 GW from 2014, and the total capacity of Russian nuclear power plants by 2020 should reach 40 GW.
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Beloyarsk NPP is located in the city of Zarechny, in Sverdlovsk region, the second industrial nuclear power plant in the country (after Siberian). Three power units were built at the station: two with thermal neutron reactors and one with a fast neutron reactor. At present, the only operating power unit is the 3rd power unit with a BN-600 reactor with an electric power of 600 MW, put into operation in April 1980 - the world's first power unit industrial scale with a fast neutron reactor. It is also the largest fast neutron reactor in the world.
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Smolensk NPP Smolensk NPP is a largest enterprise Northwestern region of Russia. The nuclear power plant generates eight times more electricity than other power plants in the region combined. Commissioned in 1976
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Smolensk NPP It is located near the city of Desnogorsk, Smolensk Region. The station consists of three power units, with RBMK-1000 type reactors, which were put into operation in 1982, 1985 and 1990. Each power unit includes: one reactor with a thermal power of 3200 MW and two turbogenerators with an electric power of 500 MW each.
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Novovoronezh NPP Novovoronezh NPP is located on the banks of the Don River, 5 km from Novovoronezh, a city of power engineers, and 45 km south of Voronezh. The station provides 85% of the needs of the Voronezh region in electricity, and also provides heat for half of Novovoronezh. Commissioned in 1957.
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Leningrad NPP Leningrad NPP is located 80 km west of St. Petersburg. On the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, it supplies electricity to about half of the Leningrad region. Commissioned in 1967.
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NPPs under construction 1 Baltic NPP 2 Beloyarsk NPP-2 3 Leningrad NPP-2 4 Novovoronezh NPP-2 5 Rostov NPP 6 Akademik Lomonosov floating NPP 7 Other
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Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant Bashkir Nuclear Power Plant is an unfinished nuclear power plant located near the city of Agidel in Bashkortostan at the confluence of the Belaya and Kama rivers. In 1990, under public pressure, after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the construction of the Bashkir nuclear power plant was stopped. She repeated the fate of the unfinished Tatar and Crimean nuclear power plants of the same type.
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History At the end of 1991 in Russian Federation 28 power units operated, with a total nominal capacity of 20,242 MW. Since 1991, 5 new power units with a total nominal capacity of 5,000 MW have been connected to the grid. As of the end of 2012, 8 more power units are under construction, not counting the units of the Low Power Floating Nuclear Power Plant. In 2007, the federal authorities initiated the creation of a single state holding Atomenergoprom, uniting the companies Rosenergoatom, TVEL, Techsnabexport and Atomstroyexport. 100% of JSC Atomenergoprom's shares were transferred to the simultaneously established State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom.
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Electricity generation In 2012, Russian nuclear power plants generated 177.3 billion kWh, which accounted for 17.1% of the total generation in the Unified Energy System of Russia. The volume of supplied electricity amounted to 165.727 billion kWh. The share of nuclear generation in the total energy balance of Russia is about 18%. Nuclear energy is of high importance in the European part of Russia and especially in the north-west, where the output at nuclear power plants reaches 42%. After the launch of the second power unit of the Volgodonsk NPP in 2010, Prime Minister of Russia V.V. Putin announced plans to increase nuclear generation in the total energy balance of Russia from 16% to 20-30% electricity at nuclear power plants by 4 times.
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Nuclear power in the world In today's rapidly developing world, the issue of energy consumption is very acute. The non-renewability of such resources as oil, gas, coal makes us think about alternative sources of electricity, the most realistic of which today is nuclear energy. Its share in world electricity generation is 16%. More than half of these 16% are in the USA (103 power units), France and Japan (59 and 54 power units, respectively). In total (as of the end of 2006) there are 439 nuclear power units in the world, 29 more are in various stages of construction.
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Nuclear power in the world According to TsNIATOMINFORM, by the end of 2030, about 570 GW of nuclear power plants will be put into operation in the world (in the first months of 2007, this figure was about 367 GW). At the moment, the leader in the construction of new units is China, which is building 6 power units. It is followed by India with 5 new blocks. Russia closes the top three - 3 blocks. Intentions to build new power units are also expressed by other countries, including those from the former USSR and the socialist bloc: Ukraine, Poland, Belarus. This is understandable, because one nuclear power unit will save such an amount of gas in a year, the cost of which is equivalent to 350 million US dollars.
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Lessons from Chernobyl What happened at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant 20 years ago? Due to the actions of the employees of the nuclear power plant, the reactor of the 4th power unit got out of control. His power increased dramatically. The graphite masonry was white-hot and deformed. The rods of the control and protection system could not enter the reactor and stop the temperature rise. The cooling channels collapsed, water pouring out of them onto the red-hot graphite. The pressure in the reactor increased and led to the destruction of the reactor and the building of the power unit. Upon contact with air, hundreds of tons of red-hot graphite caught fire. The rods, which contained fuel and radioactive waste, melted, and radioactive substances poured into the atmosphere.
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Lessons from Chernobyl. Putting out the reactor itself was not at all easy. This could not be done by conventional means. Due to high radiation and terrible destruction, it was impossible to even get close to the reactor. A multi-ton graphite masonry was burning. The nuclear fuel continued to release heat, and the cooling system was completely destroyed by the explosion. The temperature of the fuel after the explosion reached 1500 degrees or more. The materials from which the reactor was made were sintered with concrete and nuclear fuel at this temperature, forming previously unknown minerals. It was necessary to stop the nuclear reaction, lower the temperature of the debris and stop the release of radioactive substances into environment. To do this, the reactor shaft was bombarded with heat-removing and filtering materials from helicopters. This began to be done on the second day after the explosion, April 27th. Only 10 days later, on May 6, it was possible to significantly reduce, but not completely stop radioactive emissions.
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Lessons from Chernobyl During this time, a huge amount of radioactive substances ejected from the reactor was carried by winds many hundreds and thousands of kilometers from Chernobyl. Where radioactive substances fell to the surface of the earth, zones of radioactive contamination were formed. People received large doses of radiation, got sick and died. Firefighters were the first to die from acute radiation sickness. Helicopters suffered and died. Residents of neighboring villages and even remote areas, where the wind brought radiation, were forced to leave their homes and become refugees. Huge territories became unsuitable for habitation and for conducting Agriculture. The forest, the river, the field, everything became radioactive, everything hid an invisible danger.
Nuclear energy is a field of technology based on the use of the fission reaction of atomic nuclei to generate heat and generate electricity. In 1990, nuclear power plants (NPPs) of the world produced 16% of electricity. Such power plants operated in 31 countries and were built in 6 more countries. The nuclear energy sector is most significant in France, Belgium, Finland, Sweden, Bulgaria and Switzerland, i.e. in those industrialized countries where there is not enough natural energy resources. These countries generate between a quarter and a half of their electricity from nuclear power plants. The US generates only an eighth of its electricity from nuclear power plants, but that's about one-fifth of the world's.
With development human society energy consumption has steadily increased. So. if a million years ago it was about 0.1 kW per capita per year, and 100 thousand years ago - 0.3 kW, then in the 15th century. - 1.4 kW, at the beginning of the 20th century. -3.9 kW, and by the end of the 20th century. - already 10 kw. Although fossil fuels are now almost half used, it is clear that their reserves will soon be exhausted. Other sources are needed, and one of the most realistic is nuclear fuel.
Modern NPP 0.3 g nuclear fuel ton of coal
What is a nuclear reactor? A nuclear reactor is a device in which a controlled nuclear chain reaction is carried out, accompanied by the release of energy. A nuclear reactor is a device in which a controlled nuclear chain reaction is carried out, accompanied by the release of energy.
In Europe, the F-1 plant was the first nuclear reactor. It was launched on December 25, 1946 in Moscow under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov. In Europe, the F-1 installation became the first nuclear reactor. It was launched on December 25, 1946 in Moscow under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov
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Nuclear energy is used as a source electrical energy. The first nuclear reactor was built in December 1942 in Chicago (USA) under the guidance of the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi. This reactor was created in the strictest secrecy, since ultimate goal his work was the manufacture of those same atomic bombs, which were then dropped on civilians in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The bombs were called "Baby" (Hiroshima, weighing 4100 kg, stuffed with 7 kg of uranium -235) and "Fat Man" (Nagasaki, weighing 4500 kg, stuffed with 1.3 kg of plutonium -239). At about the same time, the work of physicists on mastering the energy of the atom, interrupted by the attack of the Nazis, resumed in the USSR. I.V. supervised scientific research. Kurchatov. On June 27, 1954, the first nuclear power plant in the city of Obninsk was launched in the USSR. Kaluga Region. Its power was 5 MW.
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Nuclear power plants (NPP)State University of Management
Institute of Management in Industry, Energy
and construction
Nuclear power plants
(NUCLEAR POWER STATION)
Fayustov Anatoly Afanasevich
PhD in Economics, Associate Professor of the Department of Innovation Management
in the real sector of the economy
2013 Nuclear power plants (NPP)
NPP classification by type
released energy
NPP classification by reactor type
The principle of operation of nuclear power plants
Characteristics of VVER-1000
Russian NPP
floating nuclear power plant
(PATES)
Sources of information
2
Nuclear power plants (NPP)
Nuclearpower plants
designed to produce
electrical energy through
use of the energy released during
controlled nuclear reaction.
Types of nuclear power plants:
Nuclear power plants using fission reactions
Nuclear power plants using thermonuclear reactions
synthesis (do not exist yet)
3NPP advantages:
- No harmful emissions
- Emissions of radioactive substances several times
lower than TPP
- Small amount of fuel used,
the possibility of using it after processing
-High power: 1000-1600mw per one
power unit
- The cost of energy is lower than that of thermal power plants
4NPP problems:
- Fuel is dangerous, requires complex and expensive
processing and storage measures
- NPP operation life is low (30-35 years)
- There is a possibility of accidents and their
severe consequences
- The high cost of installing a nuclear power plant and its
infrastructure, as well as its dismantling
- Difficulty in choosing a site for construction
(not available everywhere)
- Burial problem
radioactive waste continues
stay relevant
5
NPP classification by type of generated energy
Nuclear power plants by typegenerated energy can be divided
on the:
Nuclear power plants (NPP),
intended for production only
electricity
Nuclear combined heat and power plants (ATES),
generating both electricity and
thermal energy
Nuclear heat supply stations (AST),
generating only thermal energy
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NPP classification by reactor type
Nuclear power plants are classified intoaccording to the reactors installed on them:
Thermal neutron reactors using
special retarders to increase
probabilities of neutron absorption by atomic nuclei
fuel
Light water reactors (VVER)
Graphite reactors (RMBC)
heavy water reactors
Fast neutron reactors (FN)
Subcritical reactors using external
neutron sources
Fusion reactors (do not exist)
To the table of contents
7
Getting electricity at nuclear power plants
Nuclear power plants generate electricityby means of electrical generators,
driven by steam turbines.
Steam is produced by isotope fission
uranium or plutonium during a controlled chain
reaction taking place in a nuclear reactor.
The coolant circulating through
cooling path of the reactor core,
removes the released heat of reaction and
directly or through heat exchangers
used to generate steam
supplied to the turbines.
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The principle of operation of nuclear power plants
Energy released in the corereactor, is transferred to the coolant of the first
contour. Next, the coolant is supplied
pumps to the heat exchanger (steam generator),
where it heats the water of the second
contour. The resulting steam enters
turbines that turn electric generators.
At the outlet of the turbines, the steam enters
condenser, where it is cooled by a large
the amount of water coming from
reservoirs.
9
Scheme of operation of nuclear power plants with (VVER)
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Characteristics of VVER-1000 (pressure-water power reactor)
Thermal power of the reactor - 1000 MWK.p.d., 33.0%
Steam pressure in front of the turbine - 60.0 atm
Pressure in the primary circuit - 160.0 atm
Water temperature:
- at the entrance to the reactor - 289 °С
- at the outlet of the reactor - 324 °С
Core diameter - 3.12 m
Core height - 3.50 m
TVEL diameter - 9.1 mm
Number of TVELs in a cassette - 312
Loading uranium - 66 tons
Average enrichment of uranium - 3.3 - 4.4%
Average fuel burnup - 40 MWt/kg
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Operating NPPs in Russia
No. p / pNames of atomic
stations
General
electric
power, MW
Quantity and type
reactors
1.
Kola NPP
1760
4xVVER-440
2.
Leningrad NPP
4000
4xRMBC-1000
3.
Kalinin NPP
3000
3xVVER-1000
4.
Smolensk NPP
3000
3xRMBC-1000
5.
Kursk NPP
4000
4xRMBC-1000
6.
Novovoronezh nuclear power plant
1834
2xVVER-440
1xVVER-1000
7.
Balakovo NPP
4000
4xVVER-1000
8.
Volgodonsk NPP
1000
1xVVER-1000
9.
Beloyarsk NPP
600
1xBN-600
10.
Bilibino NPP
48
4хEKP-12
12The largest nuclear power plants in Russia
-Leningradskaya (power
4000 MW)
-Kalininskaya (capacity
3000 MW)
- Kursk (capacity 4000 MW)
- Smolensk
(power 3000 MW)
13
Projected nuclear power plants
Nizhny Novgorodfloating
Kaliningradskaya
Severskaya
Tverskaya
14
NPP machine room
15Engine room
16NPP Central Hall
17NPP Reactor Hall
18Loading fuel elements
19Fuel Assembly
20Cooling towers (Novovoronezh NPP)
21cooling towers
22BILIBINSKAYA NUCLEAR HEAT AND POWER PLANTS. Magadan Region. Engine room
23Floating Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) (Project)
floating nuclear power plantlow power (ASMM) consists of
smooth-deck non-self-propelled vessel
icebreaking type with two reactor
installations KLT-40S. Vessel length - 144
meters, width - 30 meters.
Displacement - 21.5 thousand tons.
The floating station can be used
to obtain electrical and thermal
energy, as well as for desalination of marine
water. It can dispense from 100 to
400 thousand tons of fresh water.
24
Geography of the planned FNPP deployment in Russia
25The Chernobyl accident is the largestfrom accidents at nuclear power plants
Happened April 26, 1986
at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant,
located on the territory
Ukraine (Pripyat)
Destroyed 4th power unit (view from helicopter)
26radioactive cloud from the accident
spread
over European
part of the USSR
Eastern
Europe
Scandinavia,
Great Britain
and eastern
part of the USA
27Consequences of the accident:
- 30 km
Exclusion Zone
- mutation of the living
organisms
- catastrophic
destruction
28
Sources of information
1.2.
3.
4.
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/)
http://solar-battarey.narod.ru
http://www.krugosvet.ru
http://slovari.yandex.ru
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