The great ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460-377 BC) looked for the causes of diseases no longer in evil spirits, but in the environment, climate, lifestyle and nutrition. It was he who "grounded" medicine, urging to treat not the disease, but the patient. He created the doctrine of four vital fluids - blood, mucus, black and yellow bile, the predominance of one of which in the body determines, according to Hippocrates, a person's temperament. So, a sanguine person (from Latin sanguinis - blood) is a sociable person, fast, easily changing, mobile, "fluid", with rich facial expressions and gestures; phlegmatic (from Lat. phlegma - mucus) - slow, "viscous", imperturbable, calm, not showing feelings; choleric (from Lat. chole - bile) - unbalanced, quick-tempered, unrestrained; melancholic (from Lat. melanos - black, burnt and chole - bile) - restrained and slow, quickly tired and vulnerable, closed in himself.

In addition to preventive measures, causes of diseases and their diagnosis, Hippocrates described more than two hundred medicinal plants and methods of their use. No wonder he is called the father of medicine.

In addition to Hippocrates, the Roman physician Claudius Galen (129-201) exerted a tremendous influence on the development of medicine, laying the foundation for “pharmaceutical science” - pharmacology. He widely used various extracts (extracts) from medicinal plants, insisting them on water, wine or vinegar. Alcohol extracts - extracts and tinctures are widely used in modern medicine. Until now, pharmacists call them "galenic preparations".

A large number of medicinal preparations of herbal and mineral origin and methods of their preparation are described in the writings of the great Central Asian physician of the Middle Ages Abu Ali Ibn Sina - Avicenna (980-1037). Many of these remedies: camphor, henbane preparations, rhubarb, etc., are still used with success.

Avicenna's works laid the foundation for the emergence of iatrochemistry (from the Greek iatros - doctor) - medical, medicinal chemistry, the founder of which is the Swiss naturalist Theophrastus Paracelsus (1493-1541), who surprisingly combined a talented doctor and alchemist.

Relying entirely on his knowledge of chemistry, Paracelsus sharply abandoned the classical views on medicine of Galen and Avicenna. He believed that life is based on chemical processes, and diseases are the result of their disruption in the body, which Paracelsus compared to a large retort. Considering the body as a chemical "reactor", he began to use for the treatment of diseases mineral water and numerous chemicals: compounds of antimony, arsenic, copper, lead, mercury and other elements.

Paracelsus laid the foundations of medicinal chemistry, opened a new direction in science. Paracelsus's statement about the enormous importance of the amount of the drug used is still relevant: “Everything is poison, nothing is devoid of poisonousness, and everything is a medicine. Only a dose makes a substance a poison or a medicine. "

And what about us, in Russia? It is known from ancient manuscripts that in 1547 Tsar Ivan the Terrible sent an ambassador to the “German land” to bring in a “master for making alum”, which was used to treat 01 non-shot wounds, various diseases and tumors. Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich (1613-1645), the medical staff of the royal court consisted of seven doctors, 13 doctors, 4 pharmacists and 3 alchemists. Doctors and healers determined the disease and the method of its treatment, pharmacists sold simple medicines and, at the direction of the healers, made complex ones. Alchemists prepared ordinary medicines in a chemical laboratory at the direction of pharmacists, took part in "biting" - a kind of examination and testing of new medicines. After 100 years, the name "alchemist" was changed to "chemist".

By the XIX century. the methods of obtaining, purifying and analyzing chemicals have improved significantly. All new facts confirmed the ideas of Paracelsus about the chemical nature of biological processes. So, Gamphry Davy, studying nitric oxide (1) N20, found that inhalation of small amounts of this gaseous substance causes intoxication, causeless fun and convulsive laughter, inhalation of large amounts (remember the ideas of Paracelsus about the importance of the dose!) Relieves toothache. Even larger amounts of nitric oxide (1) put a person into a state of anesthesia - a complete loss of sensitivity and consciousness. Davy's discovery of the anesthetic, i.e., pain-relieving, properties of this substance made it possible to apply it in surgical practice. Chemists still call nitric oxide (1) "laughing gas". The development of Galen's ideas and the search for "active principles" - active components of medicinal plants responsible for their healing properties, were crowned with success. At the beginning of the XIX century. the first alkaloids were discovered - biologically active nitrogen-containing organic compounds of plant origin.

Alkaloids are organic bases, which determined the name of this group of substances (from Latin alkali - alkali and Greek eidos - species). In 1803, opium alkaloids were discovered (Latin opium, Greek opion - poppy sleep) - the dried milk juice of the opium poppy. From this mixture of alkaloids in 1806, one of them was isolated in pure form - morphine, named after the god of sleep Morpheus. In its analgesic and hypnotic effect on the body, it is similar to opium. A little later, an alkaloid with a stimulating effect was isolated from the leaves of the tea tree - caffeine, which is also found in the fruits (beans) of the coffee tree and in the seeds of the cola tree, and in 1820 the alkaloid quinine was isolated from the bark of the cinchona tree - an effective remedy for malaria control. From the leaves of the coca tree (bush), cocaine was obtained, which exhibits anesthetic properties, and from belladonna root, atropine was obtained, which relieves (that is, stops) attacks of bronchial asthma.

The isolated alkaloids have become more and more widely used as medicinal, mainly painkillers. The work of organic chemists made it possible to establish the structure of alkaloids and develop methods for their preparation.

Chloroform (trichloromethane) CHCl3, sulfuric (diethyl) ether С2Н5ОС2Н5, nitroglycerin (glycerin trinitrate), which alleviates suffering from angina pectoris, and salicylic (o-hydroxybenzoic) acid, anti-inflammatory acid, and salicylic (o-hydroxybenzoic) acid, have been synthesized and used for medical practice.

In the second half of the XIX century. in the works of the outstanding French scientist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) they found a brilliant confirmation of Avicenna's idea of ​​"the smallest animals" that cause and carry diseases. Nowadays, even a child is familiar with the words "bacteria", "microbe", "virus".

• Schubert 1797-1828 (31 years old) - typhoid
• Wagner 1747-1779 (32 years old) - tuberculosis
• Gough 1802-1827 (25 years old) - typhus
• Tchaikovsky 1840-1893 (53 years old) - cholera
• Raphael 1483-1520 (37 years old) - heart failure

Medicines

• Didactic:

- study of the concept of "drugs" and the history of their creation;

- to give an idea of ​​the classification of medicinal products and their forms;

- to reveal the dependence of the human body on drugs.

• Developing:

Development of the ability to establish causal relationships between the structure and properties of substances and the vital activity of the organism;

- to find out the effect of various drugs on living organisms and environment.

• Educational:

- show the practical value of drugs;

- show the results of the work of medicinal chemistry as a science .

The purpose of the lesson:

Hippocrates Claudius

(460 - 377 BC) Galen (129 –201)

The history of the creation of drugs:

Abu Ali Hussein ibn-Abdullah-

Ibn Sina - Avicenna

(980 - 1037)

Central Asian physician of the Middle Ages.

He described a large number of medicinal

herbal and mineral preparations

origin and methods of their preparation.

His main work is called

"Canon of Medicine".

The history of the creation of drugs:

Edward Jenner(English doctor) - vaccinated smallpox on 8-year-old boy James Phipps

Louis Pasteur

(French scientist)

The history of the creation of drugs:

Alexander Fleming

He synthesized an antibiotic - penicillin from a fungus of the genus Penicillum.

Paul Ehrlich

Is the founder

chemotherapy.

In 1909 he synthesized salvarsan - a remedy against syphilis

The history of the creation of drugs:

Liquid

Solid

1. Solutions (water, alcohol, oil, glycerin).

Soft

2. Infusions.

1. Powders.

2. Granules.

3. Broths.

3. Tablets.

4. Tinctures.

5. Potions.

5. Pills.

4. Sterile powders and tablets for injection, dissolved immediately before administration.

6. Slime.

6. Capsules.

7. Emulsions.

8. Suspensions.

7. Mixtures of chopped or coarsely chopped plant materials.

In 1891, the Russian scientist D.L. Romanovsky formulated the principle: "A substance that, when introduced into a diseased organism, will have the least harm to the latter and will cause the greatest destructive changes in the damaging agent."

Forms of drugs

Practical part: "Analysis of the composition of medicinal products"

P O M N I T E!

Interaction with other medications

Medicines can be used only on the recommendation of the attending physician.

May increase or decrease the effect of the medication

The state of the body

And buy them only at the pharmacy.

In case of liver or kidney disease, medications are used with caution.

Features of the profession

DO NOT TREAT YOURSELF!

Attention, reaction speed may decrease, and drowsiness may appear. Drivers, workers responsible for the lives of people, should not take such medications.

• Medicines - _____________ helping to win or _____________. Medicines can be of _____________ or _______________ origin. Using __________, you must strictly follow the recommendations of __________ and ___________ attached to the medicine. With __________ use, the medicine becomes ________.

• words for references: prevent, instructions, natural, medicine, disease, synthetic, misleading, chemical compounds, poison, doctor.

The English physician David Williams said: “Today, ordinary Homosapiens have considerable freedom to determine their own destiny. Therefore, he should be familiar with chemistry sufficiently to represent the results of the use of drugs or their combinations. "

It opened to me as a result of the lesson:

The three most important names are -

The three most important events -

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Presentation on the topic: Medicines

Slide No. 1

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Slide No. 2

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Medicinal products - pharmacological agents (substances or mixtures of substances) that have undergone clinical trials and are approved for use for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases by the authorized body of the country in the prescribed manner, obtained from blood, blood plasma, as well as organs, human tissues or animals, plants, minerals, by synthesis or using biotechnology. Medicinal products - pharmacological agents (substances or mixtures of substances) that have undergone clinical trials and are approved for use for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases by the authorized body of the country in the prescribed manner, obtained from blood, blood plasma, as well as organs, human tissues or animals, plants, minerals, by synthesis or using biotechnology.

Slide No. 3

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Already in ancient times, people tried to save their lives using various natural medicinal substances. Most often, these were plant extracts, but preparations were also used that were obtained from raw meat, yeast and animal waste. The first scientists instinctively felt that in many living organisms there are substances that can help in the fight against diseases, but only with the development of chemistry did people become convinced that the therapeutic effect of such substances lies in the selective effect of certain chemical compounds on the body. Some time passed, and such compounds began to be obtained in laboratories by synthesis. Already in ancient times, people tried to save their lives using various natural medicinal substances. Most often these were plant extracts, but preparations were also used that were obtained from raw meat, yeast and animal waste. The first scientists instinctively felt that in many living organisms there are substances that can help in the fight against diseases, but only with the development of chemistry did people become convinced that the therapeutic effect of such substances lies in the selective effect of certain chemical compounds on the body. Some time passed, and such compounds began to be obtained in laboratories by synthesis.

Slide No. 4

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Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915), German bacteriologist and chemist of Jewish origin, is considered the founder of modern chemotherapy. In 1891, he developed the theory of the use of chemical compounds to fight infectious diseases. Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915), German bacteriologist and chemist of Jewish origin, is considered the founder of modern chemotherapy. In 1891, he developed a theory of the use of chemical compounds to fight infectious diseases.

Slide No. 5

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In a number of countries, these drugs are regulated in different ways - either as the category "Medicines", or as " Food products and Supplements ”or as“ Alternative Medicine ”. Currently, there is no established opinion of international organizations on this matter, agreed with the national health authorities. In a number of countries, these drugs are regulated in different ways - either as a category "Medicines", or as "Food and additives", or as "alternative medicine". Currently, there is no established opinion of international organizations on this matter, agreed with the national health authorities.

Slide No. 6

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Synthetic anesthetic (analgesic) substances obtained by simplifying the structure of cocaine are of great practical importance. These include anesthesin, novocaine, dicaine. Cocaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the leaves of the coca plant native to South America. Cocaine is anesthetic but addictive, which makes it difficult to use. In the cocaine molecule, the anesthesiomorphic group is the methylalkylamino-propyl ester of benzoic acid. Synthetic anesthetic (analgesic) substances obtained by simplifying the structure of cocaine are of great practical importance. These include anesthesin, novocaine, dicaine. Cocaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the leaves of the coca plant native to South America. Cocaine is anesthetic but addictive, which makes it difficult to use. In the cocaine molecule, the anesthesiomorphic group is the methylalkylamino-propyl ester of benzoic acid.

Slide No. 7

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Later it was found that esters of para-aminobenzoic acid have the best effect. These compounds include anesthesin and novocaine. They are less toxic than cocaine and do not cause side effects. Novocaine is 10 times less active than cocaine, but about 10 times or less toxic. For centuries, morphine, the main active ingredient of opium, has dominated the arsenal of painkillers. It was used back in the days to which the first written sources that have come down to us belong. The main disadvantages of morphine are the occurrence of a painful addiction to it and respiratory depression. Morphine derivatives are well known - codeine and heroin. Later it was found that esters of para-aminobenzoic acid have the best effect. These compounds include anesthesin and novocaine. They are less toxic than cocaine and do not cause side effects. Novocaine is 10 times less active than cocaine, but about 10 times or less toxic. For centuries, morphine, the main active ingredient of opium, has dominated the arsenal of painkillers. It was used back in the days to which the first written sources that have come down to us belong. The main disadvantages of morphine are the occurrence of a painful addiction to it and respiratory depression. Morphine derivatives are well known - codeine and heroin.

Slide No. 8

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Sleep-inducing substances belong to different classes, but the most famous are derivatives of barbituric acid (it is believed that the scientist who obtained this compound named it after his friend Barbara). All barbiturates depress nervous system... Amital has a wide range of sedative effects. In some patients, this drug relieves the inhibition associated with painful, deeply hidden memories. For a while, it was even believed that it could be used as a truth serum. The human body gets used to barbiturates with their frequent use as sedatives and hypnotics, so people who use barbiturates find that they need more and more doses. Self-medication with these drugs can cause significant health damage. Sleep-inducing substances belong to different classes, but the most famous are derivatives of barbituric acid (it is believed that the scientist who obtained this compound named it after his friend Barbara). All barbiturates depress the nervous system. Amital has a wide range of sedative effects. In some patients, this drug relieves the inhibition associated with painful, deeply hidden memories. For a while, it was even believed that it could be used as a truth serum. The human body gets used to barbiturates with their frequent use as sedatives and hypnotics, so people who use barbiturates find that they need more and more doses. Self-medication with these drugs can cause significant harm to health.

Slide No. 9

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The combination of barbiturates with alcohol can have tragic consequences. Their combined effect on the nervous system is much stronger than the effect of even higher doses separately. Diphenhydramine is widely used as a sedative and hypnotic. It is not a barbiturate, but an ether. Diphenhydramine is an active antihistamine drug. It has a local anesthetic effect, but is mainly used in the treatment of allergic diseases. The combination of barbiturates with alcohol can have tragic consequences. Their combined effect on the nervous system is much stronger than the effect of even higher doses individually. Diphenhydramine is widely used as a sedative and hypnotic. It is not a barbiturate, but an ether. Diphenhydramine is an active antihistamine drug. It has a local anesthetic effect, but is mainly used in the treatment of allergic diseases.

Slide No. 10

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All psychotropic substances according to their pharmacological action can be divided into two groups: All psychotropic substances according to their pharmacological action can be divided into two groups: 1) Tranquilizers - substances with sedative properties. In turn, tranquilizers are divided into two subgroups: - Large tranquilizers (antipsychotics). These include phenothiazine derivatives. Aminazine is used as an effective remedy in the treatment of mental patients, suppressing their feelings of fear, anxiety, distraction.

Slide No. 11

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Small tranquilizers (ataractic drugs). These include derivatives of propanediol (meprotan, andaxin), diphenylmethane (atarax, amizil) substances of different chemical nature (diazepam, elenium, phenazepam, seduxen, etc.). Seduxen and Elenium are used for neuroses, to relieve feelings of anxiety. Although their toxicity is low, side effects are observed (drowsiness, dizziness, addiction to drugs). They should not be used without a doctor's prescription. - Small tranquilizers (ataractic drugs). These include derivatives of propanediol (meprotan, andaxin), diphenylmethane (atarax, amizil) substances of different chemical nature (diazepam, elenium, phenazepam, seduxen, etc.). Seduxen and Elenium are used for neuroses, to relieve feelings of anxiety. Although their toxicity is low, side effects are observed (drowsiness, dizziness, addiction to drugs). They should not be used without a doctor's prescription.

Slide No. 12

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A large group of drugs are derivatives of salicylic acid (ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid). It can be considered as benzoic acid containing hydroxyl in the ortho position, or as phenol containing a carboxyl group in the ortho position. Salicylic acid is a powerful disinfectant. Its sodium salt is used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and in the treatment of rheumatism. Of the derivatives of salicylic acid, its ester, acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin, is best known. Aspirin is an artificially created molecule that does not occur in nature. A large group of drugs are derivatives of salicylic acid (ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid). It can be considered as benzoic acid containing hydroxyl in the ortho position, or as phenol containing a carboxyl group in the ortho position. Salicylic acid is a powerful disinfectant. Its sodium salt is used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and in the treatment of rheumatism. Of the derivatives of salicylic acid, its ester, acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin, is best known. Aspirin is an artificially created molecule that does not occur in nature.

Slide No. 13

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Acetylsalicylic acid has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects. Medicinal substances were obtained through the interaction of the carboxyl group of salicylic acid with various reagents. For example, under the action of ammonia on the methyl ester of salicylic acid, the remainder of the methyl alcohol is replaced by the amino group and salicylic acid amide, salicylamide, is formed. It is used as an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent. Unlike acetylsalicylic acid, salicylamide in the body undergoes hydrolysis with great difficulty. Common antipyretic and analgesic agents are phenylmethylpyrazolone derivatives - amidopyrine and analgin. Analgin has low toxicity and good therapeutic properties. Acetylsalicylic acid has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects. Medicinal substances were obtained through the interaction of the carboxyl group of salicylic acid with various reagents. For example, under the action of ammonia on the methyl ester of salicylic acid, the remainder of the methyl alcohol is replaced by the amino group and salicylic acid amide, salicylamide, is formed. It is used as an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent. Unlike acetylsalicylic acid, salicylamide in the body undergoes hydrolysis with great difficulty. Common antipyretic and analgesic agents are phenylmethylpyrazolone derivatives - amidopyrine and analgin. Analgin has low toxicity and good therapeutic properties.

Slide No. 14

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In the 30s of the 20th century, sulfanilamide preparations (the name comes from sulfanilic acid amide) became widespread. First of all, it is para-aminobenzenesulfamide, or simply sulfonamide (white streptocide). This is a fairly simple compound - a benzene derivative with two substituents - a sulfamide group and an amino group. It has high antimicrobial activity. About 10,000 of its various structural modifications were synthesized, but only about 30 of its derivatives have found practical application in medicine. A significant drawback of white streptocide is its low solubility in water. But its sodium salt was obtained - a streptocide, soluble in water and used for injection. In the 30s of the 20th century, sulfanilamide preparations (the name comes from sulfanilic acid amide) became widespread. First of all, it is para-aminobenzenesulfamide, or simply sulfonamide (white streptocide). This is a fairly simple compound - a benzene derivative with two substituents - a sulfamide group and an amino group. It has high antimicrobial activity. About 10,000 of its various structural modifications were synthesized, but only about 30 of its derivatives have found practical application in medicine. A significant drawback of white streptocide is its low solubility in water. But its sodium salt was obtained - a streptocide, soluble in water and used for injection.

Slide No. 15

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Sulgin is a sulfonamide in which one hydrogen atom of the sulfamide group is replaced by a guanidine residue. It is used to treat intestinal infectious diseases (dysentery). With the advent of antibiotics, the rapid development of the chemistry of sulfonamides subsided, but antibiotics failed to completely displace sulfonamides. The mechanism of action of sulfonamides is known. For the vital activity of many microorganisms, para-aminobenzoic acid is required. It is part of the vitamin - folic acid, which is a growth factor for bacteria. Without folic acid, bacteria cannot multiply. Sulgin is a sulfonamide in which one hydrogen atom of the sulfamide group is replaced by a guanidine residue. It is used to treat intestinal infectious diseases (dysentery). With the advent of antibiotics, the rapid development of the chemistry of sulfonamides subsided, but antibiotics failed to completely displace sulfonamides. The mechanism of action of sulfonamides is known. For the vital activity of many microorganisms, para-aminobenzoic acid is required. It is part of the vitamin - folic acid, which is a growth factor for bacteria. Without folic acid, bacteria cannot multiply.

Slide No. 16

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In its structure and size, sulfanilamide is close to para-aminobenzoic acid, which allows its molecule to take the place of the latter in folic acid. When we introduce sulfanilamide into an organism infected with bacteria, the bacteria, “without understanding,” begin to synthesize folic acid, using streptocide instead of aminobenzoic acid. As a result, "false" folic acid is synthesized, which cannot work as a growth factor and the development of bacteria is suspended. So sulfonamides "deceive" microbes. In its structure and size, sulfanilamide is close to para-aminobenzoic acid, which allows its molecule to take the place of the latter in folic acid. When we introduce sulfanilamide into an organism infected with bacteria, the bacteria, “without understanding,” begin to synthesize folic acid, using streptocide instead of aminobenzoic acid. As a result, "false" folic acid is synthesized, which cannot work as a growth factor and the development of bacteria is suspended. So sulfonamides "deceive" microbes.

Slide No. 17

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Usually an antibiotic is a substance synthesized by one microorganism and capable of inhibiting the development of another microorganism. The word "antibiotic" consists of two words: from the Greek. anti - against and Greek. bios - life, that is, a substance that acts against the life of microbes. In 1929, an accident allowed the English bacteriologist Alexander Fleming to observe the antimicrobial activity of penicillin for the first time. Cultures of staphylococcus, which were grown on a nutrient medium, were accidentally infected with green mold. Fleming noticed that the staphylococcal sticks in the vicinity of the mold were deteriorating. Later it was found that the mold belongs to the species Penicillium notatum. In 1940, it was possible to isolate the chemical compound that the fungus produced. They called him penicillin. In 1941, penicillin was tested on humans as a drug for the treatment of diseases caused by staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci and other microorganisms. Usually an antibiotic is a substance synthesized by one microorganism and capable of inhibiting the development of another microorganism. The word "antibiotic" consists of two words: from the Greek. anti - against and Greek. bios - life, that is, a substance that acts against the life of microbes. In 1929, an accident allowed the English bacteriologist Alexander Fleming to observe the antimicrobial activity of penicillin for the first time. Cultures of staphylococcus, which were grown on a nutrient medium, were accidentally infected with green mold. Fleming noticed that staphylococcal sticks in the vicinity of the mold were deteriorating. Later it was found that the mold belongs to the species Penicillium notatum. In 1940, it was possible to isolate the chemical compound that the fungus produced. They called him penicillin. In 1941, penicillin was tested on humans as a drug for the treatment of diseases caused by staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci and other microorganisms.

Slide No. 18

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Currently, about 2000 antibiotics have been described, but only about 3% of them find practical use, the rest turned out to be toxic. Antibiotics have a very high biological activity. They belong to different classes of low molecular weight compounds. Antibiotics differ in their chemical structure and mechanism of action against harmful microorganisms. For example, it is known that penicillin prevents bacteria from producing substances from which they build their cell wall. Violation or absence of the cell wall can lead to rupture of the bacterial cell and the spilling of its contents into the surrounding space. It can also allow antibodies to enter the bacteria and kill them. Penicillin is only effective against gram-positive bacteria. Currently, about 2000 antibiotics have been described, but only about 3% of them find practical use, the rest turned out to be toxic. Antibiotics have a very high biological activity. They belong to different classes of low molecular weight compounds. Antibiotics differ in their chemical structure and mechanism of action against harmful microorganisms. For example, it is known that penicillin prevents bacteria from producing substances from which they build their cell wall. Violation or absence of the cell wall can lead to rupture of the bacterial cell and pouring out its contents into the surrounding space. It can also allow antibodies to enter the bacteria and kill them. Penicillin is only effective against gram-positive bacteria.

Slide No. 19

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Streptomycin is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It prevents bacteria from synthesizing special proteins, thus disrupting their life cycle. Instead of RNA, streptomycin wedges into the ribosome and constantly confuses the process of reading information from mRNA. A significant drawback of streptomycin is the extremely fast addiction of bacteria to it, in addition, the drug causes side effects: allergies, dizziness, etc. Unfortunately, bacteria gradually adapt to antibiotics and therefore microbiologists are constantly faced with the task of creating new antibiotics. Streptomycin is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It prevents bacteria from synthesizing special proteins, thus disrupting their life cycle. Instead of RNA, streptomycin wedges into the ribosome and constantly confuses the process of reading information from mRNA. A significant drawback of streptomycin is the extremely fast addiction of bacteria to it, in addition, the drug causes side effects: allergies, dizziness, etc. Unfortunately, bacteria gradually adapt to antibiotics and therefore microbiologists are constantly faced with the task of creating new antibiotics.

Slide No. 20

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In 1943, the Swiss chemist A. Hoffmann investigated various substances of the basic nature, isolated from plants - alkaloids (i.e., similar to alkalis). One day, a chemist accidentally took in his mouth a little solution of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), isolated from ergot, a fungus that grows on rye. A few minutes later, the researcher showed signs of schizophrenia - hallucinations began, consciousness became clouded, speech became incoherent. “I felt that I was floating somewhere outside my body, the chemist later described his condition. "So I decided I was dead." So Hoffmann realized that he had discovered the strongest drug, a hallucinogen. It turned out that 0.005 mg of LSD was enough to enter the human brain to induce hallucinations. Many alkaloids belong to poisons and drugs. In 1943, the Swiss chemist A. Hoffmann investigated various substances of the basic nature, isolated from plants - alkaloids (i.e., similar to alkalis). One day, a chemist accidentally took in his mouth a little solution of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), isolated from ergot, a fungus that grows on rye. A few minutes later, the researcher showed signs of schizophrenia - hallucinations began, consciousness became clouded, speech became incoherent. “I felt that I was floating somewhere outside my body, the chemist later described his condition. "So I decided I was dead." So Hoffmann realized that he had discovered the strongest drug, a hallucinogen. It turned out that 0.005 mg of LSD was enough to enter the human brain to induce hallucinations. Many alkaloids belong to poisons and drugs.

Slide No. 21

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Slide No. 22

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Alkaloids also include widely used stimulants - caffeine, theobromine, theophylline. Caffeine is found in coffee beans (0.7 - 2.5%) and in tea (1.3 - 3.5%). It determines the tonic effect of tea and coffee. Theobromine is extracted from the husk of cocoa seeds, in small amounts it accompanies caffeine in tea, theophylline is found in tea leaves and coffee beans. Interestingly, some alkaloids are antidotes to their fellows. For example, in 1952, an alkaloid reserpine was isolated from an Indian plant, which makes it possible to treat not only people poisoned with LSD or other hallucinogens, but also patients suffering from schizophrenia. Alkaloids also include widely used stimulants - caffeine, theobromine, theophylline. Caffeine is found in coffee beans (0.7 - 2.5%) and in tea (1.3 - 3.5%). It determines the tonic effect of tea and coffee. Theobromine is extracted from the husk of cocoa seeds, in small amounts it accompanies caffeine in tea, theophylline is found in tea leaves and coffee beans. Interestingly, some alkaloids are antidotes to their fellows. For example, in 1952, an alkaloid reserpine was isolated from an Indian plant, which makes it possible to treat not only people poisoned with LSD or other hallucinogens, but also patients suffering from schizophrenia.

Slide No. 23

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A large number of chemicals are used in the manufacture of a wide variety of prostheses. Prostheses of jaws, teeth, knee caps, joints of extremities are made from various chemical materials, which are successfully used in reconstructive surgery to replace bones, ribs, etc. Chemical plants produce tubes, hoses, ampoules, syringes, protein-vitamin and other drinks for medical purposes , oxygen, dressings, pharmaceutical utensils, optics, dyes, hospital furniture and more. The successes of chemistry and the introduction of its products into medicine open up endless possibilities for overcoming a number of diseases, primarily viral and cardiovascular diseases. A large number of chemicals are used in the manufacture of a wide variety of prostheses. Prostheses of jaws, teeth, knee caps, joints of extremities are made from various chemical materials, which are successfully used in reconstructive surgery to replace bones, ribs, etc. Chemical plants produce tubes, hoses, ampoules, syringes, protein-vitamin and other drinks for medical purposes , oxygen, dressings, pharmaceutical utensils, optics, dyes, hospital furniture and more. The successes of chemistry, the introduction of its products into medicine open up endless possibilities for overcoming a number of diseases, primarily viral and cardiovascular.

1 slide

2 slide

What do we do if we feel unwell? Sometimes we go to the doctor, but more often we just take out a home first-aid kit, take a pill, swallow it and wait for the result. The unpleasant sensations usually go away. From diagnosis to pill Remember, self-medication is life-threatening

3 slide

Purpose of the work To find out how drugs affect the human body: pain relievers (analgin), antipyretics (aspirin), antibiotics (chloramphenicol); what side effects they have;

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Problem: if my head hurts, my body temperature rises, what should I do? What pills to take? How can you help me? Research: can medications be taken without the advice and prescription of a doctor? conducted by a student: MOU school №8 Popova Valentina under the motto “I do not believe! I'll check! I trust medicine! "

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Collect general information about drugs (aspirin, analgin, levomycin) Chemical and biological effects on the human body What drugs are. Research objectives:

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Schematic representation of an aspirin molecule. The acetyl group (top right) is connected through an oxygen atom (marked in red) with salicylic acid. ASPIRIN, the common name for acetylsalicylic acid. Chemical formula aspirin

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Even Hippocrates used a decoction of white willow bark in combination with poppy seed tincture as an antipyretic and analgesic agent. And in the eighteenth century, a British abbot conducted the first-ever "clinical study" in which 50 patients with fever participated. He proved the antipyretic effect of white willow bark extract and reported the results to the Royal Society. FIRST ASPIRIN

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This is what the Bayer chemical laboratory looked like in 1900, where aspirin was obtained at the end of the 19th century.

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Pharmacological action Aspirin - has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effect Indications for use Rheumatism, fever in infectious and inflammatory diseases; headache Contraindications Hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal bleeding; blood clotting disorder,

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Observations have shown that most drugs are electrolytes. Moreover, unlike strong electrolytes, which include inorganic acids, alkalis and salts, organic substances are ionized in an aqueous solution only partially, forming weak acids, like aspirin: How to make a drug molecule work for the good of the body

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In the spring of 2006, European and American doctors came to the conclusion that aspirin, familiar to everyone, is able to cope with cancerous tumors. Researchers not only confirmed these assumptions, but also found out what types of malignant tumors acetylsalicylic acid can destroy. Classic aspirin is one of the oldest medicines for fever and pain - it has been used effectively for over a hundred years. According to experts from the London Cancer Research Center, aspirin is an excellent tool in the fight against a rare type of malignant tumors. According to scientists, aspirin compensates for the deficiency of salicylates in the diet of modern humans.

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Chemical formula: C13H18N3NaO5S Chemical name: sodium 2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-4-methylaminopyrazolone-5-N-methanesulfonate hydrate Molecular mass: (in amu) 351.36 Basic physical and chemical properties: tablets, white or white with a yellowish tinge; colorless, bitter in taste, odorless, needle crystals

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History: Analgin was synthesized a long time ago. Back in 1920, during the search for an easily soluble form of amidopyrine. It was used as an affordable pain reliever, since there was no wide range of pain relievers at that time. Additional information: The aqueous solution is neutral. With prolonged standing, it turns yellow without losing biological activity For several decades, analgin has been banned in Australia, Great Britain, USA, Germany, England. It is believed that with regular use, this drug puts a lot of stress on the liver and may contribute to impaired hematopoietic function.

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Pharmacological properties. The drug has a pronounced analgesic and antipyretic effect. Analgin interferes with the conduction of pain impulses by nerve fibers and increases the threshold of excitability. Indications for use. Pain syndrome of various origins (headache, toothache, burns, pain in the postoperative period, neuralgia, radiculitis, fever (with flu, acute respiratory infections, etc.); renal and hepatic colic

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Method of administration and dosage. The drug is taken after meals 0.25 - 0.5 g 2 - 3 times a day; for rheumatism, the dose can be increased to 1 g 3 times a day. Side effect. Allergic reactions: bronchospasm, skin rashes, Quincke's edema. Contraindications. Individual hypersensitivity to the drug

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Pharmacological group: Amphenicols Chemical name: -2,2-Dichloro-N-acetamide

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Indications for use of typhoid fever; dysentery; whooping cough; typhus; pneumonia; meningitis; sepsis; osteomyelitis. Pharmacological properties. Levomycetin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that has a bacteriostatic effect. Basic physical and chemical properties: White or white with a slight yellowish-green tinge, crystalline powder, bitter in taste. Let's slightly dissolve in water, easily - in alcohol.

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How to take medication correctly Medicines are taken with water only. Everything else: juices, tea, carbonated drinks, and especially alcohol - are unacceptable. Tea, for example, forms insoluble compounds with drugs that precipitate. Juices can turn some drugs into poison, and this is even more true for alcohol. The time of taking the medicine, of course, depends on the data on the recommendations, but you need to know that taking the medicine before meals means 40-30 minutes before the meal. If the medicine needs to be taken after a meal, this means that at least two hours should pass from the last meal. Reception on an empty stomach means 40-20 minutes before breakfast. It is best not to take different medications at the same time. Medication is best taken whole. Do not try to chew them, crush them before taking them, or dissolve them in water.

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How to remove a foreign substance from the body? Medicinal substances are destroyed in the liver - the body seeks to cleanse itself of foreign chemicals. In this case, complex compounds are converted, as a rule, into simpler substances that can be removed from the body quite easily. Every day, the liver produces up to a liter of bile, the components of which, especially bile acids, contribute to the decomposition and assimilation of fats in the intestines. At the same time, more than 80% of the hepatic secretion is rather quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and gets from the intestine back to the liver. Thus, bile acids circulate and can be reused by the body. It is here that a drug molecule sometimes falls into a trap. Many substances are able to form complexes with bile components, diffuse through the intestinal wall into the blood and thus participate in the liver-intestine-blood-liver cycle. The process continues until the drug molecules are completely degraded and pass from the blood to the urine. How long does the medicine last? What happens to him then?

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V last years to create new drugs, chemists often use the achievements of molecular biology. The behavior of cells under the influence of various substances sets the direction of the search for the creation of new compounds - those that will act with minimal side effects. The achievements of modern pharmaceuticals are impressive. While for thousands of years people were treated with decoctions of herbs and other folk remedies, the average life expectancy of a person was very small. In medieval Europe, it did not even reach 40 years, and today, thanks to the development of health care and, including new drugs, it has almost doubled. The future of modern pharmaceuticals

DRUGS DRUGS A drug is a substance or mixture of substances of synthetic or natural origin in the form of a dosage form (tablets, capsules, solution, ointment, etc.), used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. content

The great ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (BC) looked for causes in the environment, climate, lifestyle and nutrition. It was he who "grounded" medicine, urging to treat not the disease, but the patient. He created the doctrine of four vital fluids - blood, mucus, black and yellow bile, the predominance of one of which in the body determines a person's temperament. The great ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (BC) looked for causes in the environment, climate, lifestyle and nutrition. It was he who "grounded" medicine, urging to treat not the disease, but the patient. He created the doctrine of four vital fluids - blood, mucus, black and yellow bile, the predominance of one of which in the body determines a person's temperament.

Opened by A. Fleming in 1928. penicillin - a group of antibiotics of the fungus Penicillium has become a triumph of the doctrine of antibiosis - the phenomenon of antagonism and deadly struggle of microorganisms with each other: some types of bacteria, fungi suppress the vital activity of others with the help of specific antibiotic substances released by microorganisms into the environment.

Raw materials for obtaining medicines serve: plants (leaves, herbs, flowers, seeds, berries, bark, roots) and their processing products (fatty and essential oils, juices, gums, resins); animal raw materials glands and organs of animals, lard, wax, cod liver, sheep wool fat and others; fossil organic raw materials oil and products of its distillation, products of distillation of coal; inorganic fossil minerals and products of their processing by the chemical industry and metallurgy (metals); all kinds of organic compounds products of large chemical industry content

General information about medicines. Antiseptic drugs Antiseptic drugs Anesthetic drugs Anesthetic drugs Analgesic drugs Analgesic drugs Non-narcotic action Non-narcotic action Narcotic action Narcotic action Antibiotics Antibiotics Antibiotic action spectrum Antibiotic action spectrum

Antiseptics Antiseptics Salol (phenyl salicylate ester), passing through the stomach and disintegrating in the intestinal alkaline environment, has a disinfecting antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect.Salol (phenyl salicylate ester) passing through the stomach and disintegrating in the intestinal alkaline environment has a disinfecting anti-inflammatory e action he coos 6 n 5 Substances of disinfecting action

О N N CH 3 С6Н5С6Н5 N N N N NaSO 3 - CH 2 О С6Н5С6Н5 Amidopyrine has a strong analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. Analgin-surpasses amidopyrine in speed of action, exhibits antipyretic effect. Analgesics of non-narcotic action

Conclusion Conclusion Further development of pharmacology and medicinal chemistry requires combining efforts of chemists, biologists, physicists, mathematicians, as well as highly qualified programmers in order to create effective models that will allow the creation of new generation drugs.

References: References: OS Gabrielyan - “Chemistry. A basic level of. Grade 10 "Y.D. Tretyakov, NN Oleinikov -" Chemistry. Reference materials."