home Social networks Presentation on the topic: Medicines. Presentation "Medicine". presentation for a lesson in chemistry (grade 10) on the topic Download a presentation about medicines in chemistry

Presentation on the topic: Medicines. Presentation "Medicine". presentation for a lesson in chemistry (grade 10) on the topic Download a presentation about medicines in chemistry

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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Description of the slide:

Chemistry teacher the highest category Muratova Ninel Aleksandrovna GBOU secondary school No. 3 Novokuibyshevsk

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Medicinal substances (preparations) are compounds used to treat or prevent diseases. Medicinal products have been used since ancient times. At that time, people used plants to treat diseases in different types(tinctures, decoctions, etc.), dried insects, animal organs. With the development of scientific knowledge from natural sources, individual, enough pure substances, characterized by constancy of action, amenable to a certain dosage and convenient for use .. Thus, widely used alkaloids, hormones, vitamins, etc.

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In modern medicine, along with natural compounds, synthetic compounds are also widely used. medications. The first synthetic medicinal substances appeared in the last quarter of the 19th century. For example, in 1887, the antipyretic phenacetin was obtained, in 1896 - pyramidon, at the beginning of the 20th century. - veronal, etc. Organic chemists in collaboration with physicians, microbiologists and pharmacists have created many synthetic drugs that have no analogues among natural substances.

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Today, medicine has a huge variety of medicines (over 12 thousand). Medicines are usually classified according to the nature of the action exerted on the body. Some drugs have an antimicrobial effect (for example, sulfa drugs: white streptocide, norsulfazol, fthalazol, sulfadimezin, etc.) and cure tonsillitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever and other infectious diseases.

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Others help relieve pain (aspirin, paracetamol, analgin). analgin aspirin paracetamol

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There are drugs that affect the heart and blood vessels (nitroglycerin, anaprilin, dibazol). Antihistamines (for the treatment of allergic diseases), antitumor (for the treatment of malignant neoplasms) and psychopharmacological (affecting the mental state of a person) drugs have been obtained.

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Medicines are also divided into causative and symptomatic. The former act directly on the cause of the disease and eliminate it, for example, quinacrine, which affects the causative agent of malaria, or heart drugs that restore normal strength to the diseased heart muscle. The drug of the second group, without eliminating the cause of the disease, destroys only the deviations from the norm caused by it. This is, for example, aspirin, which reduces the temperature, or pyramidon, which eliminates neurological pain, etc.

8 slide

Description of the slide:

Due to the fact that drugs, regardless of the nature of their action, are alien and toxic to the body, their correct dosage is very important. The number of medicines is huge, we will focus on various sulfa drugs that are often used in medical practice.

9 slide

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The choice of drugs depends on its pharmacological characteristics, as well as on the nature of the pathogen and the course of the disease. Data on the distribution of drugs in organs and tissues, absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, routes and rate of excretion from the body are essential.

10 slide

Description of the slide:

Thus, it has been established that streptocide, norsulfazol, sulfadimezin, etazol and sulfadimethoxine are relatively easily absorbed and quickly accumulate in the blood and organs in the concentrations necessary for the manifestation of bacteriostatic action. Therefore, these drugs are used to treat various infectious diseases. Other drugs, such as ftalazol, phthazine, are poorly absorbed, relatively long in the intestine in high concentrations, so they are used mainly for infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

11 slide

Description of the slide:

Absorption and excretion rate from the body largely determine the dose and frequency of drug administration. So, sulfa drugs that linger in the body for a long period of time, such as sulfadimethoxine, it is enough to use only once a day. From chemical properties the active substance also depends on the time of taking the drug: before or after meals.

12 slide

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In the practice of treating various diseases, the phenomenon of habituation (adaptation) of microorganisms to a particular drug was discovered. Gradually, new generations of microorganisms appear, on which the usual medicine no longer works, and the disease is more and more difficult to treat. Therefore, one of the directions for the development of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry is the renewal of medicines.

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A fragment of the Ebers Papyrus, which contains 877 prescriptions for medicines Medicines as chemicals that can stop all kinds of pathological conditions of the body are becoming increasingly important in society. Now more than 12 thousand such drugs are known. Already in ancient times, people tried to save their lives using various natural medicinal substances. Most often, these were plant extracts, but preparations were also used that were obtained from raw meat, yeast, and animal waste. The first scientists instinctively felt that in many living organisms there are substances that can help in the fight against diseases, but only as chemistry developed did people become convinced that the therapeutic effect of such substances consisted in the selective effect of certain chemical compounds on the body. Some time passed, and such compounds began to be obtained in laboratories by synthesis.

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Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915), German bacteriologist and chemist, considered the founder of modern chemotherapy. In 1891, he developed a theory of the use of chemical compounds to fight infectious diseases.

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Prescription and over-the-counter drugs In world practice, there is the concept of "over-the-counter" and "prescription" drugs. The latter suggest a greater potential danger of over-the-counter use. There is a constant struggle between the "pharmaceutical" and "medical" lobbies (respectively, for the expansion of the 1st or 2nd group of drugs and the corresponding business). State regulation designed to take into account the interests of the population (the dilemma of "availability" and / or "safety" of medicines), - without bias towards the interests of the pharmaceutical or medical business.

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Falsification of medicines, counterfeit medicines The pharmaceutical business is considered the third most profitable, after the arms and drugs trade. This attracts unscrupulous entrepreneurs to him. In Russia, until 1991, the problem of falsification of medicines was practically absent. After the collapse of the USSR, the resulting decrease in the production of its own drugs and a sharp increase in imports, the problem became urgent. Approximately one tenth of all medicines sold on the world market are counterfeit or counterfeit. 1998 The first official case of discovery of counterfeit drugs in Russia is registered. It is necessary to distinguish between counterfeit drugs and counterfeit drugs.

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Description of the slide:

Counterfeit Counterfeit is a deliberate change in the formulation of the production of a medicinal product. Replacing expensive components with cheaper ones, or reducing the content (and in the worst case, completely absent) of the necessary component of the drug. For example, replacing the more expensive cefazolin with cheaper (and less effective) penicillin. In addition, other violations in production are possible: violation of time and sequence technological process, underestimation of the degree of purification, low-quality packaging materials, etc. Counterfeit Counterfeit medicines are medicines produced without the permission of the patent holder - the developer company.

19 slide

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Illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs Narcotic substances are subject to stricter rules of circulation than other drugs. However, due to the increased demand for them, there are situations in which officials neglect proper implementation official duties. The flip side of the tightening of requirements for the circulation of narcotic drugs is the unreasonably difficult obtaining by persons with direct indications for use (oncological diseases, etc.).

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Development of a lesson in chemistry in grade 10 on the topic "Medicines and human health"
Author: Kravtsova Ekaterina Sergeevna teacher of chemistry MBOU "Lomovskaya secondary school" Korochansky district Belgorod region 2015

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The motto of the lesson: We will be able to unravel many secrets And comprehend and understand a lot. What we get in life will come in handy, How interesting it is to study after all!

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Theme, goals and objectives of the lesson.
The most valuable thing a person has is his health. Only a healthy person can be truly happy, although he often does not understand this. Unfortunately, our body is prone to disease, and we are forced to use medicines from time to time. Today's lesson is about the study of medicines. Write down the topic of the lesson “Medicines and human health”. In today's lesson, we will get acquainted with the concept of "medication", with the classification of medicines, with their forms, we will learn how to take medicines correctly so as not to harm ourselves. It's not how much you know, but WHAT you know.

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Health is the privilege of the wise!
Wise is not the one who knows a lot, but the one who knows the right." Aeschylus
Take for yourself necessary information about drugs!

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What are medicines?
It is not difficult to answer this question. Medicines are substances that help fight disease. But what is interesting is that in any disease there are symptoms: fever, fever, headache, for example, and then we will use antipyretic and analgesic drugs. The cause of these symptoms may be some kind of inflammation and we will have to use anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, some drugs treat the symptoms, while others eliminate the cause of the disease. Drugs are a group of substances, different in form, action and dynamics, aimed at eliminating the signs of a disease.

Slide 7

What are the drugs and why do they treat? Write down in your notebook the definition of the concept of "drugs" and the group of drugs.
In medical practice, medicinal substances are divided into groups depending on their effect on systems and organs. For example: Sleeping pills and sedatives (sedatives); Cardiovascular; Analgesic (painkillers), antipyretic and anti-inflammatory; Antimicrobial (antibiotics, sulfa drugs, etc.); Local anesthetics; Antiseptic; Diuretic; Hormones; vitamins

Slide 8

The science that deals with the study of drugs is called pharmacology.
In the distant past, the ancient Greek word "pharmakon" and the ancient Russian "potion" had a uniquely poisonous semantic connotation, and medicines were called "drugs". For many centuries, the meanings of these words have not changed: medicine is a drug that gives healing, poison is a potion that can kill. Almost every drug can be poisonous under certain conditions, and many poisons are used as medicines. The conditionality of the border between them is determined by the general mode of action on the body. There are a lot of drugs. In what form are the drugs produced? (solid, liquid). There are the following forms of drugs. Write down forms and examples of medicines in a notebook.

Slide 9

Dosage forms
Liquid Hard Soft
solutions infusions decoctions tinctures alcohol extracts medicines emulsions suspensions aerosols tablets powders granules dragees pills capsules herbal preparations ointments pastes candles gels

Slide 10

The nature of diseases
Influenza is an acute infectious viral disease with a short incubation period.

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Angina?!

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What is the difference between the flu and a sore throat?
Influenza is a viral disease, tonsillitis is bacterial. The nature of diseases is different. Bacterial diseases are treated with antibiotics. What are antibiotics? Write down the answer in your notebook. Waste products (or their synthetic analogues) of living cells (bacterial, fungal, etc.) that selectively inhibit the functioning of other cells (microorganisms, tumors, etc.). Viral diseases are not treated with antibiotics. They are treated with antiviral drugs.

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The discovery by A. Fleming in 1928 of Penicillin, a group of antibiotics of the Penicillium fungus, became a triumph of the doctrine of antibiosis - the phenomenon of antagonism and the deadly struggle of microorganisms with each other: some types of bacteria suppress the vital activity of others with the help of specific substances secreted by microorganisms into the environment - antibiotics.
Medicine of the 20th century

Slide 14

You should know it
All medicines have side effects, take medicines only as prescribed by your doctor. Read the instructions for the medicine carefully. Medicines are taken at the time specified by the doctor or instructions. It is impossible to drink medicines with tea, compote, mineral water, etc. Take medicines with water only.

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Travel to the first aid kit.
Each person in the process of life has to open a first-aid kit and use such well-known medicines as an alcoholic solution of iodine and "brilliant green". Are you sure you are using them correctly? Let's check?!

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Find out when to use iodine
It may seem that these drugs differ only in color, but this is a Big mistake. Both are antiseptics. Iodine dries the treated tissues, and if used excessively, it can easily burn them. Therefore, iodine is used to treat scratches, as well as the skin around wounds for disinfection, and in cases where it is necessary to dry the skin. In addition, iodine is used whenever it is necessary to stimulate blood flow to soft tissues - first of all, in the case of various bruises and sprains. For this purpose, a so-called iodine grid is applied to the surface of intact skin - I believe you know this.

Slide 17

When is green used?
Zelenka is also an antiseptic, but weaker and softer, but it slightly stimulates wound healing and does not dry the skin. Zelenka should be used, and not iodine, when treating noticeable surfaces (the size of a five-ruble coin and above), as well as sensitive skin (for example, in babies). Zelenka prevents wounds from rotting.

Slide 18

And now you are given a task
After a fracture, the doctor prescribed a calcium preparation to the patient and offered a choice of three drugs: gluconate 2Ca * H2O, lactate 2Ca * 5H2O and calcium glycerophosphate СaP3OC3H5 (OH) 2 * 2H2O (which one will be on sale). The pharmacy said that they have all three in stock, and they cost the same. We need to help the patient choose the right medicine.

Slide 19

Medications - _____________ helping to win or _____________. Medicines may be of _____________ or _______________ origin. When using __________, it is necessary to strictly follow the recommendations of __________ and the ___________ attached to the medicine. When __________ is used, the medicine becomes _______. Words for reference: prevent, instructions, natural, drugs, diseases, synthetic, incorrect, chemical compounds, poison, doctor

slide 22

Conclusion.
"Health depends much more on our habits and nutrition than on medical art and drugs." D. Lebbock "Health is as contagious as the disease." R. Rollan Be healthy!

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Literature
1. Rudzitis G.E. Chemistry. Organic chemistry. Grade 10: textbook for educational institutions: basic level / G.E. Rudzitis, F.G. Feldman.-13th ed.-M. : Enlightenment, 2009.-192s.: Ill.- ISBN 978-5-09-020531-3 2. . Gabrielyan O.S., Voskoboynikova N.P., Yashukova A.V. Handbook of the teacher. Chemistry. 8th grade: Methodological guide [Text] / O.S. Gabrielyan, N.P. Voskoboynikova, A.V. Yashukov. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - 265 p.: ill. 3..http://900igr.net/kartinki/meditsina/Lekarstva/Lekarstva.html

Lesson on the topic "Medicines"

The purpose of the lesson:

Didactic:

Developing:

Educational:

Lesson objectives:

To acquaint students with the scientific and practical achievements of medical chemistry and pharmacology;

To acquaint students with the problems of humanity that have arisen as a result of the uncontrolled production and use of drugs.

Equipment: computer (laptop), screen, presentation for the lesson, first aid kit with medicines, chemical reagents - sodium hydroxide, water, alcohol, acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin, holder for test tubes, spirit lamps, matches, salicium gluconate, fenules, ferrum Lek

During the classes:

Org.moment .

Presentation of new material

I would like to invite a snake to our lesson, because what do you think it symbolizes? (Wisdom, cunning, skin change, regeneration, etc.)

Demo Experience: For example, to obtain a gluconate snake, it is enough to bring a tablet of calcium gluconate, which is sold in every pharmacy, to the flame of an alcohol lamp. A snake crawls out of the pill, the volume of which far exceeds the volume starting material. The decomposition of calcium gluconate, which has the composition Ca (CH2OH (CHOH) 4COO) 2, leads to the formation of calcium oxide, carbon, carbon dioxide and water (write the formulas of the substances on the board). An ancient pharmaceutical symbol is the snake that encircles the cup of knowledge.

Here are the names of famous, talented people and the cause of their death:

Schubert 1797-1828 (31 years old) - typhus

Wagner 1747-1779 (aged 32) - tuberculosis

Gauf 1802-1827 (25 years old) - typhus

Tchaikovsky 1840-1893 (53 years old) - cholera

Raphael 1483-1520 (aged 37) - heart failure

Teacher: Here are various drugs. What do you think connects the concepts - a snake, a disease, pills.

Teacher: What is the topic of our lesson?

Students I name the topic of the lesson?

State the purpose of our lesson.

Note - I knew, I found out, I want to know.

In the distant past, medicines and poisons were denoted by the same word. So, the ancient Greek word "pharmakon" and the ancient Russian "potion" acquired a uniquely poisonous semantic connotation, and medicines began to be called "drugs". For many centuries, the meanings of these words have not changed: medicine is a drug that gives healing, poison is a potion that can kill. Almost every drug can be poisonous under certain conditions, and many poisons are used as medicines. The conditionality of the border between them is determined by the general mode of action on the body.

Teacher: Tell me what associations you have with the word medicine - pharmacy, pharmacist, pharmacist, prescription, medicine, doctor.

We are all in pharmacies today, and you are all pharmacists. And who are they?

Medicines are a group of substances aimed at eliminating the signs of a disease, different in form, action and dynamics;

Medicines (drugs) are substances and products used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of human and animal diseases.

Medicinal preparations - dosed medicinal products, ready for use

A drug is a substance that changes how the body works. Drugs can be swallowed, inhaled, injected, absorbed through the skin, instilled into the eyes

What are drugs used for?

Drugs as chemicals are used internally or externally for the purpose of: treating, diagnosing a disease or reducing pain; assessment of the physical, functional or mental state of the patient; replacement of lost blood or other body fluids; neutralization of pathogenic microorganisms; influence on the functions of the body or the mental state of a person, etc.

-- What is the science of medicine called? (The science that deals with the study of drugs is called pharmacology).

Pharmacology (from the Greek φάρμακον - "medicine", "poison" and λόγος - "word", "teaching") - biomedical science of medicinal substances and their effects on the body; in a broader sense, the science of physiologically active substances in general and their action on biological systems. When substances are used in pharmacotherapy, they are called medicines.

Teacher: In order to be a pharmacist, you need to know the history of pharmacology and drugs. To do this, you will work in groups. Working with a textbook and additional literature on:

Group 1 - Merits of Hippocrates

Iatrochemistry Avicenna

Development of medicine in Russia

Group 2 - Davy and laughing gas

Discovery of penicillin.

Conclusion:

Teacher: We learned the history of pharmacology. Say what medicines are produced all over the world.

Slide № Dosage forms

1. Solutions (water, alcohol, oil, glycerin).

2. Infusions.

3. Decoctions.

4. Tinctures.

5. Potions.

7. Emulsions.

8. Suspensions.

1. Powders.

2. Granules.

3. Tablets.

5. Pills.

6. Capsules.

7. Mixtures of chopped or coarsely ground vegetable raw materials.

4. Sterile powders and tablets for injection, dissolved immediately before administration.

There are a lot of medicines. In 1891, the Russian scientist D.L. Romanovsky formulated the principle: "a substance that, when introduced into a diseased organism, will cause the least harm to the latter and cause the greatest destructive changes in the damaging agent."

About 25 thousand medicines are used in medical practice. At the same time, almost 90% of drugs have been developed in recent decades, which makes it possible to speak of a “pharmaceutical explosion”. Not only the number of medicines is growing, but also the strength of their effect on the body. Different states, pharmacological plants produce different drugs. Do you think they are all the same? Different prices, but what is their effect. This is what we will determine now.

Laboratory practice.

Analysis of drugs, derivatives of salicylic acid.

Pound the tablets of each of these medicines in a mortar. Transfer to test tubes 0.1 g of each drug. Add 2-3 ml of water to each tube and note the drug solubility in water. Heat the test tubes with substances to a boil on an alcohol lamp. What is observed?

Place approximately 0.1 g of medicinal preparations into test tubes and add 2-3 ml of ethanol. What is observed? Heat the test tubes on an alcohol lamp until the precipitates are completely dissolved. Compare the solubility of drugs in water and ethanol.

Shake 0.1 g of the drug with 2-3 ml of water and add 2-3 ml of a diluted NaOH solution. Has the solubility of the substances changed?

Lab Experience 2:

2. Reagents: sodium hydroxide, barium chloride,

Explanations: Fe +2 , Fe +3 and anions SO 4 -2 , Cl - FeSO 4 .

Teacher: having studied chemical composition drugs, what conclusion did you come to? Medicines can be both a drug and a poison in large quantities.

VI. Generalization of knowledge

Let's try to summarize the knowledge gained and draw the main conclusions

(insert missing words or phrases in a sentence)

6. Summing up the lesson

The English physician David Williams opined: “Today, ordinary Homo sapiens have considerable freedom to determine their own destiny. Therefore, he should be sufficiently familiar with chemistry to represent the results of the use of drugs or their combinations.

I discovered as a result of the lesson:

- The three most important names -

- Three of the most important events –

- The lesson made me think -

--grades for the lesson

VIII. Reflection

IX. Homework paragraph paragraph 20, page 155

The recipe for the “perfect medicine”: take the blue of the sky, the quiet rustle of the wind, add the singing of a lark, a butterfly on a flower. Dilute with water from a clean lake, warm it up in the sun, let it brew during all seasons. Take with fresh air and good mood 3 times a day for 365 days. Good health in this case is guaranteed. And you don't need any medicine.

Route sheet

1 group- Merits of Hippocrates

Apothecary science of Claudius Galen

Iatrochemistry Avicenna

– Fundamentals of Medical Chemistry Paracelsus

Development of medicine in Russia

Laboratory practice.

For work, you need to take salicylic acid, aspirin.

Conclusion.

2. Dispense approximately 0.1 g of drugs into test tubes and add 2-3 ml of ethanol. What is observed? Heat the test tubes on an alcohol lamp until the precipitates are completely dissolved. Compare the solubility of drugs in water and ethanol. The results of the experiment showed that ASPIRIN ( Russian production) dissolves better in ethanol than in water, but precipitates in the form of needle-shaped crystals, ASPIRIN (manufactured in Germany) partially dissolved, and part of the drug formed a clearly visible white precipitate, we also observed a white precipitate in a test tube. It should be concluded that the use of alcohol-containing drugs in conjunction with aspirin, and even more so with alcohol, is inadmissible.

4. Shake 0.1 g of each drug with 2-3 ml of water and add a few drops of ferric chloride solution. What is observed? As a result, it was found that during the hydrolysis of Russian aspirin, more acetic acid is formed than phenol derivatives, due to the fact that a purple color did not appear. And during the hydrolysis of ASPIRIN C (Germany), on the contrary, more phenol derivatives are formed than acetic acid. Then we found out that a phenol derivative is a substance that is very dangerous for human health, and suggested that it is possible that the phenolic compound affects the appearance of side effects on the human body.

Lab Experience 2: Determination of the qualitative composition of the drug.

Grind a tablet ferrum Lek and fenyuls (this drug contains iron salts and is used to treat anemia) in a mortar and dissolve in water (5-10 ml). Divide the mixture into 2 tubes.

1. Conduct qualitative reactions.

2. Reagents: sodium hydroxide, barium chloride, silver nitrate

3. Make a conclusion about the qualitative composition of the drug.

Explanations: Based on the information provided, based on the name of the drug and using the elimination method, students make an assumption about the presence of cations in the composition of the salt Fe +2 , Fe +3 and anions SO 4 -2 , Cl - . Experimental verification of the hypothesis allows us to conclude that the composition of the salt is FeSO 4

Experiments with iodine solution Obtaining iodoform.

2NaOH + I 2 = NaI + NaIO + H 2 O;

CH 3 -CH 2 -OH + NaIO \u003d CH 3 -CHO + NaI + H 2 O;

CH 3 -CHO + 3I 2 + 3NaOH \u003d I 3 -CHO + 3NaI \u003d 3H 2 O;

I 3 -CHO + NaOH \u003d CHI 3 ↓ + HCOONa.

There is a sharp unpleasant smell of iodoform.

Generalization of knowledge

reference words: prevent, instruction, natural, medicine, disease, synthetic, incorrect, chemical compounds, poison, physician.

Route sheet

Group work Group 2

Davy and laughing gas

The discoveries of Louis Pasteur and Paul Ehrlich, who became Nobel laureates.

Discovery of penicillin.

Conclusion: What contributions did prominent figures from each historical period make?

Laboratory practice.

Analysis of drugs, derivatives of salicylic acid.

For work, you need to take salicylic acid, aspirin.

1. Pound the tablets of each of these medicines in a mortar. Transfer to test tubes 0.1 g of each drug. Add 2-3 ml of water to each tube and note the drug solubility in water. Heat the test tubes with substances to a boil on an alcohol lamp. What is observed? Conclusion: the result of this experiment shows that among the drugs selected for the study containing acetylsalicylic acid, Russian-made aspirin is poorly soluble in water, therefore, once in the stomach, there is a risk that it will attach to the walls of the stomach, which can cause erosive and ulcerative lesions and gastrointestinal bleeding .

2. Dispense approximately 0.1 g of drugs into test tubes and add 2-3 ml of ethanol. What is observed? Heat the test tubes on an alcohol lamp until the precipitates are completely dissolved. Compare the solubility of drugs in water and ethanol. The results of the experiment showed that ASPIRIN (manufactured in Russia) is better soluble in ethanol than in water, but precipitates in the form of needle crystals, ASPIRIN (manufactured in Germany) partially dissolved, and part of the drug formed a clearly distinguishable white precipitate, also a white precipitate , we observed in vitro. It should be concluded that the use of alcohol-containing drugs in conjunction with aspirin, and even more so with alcohol, is inadmissible.

3. Shake 0.1 g of the drug with 2-3 ml of water and add 2-3 ml of a diluted NaOH solution. Has the solubility of the substances changed?

Shake 0.1 g of each preparation with 2-3 ml of water and add a few drops of ferric chloride solution. What is observed?

As a result, it was found that during the hydrolysis of Russian aspirin, more acetic acid is formed than phenol derivatives, due to the fact that a purple color did not appear. And during the hydrolysis of ASPIRIN C (Germany), on the contrary, more phenol derivatives are formed than acetic acid. Then we found out that a phenol derivative is a substance that is very dangerous for human health, and suggested that it is possible that the phenolic compound affects the appearance of side effects on the human body.

Lab Experience 2: Determination of the qualitative composition of the drug.

Grind a Ferrum Lek tablet (this drug contains iron salts and is used to treat anemia) in a mortar and dissolve in water (5-10 ml).

1. Conduct qualitative reactions. Pour this solution into two test tubes and add + Reagents: sodium hydroxide, barium chloride, silver nitrate.

2. Make a conclusion about the qualitative composition of the drug.

3. Experiments with iodine solution

Obtaining iodoform.

Pour 1 ml of an alcoholic solution of iodine into a test tube and add 2 M (8%) NaOH solution to it until it becomes colorless. Characteristic light yellow iodoform crystals precipitate:

2NaOH + I2 = NaI + NaIO + H2O;

CH3-CH2-OH + NaIO = CH3-CHO + NaI + H2O;

CH3-CHO + 3I2 + 3NaOH = I3-CHO + 3NaI = 3H2O;

I3-CHO + NaOH = CHI3↓ + HCOONa.

There is a sharp unpleasant odor of iodoform

Generalization of knowledge

reference words: prevent, instruction, natural, medicine, disease, synthetic, incorrect, chemical compounds, poison, physician.

Lesson Analysis

This lesson was developed in accordance with the program of O.S. Gabrielyan, is held in the 10th grade. Combined teaching method (verbal-visual) using problem presentation and information technologies, contributes to the activation of the cognitive activity of students, their independence and creativity, instills interest in the subject. The lesson presents the technology of problematic and critical thinking, which is considered in pedagogy as the most successful. And the use in educational process practical work and tasks of a research nature contributes to motivation for the generalization of educational material, expands the possibilities for an individual and differentiated approach to learning, increases creative activity, and allows expanding the horizons of students. Applied orientation creates conditions for students to develop the skills to apply the acquired knowledge in solving real problems of everyday life and competently handle drugs.

By type - a lesson in the assimilation of new knowledge, skills, abilities.

The purpose of the lesson:

Didactic:

The study of the concept of "drugs" and the history of their creation;

Give the concept of the classification of drugs and their forms;

To identify the dependence of the human body on drugs.

Developing:

Development of the ability to establish causal relationships between the structure and properties of substances and the vital activity of the organism;

Find out the effect of various drugs on living organisms and the environment.

Educational:

Show the practical significance of drugs;

Show the results of the work of medical chemistry as a science.

This lesson contributes to the formation of educational and cognitive competencies.

Group form of organization learning activities in the classroom is exceptionally effective in carrying out practical work, and it also contributes to the formation of communicative competence.

The frontal form of organization contributes to the establishment of especially trusting relationships, allows you to teach to reason and find errors, and to intensify the activity of students.

Practical work is used as a means of controlling the formation of practical skills and abilities.

Schubert 1797-1828 (31 years old) - typhus
Wagner 1747-1779 (aged 32) - tuberculosis
Gauf 1802-1827 (25 years old) - typhus
Tchaikovsky 1840-1893 (53 years old) - cholera
Raphael 1483-1520 (aged 37) - heart failure

Medications

Didactic:

- study of the concept of "drugs" and the history of their creation;

- to give an idea of the classification of drugs and their forms;

- identify the dependence of the human body on drugs.

Developing:

Development of the ability to establish causal relationships between the structure and properties of substances and the vital activity of the organism;

- to find out the effect of various drugs on living organisms and the environment.

Educational:

- show the practical significance of drugs;

- show the results of the work of medical chemistry as a science .

The purpose of the lesson:

Hippocrates Claudius

(460 - 377 BC) Galen (129 –201)

The history of the creation of drugs:

Abu Ali Hussein ibn Abdullah

Ibn Sina - Avicenna

(980 - 1037)

Central Asian physician of the Middle Ages.

He described a large number of medicinal

herbal and mineral preparations

origin and methods of their preparation.

His main work is called

"The Canon of Medicine".

The history of the creation of drugs:

Edward Jenner(English doctor) - instilled smallpox in 8-year-old boy James Phips

Louis Pasteur

(French scientist)

The history of the creation of drugs:

Alexander Fleming

He synthesized an antibiotic - penicillin from a fungus of the genus Penicillum.

Paul Erlich

Is the founder

chemotherapy.

In 1909, he synthesized salvarsan, a remedy for syphilis

The history of the creation of drugs:

Liquid

Solid

1. Solutions (water, alcohol, oil, glycerin).

Soft

2. Infusions.

1. Powders.

2. Granules.

3. Decoctions.

3. Tablets.

4. Tinctures.

5. Potions.

5. Pills.

4. Sterile powders and tablets for injection, dissolved immediately before administration.

6. Slime.

6. Capsules.

7. emulsions.

8. Suspensions.

7. Mixtures of chopped or coarsely ground vegetable raw materials.

In 1891, the Russian scientist D.L. Romanovsky formulated the principle: "A substance that, when introduced into a diseased organism, will cause the least harm to the latter and cause the greatest destructive changes in the damaging agent."

Forms of drugs

Practical part: "Analysis of the composition of drugs"

P O M N I T E!

Interaction with other drugs

You can use drugs only on the recommendation of your doctor.

May increase or decrease the effect of the drug

Body condition

And buy them only in a pharmacy.

In case of liver or kidney disease, drugs are used with caution.

Features of the profession

DO NOT SELF-CURE!

Attention, speed of reaction may decrease, drowsiness may appear. Drivers, workers responsible for people's lives, should not take such medicines.

Medications - _____________ helping to win or _____________. Medicines may be of _____________ or _______________ origin. When using __________, it is necessary to strictly follow the recommendations of __________ and the ___________ attached to the medicine. When __________ is used, the medicine becomes _______.

reference words: prevent, instruction, natural, medicine, disease, synthetic, incorrect, chemical compounds, poison, physician.

I discovered as a result of the lesson:

The three most important names are

The three most important events

Paracelsus “The real purpose of chemistry is not to make gold, but to make medicines. ” (1493-1541) Paracelsus (real name Philip Aureol Theophrastus Bombast von Hohenheim (Hohenheim), also Hohenheim) (born at the end of 1493 in the city of Einsiedeln, canton of Schwyz, died on September 24, 1541 in Salzburg) - the famous alchemist , physician and occultist. He is also credited with the naming of zinc.

Medicines have been known to man since ancient times. One of the Egyptian papyri (XVII century BC) describes herbal medicines (for example, castor oil)

The great ancient Greek scientist Hippocrates (460-377 BC) was looking for the causes of diseases no longer in evil spirits, but in environment, climate, lifestyle and nutrition. It was he who "grounded" medicine, urging to treat not the disease, but the patient

And what about in Russia? It is known from ancient manuscripts that in 1547 Tsar Ivan the Terrible sent an ambassador to the “German land” to bring in a “master for making alum”, which was used to treat gunshot wounds, various diseases and tumors.

Remember! Interaction with other drugs May increase or decrease the effect of the drug. State of the body In case of liver or kidney disease, drugs are used with caution. Features of the profession Attention, speed of reaction may decrease, drowsiness may appear. Drivers, workers responsible for people's lives should not take such medicines.

Dosage forms

Substances that affect the human psyche are not at all an invention of our days. Since time immemorial, opium, and then morphine, has been used by physicians as an anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative, but since then it has been well known that it must be used with great caution. A person who has taken morphine several times becomes addicted to it, he can no longer do without it.

Morphine Morphine is one of the main alkaloids of opium. Morphine has a low (about 26%) bioavailability when administered orally. When administered intravenously, morphine is intensively absorbed by tissues; within 10 minutes after intravenous administration, 96-98% of morphine disappears from the systemic circulation. Peak concentration with intramuscular injection is observed after 7-20 minutes. The agonistic effect of morphine on opiate receptors is accompanied by a decrease in the level of consciousness, a feeling of warmth, drowsiness and euphoria (in some individuals, dysphoria develops during the initial administration of the drug).

Aspirin Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a drug that has analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects. White small needle-shaped crystals or light crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water at room temperature, soluble in hot water, freely soluble in alcohol, caustic and carbonic alkali solutions.

Antibiotics are powerful weapons. Once in the body, they destroy not only pathogenic, but also beneficial microorganisms, such as intestinal microflora. In addition, pathogenic microbes, in turn, acquire resistance to antibiotics “familiar” to them, and they, actively helping the body fight the disease, allow it to “relax”, gradually lowering the level of immunity, weakening its own defense reactions.

Penicillin Penicillin is one of the main representatives of the group of antibiotics, the drug has a wide range of bacteriostatic and bactericidal action (among penicillin preparations, benzylpenicillin is the most active).

It's just a matter of dose! Medicines, though useful, are harmful!