home Internet professions defense concern. The military-industrial complex (MIC) as a special element of macroeconomics. See what "Defense Production" is in other dictionaries

defense concern. The military-industrial complex (MIC) as a special element of macroeconomics. See what "Defense Production" is in other dictionaries

The military-industrial complex (abbreviated as the military-industrial complex) is a part of the industry of the state that is engaged in the production of military equipment and is aimed at R&D in the defense sector. The formation of the military-industrial complex took place in the second half of the 20th century. The main prerequisites for its formation were the growth in the scale of hostilities and the expansion of the armed forces.

At that time, the best results were demonstrated by the military-industrial complex of the Soviet Union, America, Great Britain, Italy and the Warsaw Pact Organizations (OVD).

In connection with the transition from battles to a peaceful political dialogue between the warring parties, and then the split of the USSR and the Department of Internal Affairs, the number of weapons and armed forces produced was reduced by almost three times. Thus, since the 1990s, the Russian military-industrial complex has established itself at a sufficient level for the security of the state as a whole, and there have been no noticeable ups and downs. At the beginning of 2000, it included more than two thousand enterprises, but there was no clear understanding of what the military-industrial complex was. Today, the management commission includes 18 people headed by the President of the Russian Federation - Putin V.V. In addition, the scientific and technical council of the military-industrial complex (the leader is Mikhailov Yu.M.) and the collegium of the military-industrial complex (the head is D. O. Rogozin, the head of the collegium apparatus is I. V. Borovkov) function under the commission.

The specifics of the military-industrial complex

Distinctive features of the military-industrial complex:

the customer is always the state;
non-standard requirements (manufacturability, capital intensity, long-term) to the quality and technical properties of weapons and military equipment;
confidentiality of innovative projects;
the inability of enterprises to enter the foreign market;
high professionalism of the leaders of the military-industrial complex of Russia;
producers are directly dependent on each other;
the need for a large supply of material and labor resources;
huge scale of defense enterprises.

The level of development of the military-industrial complex of Russia plays a key role in maintaining the security of the entire country, is largely responsible for the technical re-equipment of the main segments of the economy (medicine, transport, education, the fuel and energy complex (FEC), social security, etc.), is a sign of political sustainability.

By what principle are military-industrial complex enterprises located?

The military-industrial complex includes enterprises that manufacture and develop the necessary equipment for a successful attack, ammunition, firearms and chemical weapons.

The location of the enterprise is determined based on the following factors:

safety;
convenient logistics interchange;
availability of qualified specialists and stocks of material resources;
the city in which the enterprise is based must be closed;
the possibility of creating duplicate production.

The main principle is the security of the location of the manufacturing enterprise of the military-industrial complex, taking into account the flight time of foreign missiles and aircraft, therefore enterprises and main centers are located in remote regions of Russia (Siberia or the Urals).

Branches of the military-industrial complex:

manufacture of ammunition. For these purposes, the plant is located in the Central and Western regions of Russia;
small arms industry (Izhevsk, Volgograd, Klimov, Nizhny Novgorod, Kovrovsk);
nuclear production, including mining and processing of uranium ore (Zelenogorsk, Ozersk, etc.). Dispose of nuclear waste in Snezhinsk;
space industry (launch and manufacture of rockets in Moscow, Samara, Omsk, Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk);
production of military aircraft parts and their collection (Kazan, Moscow, Irkutsk, Taganrog, Saratov and other cities);
tank industry (Volgograd, Arzamas);
military shipbuilding (Komsomolsk-on-Amur and other closed cities).

In total, the complex includes more than a thousand enterprises throughout Russia, each of which is distinguished by special secrecy. The military-industrial complex includes factories, research centers, design bureaus and testing grounds.

State agents of Russia

For 2020, the structure of the Russian military-industrial complex includes five state agents:

RASU. Operates in the field of electronic industry (radio industry and other means of communication);
RAV. Works in the armaments industry;
"Rossudostroenie". Engaged in warships;
RAKA. Enterprise associated with the aviation industry;
"Rosammunition". A specialized agency that manufactures munitions and chemical weapons.

Each of the functioning agencies is included in the government and oversees the defense industry.

Due to what is the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation being revived and what are the prospects for development?

After several years of improvement and restructuring production process Russia began to demonstrate positive results and take an active part in the implementation of innovative projects. The updating of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation takes place on the basis of the largest state corporation in the field of manufacturing and selling military equipment and weapons - Rostec. Today, the corporation includes more than 660 small enterprises throughout Russian Federation employing nearly half a million people. Most political observers regard such an act as copying the industrial model of the development of the USSR. If we analyze in more depth, we can see that Russian government adheres to a mixed position - a centralized type of planning and the formation of market relations. After Rostec entered the top 10 largest enterprises in the world, the head of the communications service Brovko V. stated with confidence that in the plans by 2035 the year will be firmly fixed in the fifth position. In addition, the state corporation is aimed at closer partnership with countries Latin America(today 16% of exports go to this region).

The restoration of the Russian military-industrial complex is based on the experience of the 90s. The main goal of the complex is to achieve independence from imports. To do this, Rostec companies depend on each other by expanding production.

Problems of the military-industrial complex in Russia and the USA

It's no secret that business sharks own the US economy. In this regard, the question arises: why is so much money in the United States inverted into the military-industrial complex? The economic situation leaves much to be desired, as the public debt is growing exponentially. As you know, the military industry does not generate income, and due to the cost of its maintenance, there are fewer funds left for the development of infrastructure, education and other segments of the economy. It is worth mentioning that the US military-industrial complex is the largest employer in the world (more than 3 million employees). In turn, the main problem of the Russian military-industrial complex is that the pricing system does not stimulate the employees of the enterprise to increase productivity. It is unprofitable to increase production efficiency, since most of the profits go to the state budget, so the rationing and regulation of average wages does not bring the expected results.

Outcome

The military-industrial complex contributes to the development of many industries (aviation, electronics, space, science, and even banking sector). Russia is actively integrating the fundamental and practical areas of innovation within the framework of efficient operation military organizations. Due to this, the military-industrial complex is fully functioning and successfully developing. In addition, efforts are being made to ensure that the military-industrial complex produces ideal products that justify investment expectations. It is obvious that in such a current situation of the military-industrial complex, the prospect for a wonderful future and a successful present undoubtedly exists. The government is constantly reorganizing work so that defense enterprises can function as efficiently and efficiently as possible.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

Actual problems of aviation and astronautics. Socio-economic and human sciences

The volume of the State Defense Order, which used to be 100% of the load, is now clearly insufficient to keep enterprises afloat. Even taking into account the fact that a significant part of the State Defense Order was used to finance strategic forces, the almost complete absence of physical purchases of weapons by the Russian army indicates the presence of systemic failures in the distribution of the state defense order.

The total amount of the state defense order for the purchase, development and repair of weapons is about 520 billion rubles in this year's budget. To date, more than 3.5 thousand contracts have been concluded for 300 billion rubles, which is 70% of the state defense order. The Ministry of Defense has already transferred 130 billion rubles to enterprises. as part of the financing of the state defense order this year.

After the revision of the budget, according to experts, it is still unclear what the specific volumes of support for enterprises will be. Because of this, since the beginning of the year, research and development projects have not been funded at all, and the money that enterprises still received was issued mainly within the framework of earlier

signed multi-year contracts. Another reason for the delays is the reform of the ordering services of the Ministry of Defense and the peculiarities of the legislation: it takes at least two months from bidding to place an order to the conclusion of a contract, and almost half of the contracts to be concluded this year have not even been bidded. Such a situation at the beginning of the implementation of the reform can jeopardize the timing of rearmament, which is vital not only for the army, but for the entire economy of the country.

1. URL: http://www.finam.ru/dictionary/wordf00F60/default. asp?n=10.

2. New weapons will be! //A red star. 2008 .

3. Litovkin D. Will the state defense order-2009 become a locomotive for overcoming the crisis? / Izvestiya. 05/06/2009. URL: http://www.izvestia.ru/economic/article3128165/

4. About federal budget: feder. law.

I. A. Baburina, E. E. Gubaidullina scientific adviser- G. I. Yurkovskaya Siberian State Aerospace University named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev, Krasnoyarsk

MAIN FEATURES OF ENTERPRISES IN THE DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

The main features of the enterprises of the military-industrial complex are determined, which distinguish their activities from the activities of enterprises in other areas of production, their essence is revealed.

Defense-industrial complex (DIC) - a set of research, design, testing organizations and manufacturing enterprises that carry out the development and production of military and special equipment for state law enforcement agencies and for export, as well as civilian products as part of the conversion. In addition, for the period up to 2015, the needs of the state in this area are determined State program weapons for 2007-2015. That is why it is very important to clearly understand the main features of the OPK:

1. High dependence on government orders with a real prospect of its termination. National security is one of the main needs of the state and society, the satisfaction of which determines the creation of the defense industry. Hence the need for constant attention on the part of the state to the problems of the development of the defense industry. As a result, the main purpose of the functioning of the defense industry makes it dependent on the availability of a state order, i.e., on providing it with work and the necessary funding.

2. The specific nature of the purpose of products is determined by its focus on providing

the strategic interests of the country. Defense industry products are primarily military equipment designed to ensure the defense capability and security of the state, protect morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation; the main instrument for the implementation of the country's strategic objectives; the main indicator of the power and independence of the state, an indicator of its status on the world stage.

3. Most of the activities are presented in project form. The modern dynamics of development requires enterprises to implement more and more new projects. From this point of view, the OPK is characterized by the presence of a goal; limited time; the uniqueness of the product and the conditions for obtaining the result; the presence of a specific structure and team; a change in which a project takes a system from its current state to its desired state.

4. The presence of a pronounced specialization of production. The specialization of the defense industry is of a military science-intensive nature, which is manifested in such large areas as aerospace, rocket-building, radio-electronic, production of communications equipment, ammunition and special equipment, and instrument making.

Section "Economics and business"

5. Long term and capital intensive production activities. Long term planning allows decisions to be made about the basic structure of the production program. Thus, the production program is formed not for one year, but for several years. Capital intensity is determined by constant financing and dependence on the timing of its implementation. All production costs are also calculated for several years, taking into account the possibility of making changes in the distribution of financial resources, or taking into account the likelihood of their receipt being stopped.

6. The uniqueness of the products. The defense industrial complex is a single science-intensive production that produces a limited type of product and has its own specific consumer - the state. The uniqueness of the products of the military-industrial complex lies in the use of certain high-precision equipment in its production, in the use of unique and complex technologies, and in the use of highly qualified labor resources.

7. High level of science intensity of production. The Russian defense industry is a multifunctional research and production industry capable of developing and producing modern types and types of weapons, as well as producing a variety of high-tech civilian products. The military-industrial complex is the main consumer of the results of innovation activity.

8. High level of risk. The foundation effective work in the defense industry - ensuring constant monitoring of deviations. This implies regular accounting, full reporting on production, analysis and coordination of production. The state does not take economic responsibility for causing damage to the company. In addition, there is a constant risk of termination, delay or reduction in financing of the state order, as a result of which, further production of products is carried out entirely at the expense of own funds enterprises .

9. High level of requirements for the quality of manufactured products and the implementation of business processes (quality, timing, costs). Defense industry products must be produced strictly within the specified time frame and not exceed the budgeted costs.

10. High level of requirements for the qualification of personnel (workers, employees, specialists). Human Resources The defense industrial complex is determined by the complex nature of labor and the forms of its motivation, the national significance of the formation and implementation of the labor potential of workers in this field of activity. Defense industry personnel have a unique combination of skills and abilities.

11. Limited opportunities for information and technology transfer. The information conditions for the functioning of enterprises are special requirements due to secrecy that limits cooperation and technology transfer. The main directions and volumes of development of defense technologies are determined by the military doctrine of the state. The current legal basis for the maintenance and protection of developments of the defense complex is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

12. Availability of conversion production. In addition to military products, defense industry enterprises produce civilian products. The defense industry uses its capabilities to the maximum to ensure not only the defense, but also the economic, social and intellectual security of the country, which is envisaged in the idea of conversion.

According to the analysis, we note that on the basis of the features of the defense industry, a production program is being developed through which the main task of the functioning of defense industry enterprises is realized.

1. Katkalo V. S. State order in economic structures: principles of formation and implementation mechanism // Bulletin of the Leningrad University. 1990. Issue. 2. S. 104-111.

2. Antipov A. A. Status and development of the domestic military-industrial complex. Krasnaya Zvezda. 2006. No. 3.

3. Osmolovsky V. V. Organization and planning industrial enterprises(associations). Minsk: Highest. school, 1978. S. 192.

4. Avdonina Yu. The supplier is waiting for guarantees // Risk. 1993. No. 3. S. 25.

N. V. Bakhmareva Siberian State Aerospace University named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev, Krasnoyarsk

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES

An attempt was made to synthesize methods for evaluating the effectiveness organizational structures management, in order to identify indicators that most fully reflect the essence of the business processes under consideration.

In modern economic conditions when evaluating results economic activity increasingly important for the organization of acquisition

yut qualitative indicators that serve as the basis for a comprehensive analysis of financial and economic activities. We believe that more stable

Defense production

Defense production- the area of production (industry) of the state, which is a combination of research, testing institutions, organizations and manufacturing enterprises that carry out the development, testing, production and disposal of weapons, military and special equipment and other property for the armed forces (power structures) of the state. Some authors narrow the concept defense production showing it as the most important, but not the only, component of the military-industrial complex.

Compound

development of weapons and military equipment;
production of weapons and military equipment;
testing of weapons and military equipment;
repair of weapons and military equipment;
maintenance of weapons and military equipment;

Industries

Defense industries:

Production of nuclear weapons;
Rocket and space industry;
Military shipbuilding;
armored industry;
Manufacture of small arms and ammunition;
Production of artillery weapons;

Russia

In the 1990s, many enterprises of the state, in accordance with federal law, dated April 13, 1998, No. 60-FZ, "On the conversion of the defense industry in the Russian Federation", were reoriented to the production of civilian products, including equipment for oil and gas companies.

USA

Defense production facilities

The objects of defense production are:

All enterprises producing systems and elements of weapons, explosives and toxic substances, fissile and radioactive materials, rocket launchers, space and aircrafts, military equipment, enterprises and facilities providing maintenance, launching and tracking of spacecraft, carrying out research and development work in these areas - regardless of the share of military orders;

Protected working premises for emergency control points of all state authorities of the Russian Federation, as well as communication and engineering infrastructure facilities intended for use during a special period.

Impact on the economy of individual regions

The share of defense production in the structure of the economy of the Nizhny Novgorod region is extremely high and, according to various estimates, is 30-40% (due to well-known difficulties, a more accurate assessment is impossible, but these data are enough to classify the Nizhny Novgorod economy as one of the most militarized regional economies of the country). It should be pointed out that the existence of a developed military production determines the nature of not only the regional economy itself, but also practically all other spheres of life: science, education, construction, social security, and all infrastructure elements. Defense production is, as a rule, the most knowledge-intensive and high-tech, concentrates the most qualified personnel and, in addition, bears a large social burden.

see also

Notes

Literature

Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE), Third Edition, "Soviet Encyclopedia" 1969-1978 in 30 volumes;

Soviet military encyclopedia. - M .: Military publishing house, 1976-1980. - (in 8 tons). - 105,000 copies.

Military Encyclopedic Dictionary (VES), M ., Military Publishing House, 1984, 863 pages with illustrations (ill.), 30 sheets (ill.);

"Military Encyclopedic Dictionary" (VES), M., Military Publishing House, 2007;

Grigoriev M.N., E.Yu. Krasnova; Marketing of military products: textbook / Publishing house Info-da, - St. Petersburg, 2011. - P. 435 - ISBN 978-5-94652-344-8

Links

The text of the Constitution of Russia on the official website of the President of Russia

Federal Law, April 13, 1998, No. 60-FZ, "On the Conversion of the Defense Industry in the Russian Federation"

News agency TS VPK - monitoring current state and analysis of the prospects for the development of the military-industrial complex of Russia

Military-industrial complex news - daily reviews of news of the military-industrial complex of Russia and other countries of the world

Breakthrough on the world arms market, "Russia in Global Affairs". No. 2, March - April 2008

Marriage and divorce contract Novaya Gazeta, 02/27/2008 - 8 biggest failures of the military-industrial complex

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Military-industrial complex of Russia

Regarding this topic, it is initially worth noting that the military-industrial complex can be safely attributed to an industry that has had a more than tangible impact on the development of the economy over the many years of the existence of the Russian Federation.

And although some time ago such a thing as the military-industrial complex of Russia was somewhat vague, in the middle of the 2000s, progress in this area became obvious. If we talk about the situation that has developed in this moment, then it is worth voicing the fact that the military-industrial complex has many progressive industries:

Aviation industry;

Nuclear;

Rocket and space;

Release of ammunition and ammunition;

Military shipbuilding, etc.

The following enterprises can be identified as the main players that deserve attention within the framework of the military-industrial complex:

- Russian Technologies;

- "Rosoboronexport";

OJSC Air Defense Concern Almaz-Antey, etc.

What does the structure of the military industry look like?

Within the framework of this topic, it is necessary to initially highlight the following information: during the active 90s, the wave of privatization did not bypass the enterprises of the military-industrial complex of Russia. Therefore, if we now analyze the ownership structure of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, we can easily notice that joint-stock companies. More specifically, there are 57% of such joint-stock companies in the entire military-industrial complex. At the same time, the share of the state is absent in 28.2% of such enterprises.

You can refer to other data provided by the Accounts Chamber. According to this information, approximately 230 enterprises operate within the aviation industry. But only 7 of them belong to the state (we are talking about a controlling stake).

One of the key features of Russian enterprises is their jurisdiction in various forms to federal organizations. At the moment, the structure of the military-industrial complex of Russia includes 5 state agencies that oversee the defense industry and are located in:

RASU. Operates in the field of communications and radio industry.

- "Rossudostroenie". Responsible for supervising shipbuilding production.

RAKA. Controls processes within the rocket and space and aviation industries.

RAV. In this case, we are talking about the armaments industry.

- "Rosammunition". This agency specializes in working with the special chemicals and ammunition industry.

Key elements of the military-industrial complex

If we consider the features of the military-industrial complex of Russia, then we cannot ignore the types of organizations that are part of it:

Design bureaus that are focused on working with prototypes (prototypes) of weapons.

Organizations of a research profile. Their main task is theoretical developments.

Manufacturing enterprises. In this case, the resources are used for the mass production of weapons.

Polygons, as well as testing laboratories. Here it makes sense to talk about several important tasks. This is the so-called fine-tuning of prototypes in real-life conditions, as well as testing weapons that have just rolled off the production line.

In order to draw a complete picture of the functioning of the military-industrial complex and identify all the facets that the military-industrial complex of Russia has, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that enterprises that are part of the defense sector also produce products for civilian purposes.

Now it is worth taking a closer look at the military-industrial complex sectors

Nuclear weapons complex

It is difficult to imagine the development of the military-industrial without this direction. It includes several strategically important areas of production.

First of all, this is the subsequent production of a concentrate from this raw material. The next important step is the separation of uranium isotopes (the enrichment process). This task is performed at enterprises located in cities such as Angarsk, Novouralsk, Zelenogorsk and Seversk.

In fairness, it should be noted that 45% of all capacities that are concentrated in Russia are located in Russia. At the same time, it is important to pay attention to the fact that the production of nuclear weapons is declining and the industries described above focus on Western customers.

Another task of this complex of the military-industrial complex is both the development and the allocation of its reserves concentrated in the Russian Federation, which will last for many more years.

Enterprises operating within the framework of the nuclear weapons complex are also engaged in the manufacture of fuel elements that are necessary for the operation of nuclear reactors, the assembly of nuclear weapons and the disposal of radioactive waste.

Rocket and space industry

It can rightly be called one of the most knowledge-intensive. What is one ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) worth, for the full operation of which approximately 300 thousand different systems, devices and parts are needed. And if we talk about a large space complex, then this figure increases to 10 million.

It is for this reason that most of the scientists, engineers and designers are concentrated in this industry.

Aviation industry

Studying the military-industrial complex of Russia, the branches and directions of this sphere, aviation must be paid attention in any case. Here it is relevant to talk about large industrial centers, since parent enterprises are needed to assemble products. Others simply do not have the necessary technical base to organize the processes required for fast and high-quality production.

At the same time, two key conditions must always be observed: the availability of qualified specialists and well-organized transport links. The military-industrial complex of Russia and specifically the aviation sector are in a state of constant development, which allows the Russian Federation to act as a major exporter of weapons, including aviation.

Artillery and small arms

It is also an important industry. The military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation can hardly be imagined without the famous Kalashnikov assault rifle. This is the most massive type of small arms currently produced in Russia.

Moreover, outside the CIS, it was adopted by 55 states. As for artillery systems, their production centers are located in cities such as Perm, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod.

armored industry

If you pay attention to the centers of the military-industrial complex of Russia, then after a simple analysis it will be possible to draw an obvious conclusion: this direction of the defense industry can be defined as one of the most developed.

The tanks themselves are produced directly in Omsk and Nizhny Tagil. The factories located in Chelyabinsk and St. Petersburg are at the stage of conversion. As for armored personnel carriers, enterprises in Kurgan and Arzamas are engaged in their production.

Military shipbuilding

Without it, Russia's military-industrial complex cannot be considered complete.

At the same time, the largest production center in this area is St. Petersburg. Within this city there are up to 40 enterprises related to shipbuilding.

Regarding the topic of nuclear submarines, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that at the moment their production is carried out only in Severodvinsk.

What you need to know about the conversion of the military-industrial complex

In this case, we are talking about changing the military industry, and more specifically, about its transition to the civilian market. The explanation for such a strategy is very simple: the production facilities that exist at the moment are capable of producing significantly more military products than actual demand requires. That is, neither Russia itself nor its current and potential clients need so much.

With such a prospect, one obvious maneuver remains: to reorient some of the military enterprises to the production of products that are relevant in the civilian sector. Thus, jobs will be preserved, factories will continue their stable operation, and the state will make a profit. Complete harmony.

The use of the military, so to speak, for peaceful purposes is also promising for the reason that at such enterprises there is a significant concentration of advanced technologies and specialists with high level qualifications.

Using such a strategy, it is possible to solve at least some of the problems of the Russian military-industrial complex. At the same time, a stable production of the most relevant equipment for the army is maintained.

Obvious difficulties

Against the background of the above information, it is easy to conclude that the same conversion is not an easy task. In fact, it can be attributed to one of the most difficult tasks facing the military-industrial complex. There are no simple solutions here by definition. In order to see any progress in this area, you need to constantly make significant efforts.

Another problem that has to be faced is the uncertainty about the future financing of military-industrial complex enterprises. The military-industrial complex of Russia can receive funds from the state only for those enterprises that are part of any federal program or are among the state-owned production facilities.

As for foreign investments, there are no reasons to boldly count on them yet. At the same time, plants with production lines that are already outdated or incapable of producing a wide range of competitive products, and military products in particular, may find themselves in a particularly difficult situation.

If we try to assess the economic state of defense enterprises as a whole, we can conclude that it is very heterogeneous. The bottom line is that there are factories whose products have a certain demand. At the same time, there are those enterprises that are in a state of deep production crisis, regardless of whether they belong to the state or not.

Nevertheless, one must be aware that the government fixes the state of some components of the military-industrial complex. This confirms the fact that the Coordinating Council approved the main directions of development and stabilization of the situation.

In addition, Russia is actively combining the fundamental and applied scientific areas within the framework of the activities of military enterprises, which significantly increases the chances of the military-industrial complex to successful development and full functioning. Competently organized efforts are also being made to maximize the compliance of products that come off the assembly line of military-industrial complex enterprises with the investment expectations of the Russian and foreign markets.

Results

Obviously, with all the difficult situation that has developed around the military-industrial complex, there are definitely chances for a bright future and a progressive present. The government is constantly working to make the necessary changes that will allow defense enterprises to operate as efficiently as possible.

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