home Remote work and freelance NPP control board. Kola NPP is the northernmost NPP in Europe. Block control panel

NPP control board. Kola NPP is the northernmost NPP in Europe. Block control panel

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The APCS function is a set of system actions aimed at achieving a particular control goal. The functions of the automated process control system are divided into information, control and auxiliary.
The content of the information functions of the automated process control system is the collection, processing and presentation of information about the state of the TOU to operational personnel, as well as its registration and transfer to other automated control systems
Consider the information functions of the APCS.

The content of the control functions of the automated process control system is the development and implementation of control actions on the TOU. Here, “development” means the determination, based on the available information, of the required values of control actions, and “implementation” means actions that ensure that the actual value of the control action corresponds to the required one. The development of control actions can be carried out both by technical means and by the operator; implementation is carried out with the obligatory use of technical means.
Consider the control functions of the APCS.

The remote control function consists in the transfer of control actions from the operator to the electric drives * of the actuators (open-close) and auxiliary electric motors (turn on-off).

Nuclear power plants also have a small number of non-electrified shut-off and control elements, which are manually controlled on site; this is not done by the operators, but by special crawlers at the command of the operators.

Fig 1 3. The structure of the automated process control system of the power unit.
1-14 - subsystems, 1 - control of especially critical parameters, 2 - technological signaling; 3 - remote control, 4 - automatic protection, 5 - automatic control, 6 - FGU, 7 - CPS, 8 - ACS T, 9 - VRK, 10 - SRK U - KTO and KTsTK, 12 - MCP control system, 13 - auxiliary control subsystems technological systems, 14 - UVS; 15 - block operators, 16 - auxiliary technological systems operators, 17 - computer operators

Optimization can also concern the parameters of the automated process control system itself, an example of which is the determination of the optimal settings of the controllers according to the criterion of accuracy in maintaining the controlled values.

* Drives with other types of auxiliary energy (hydraulic, pneumatic) have not been widely used at nuclear power plants (except for the turbine speed control system and some types of high-speed reduction units).

Secondary functions.

APCS are functions that provide a solution to intra-system problems, i.e., designed to ensure the system's own functioning. These include checking the serviceability of APCS devices and the correctness of the initial information, automatic input of backup APCS devices in case of failures of the operating ones, reporting to personnel about failures in the APCS, etc. Due to the complexity of modern APCS, the value of auxiliary functions is very high, since without them normal operation of the systems is impossible.
For the convenience of development, design, delivery, installation and commissioning of automated process control systems, they are conditionally divided into subsystems. Each subsystem provides control of a part of the object or combines technical means that perform any one specific function; in the first case, one speaks of a multifunctional subsystem, in the second, one-functional subsystems are relatively independent of each other and can be developed and manufactured by various organizations with their subsequent docking directly at the facility. Consider the main subsystems of automated process control systems for power units (Fig. 1.3).

In addition to the main devices, all subsystems contain connecting cables, panels on which devices are placed, power supplies, etc.
In addition to these subsystems, which are mainly designed to perform any one function for the block as a whole, there are a number of multifunctional subsystems designed to perform a set of functions to control any unit or technological system.
The units are controlled using devices that form a subsystem of functional group control (FGU). To start or stop the unit controlled by the FGU, it is enough to give one command, after which all operations occur automatically.
The multifunctional subsystems of the automated process control system of the block that control individual technological systems are usually called the "control system". This is due to the fact that such subsystems were developed and formalized before the advent of automated process control systems as independent systems. They may have their own computers, and then they are transferred to all the functions of managing the relevant technological equipment. In the absence of own computer, part of the functions is transferred to the computer of the APCS of the block (centralized control, calculation of indirect values, registration of some parameters, diagnostics of the state of technological equipment, exchange of information with the APCS of NPP, optimization). Such multifunctional subsystems include:

control system, protection, automatic regulation and control of the reactor (CPS) to control the power of the reactor in all modes of its operation and their auxiliary equipment;
automated turbine control system (ACS T) designed to control turbines and their auxiliary equipment;
fuel refueling and transport management system that controls all mechanisms that move fuel from its receipt at nuclear power plants to its shipment for spent fuel reprocessing.

If this is dictated by the requirements of the technology, then other subsystems may also be included in the automated process control system. For example, units with fast neutron reactors have a subsystem for controlling the electric heating of circuits and a subsystem for controlling the speed of the main circulation pumps (CS MCP).
Some of the multifunctional subsystems are controlled by their own operators, working under the guidance of block operators
Modern nuclear power plants also have multifunctional subsystems that perform a full set of information functions for monitoring homogeneous mass parameters. These include:

in-reactor control system (IRC) designed to control heat release values, temperatures and other parameters inside the reactor core;
radiation monitoring system (RMS) designed to monitor the radiation situation of process equipment, NPP premises and the surrounding area;
systems for monitoring the tightness of fuel claddings (CGO) and monitoring the integrity of technological channels (CCTC), monitoring the state (integrity) of fuel claddings and technological channels based on the analysis of data on the activity of the coolant and other reactor parameters.

The most important subsystem of the automated process control system, which performs the most complex information and control functions, is the control computer system (CCS) [or the control computer complex (CCC)]. In the automated process control system of the UVS units, they can perform almost all information and control functions.

NPP control panels

Control board(CB) is a specially allocated room intended for permanent or periodic stay of operators, with panels, consoles and other equipment located in it, on which the technical means of automated process control systems are installed and with the help of which the technological process is controlled. NPP control is organized from several control rooms.
The central control panel (TSChU) refers to the automated process control system for nuclear power plants. From it, the overall coordination of the operation of power units, the control of electrical switchgear and plant-wide systems is carried out. The central control room is the place of residence of the station engineer on duty (DIS) or the NPP shift supervisor. Near the central control room, a room is allocated for the location of the UVS of the automated process control system of the NPP. If necessary, to control some general station equipment - special water treatment plants, boiler rooms, ventilation systems- a shield of general station devices is organized (SCHOU) (or several SCHOU).
The main control of the technological process of the block is carried out from the block control panel (BCR). According to the nuclear safety requirements, for each NPP unit, a backup control panel (RCC) is organized, which is designed to carry out operations to shut down the unit in situations in which it is not possible to carry out these operations from the control room (for example, in the event of a fire at the control room).
To control some auxiliary systems, both station-wide and block, local control panels (LSC) are organized. Depending on technological requirements, these shields are intended for permanent or periodic stay of operational personnel (for example, during fuel refueling). Often, special rooms are not allocated for the local control room, but they are located directly at the controlled equipment (for example, the local control room of turbogenerators is located directly in the engine room).
Let us consider in more detail the organization of the control room. A modern power unit is a complex control object with a large number of measured (up to 5-10 thousand) and controlled (up to 4 thousand) quantities. Each block is controlled by two or three operators. An increase in the number of operational personnel is not possible due to the difficulty of coordinating the work of a larger number of operators. In addition, an increase in personnel reduces the efficiency of nuclear power plants. Naturally, even when modern control facilities (including computers) are used, a great mental and physical burden falls on operators.
When designing the APCS of the unit, they tend to reduce the number of controlled parameters and controlled objects. However, due to the peculiarities of the technology, as mentioned above, the number of controlled and controlled parameters is measured in thousands, and placing such a number of indicating instruments and controls on operational fields directly in front of the operators is simply impossible. . In modern automated process control systems, the following methods are used to reduce operational fields.

location of all devices that do not require control by operators (regulators, FGU devices, relay blocking and protection circuits, etc.) on special non-operational panels taken out to separate rooms of the control room. Maintenance of these devices is carried out by personnel who ensure the serviceability of their operation, but are not directly involved in the management of the unit;
the use of centralized control with the help of a computer and a decrease in the number of parameters controlled on individual secondary devices; in modern process control systems of blocks, the number of such parameters is no more than 10% of the total;
the use of calling, group and functional-group controls, in which one body controls several actuators;
removal of secondary instruments and controls, necessary only for relatively rare operations (preparation for the start-up of the unit), to auxiliary panels located in the operational room of the control room, but outside the main control loop (on the side or behind the operators). With a large number of auxiliary systems, the control of which is not directly related to the control of the main technological process, a special auxiliary systems shield (ASS) can be organized for them, located in close proximity to the operational circuit of the main control room.

Another way to reduce the burden on operators is to make it easier to decode incoming information and find the right controls. For this, in particular, in modern automated process control systems, mnemonic diagrams are used. They represent a simplified image of the technological scheme of equipment with conditional images of the main units (heat exchangers, pumps). At the locations of the images of the corresponding units, as well as the locking elements, there are status signaling devices (light bulbs with light filters), and at the locations of the images of the regulatory bodies - position indicators.

Fig 1.4. An example of the image of a technological line on a mnemonic diagram
1 - pump mnemonic with status indicator, 2 - valve mnemonic with status indicator, 3 - regulator position indicator; 4 - tank mnemonic, 5 - pump control key; 6 - valve control key, 7 - regulator control key, 8 - pressure deviation signaling device, 9 - level deviation signaling device, 10 - red light filter, 11 - green light filter

In some cases, the mnemonic diagram contains devices that show the values of technological parameters, as well as devices that signal a deviation of these parameters from the norm. If the mnemonic diagram is located within the reach of operators, controls are also installed on it (Fig. 1-4).

a - with a separate remote control; b - with attached remote control, 1 - vertical panels, 2 - remote control; 3 - countertop; 4 - vertical attachment, 5 - inclined panel

Fig. 15. Options for the layout of the operational circuit of the control room (section):
Structurally, the operational circuit of the control room is usually made in the form of vertical dashboards and a separate console (Fig. 1.5, a). On the vertical panels are large-sized instruments, as well as mnemonic diagrams and rarely used controls. When the mnemonic is located at the top of the console, it is usually slanted to improve visibility. The operational part of the control panel consists of an inclined (or horizontal) tabletop, on which are located the controls, indicators of the position of shut-off and regulatory bodies and indicators of the status of auxiliary electric motors.

Figure 1 6. Layout options for the operational circuit of the control room (plan)
a - arched, b - linear, 1 - operational panels, 2 - remote control, 3 - table-console, 4 - auxiliary panels; I - III - control zones, respectively, of the reactor, steam generators and turbogenerators

In some cases, mnemonic diagrams are located both on the tabletop and on the vertical attachment of the remote control. Consoles serviced by one operator have a significant length (up to 5 m), and during transient modes, the operator works while standing. In stationary modes, when the volume of control operations is small, the operator can work while sitting. For this, a special workplace, near which the most important control and management bodies are located. The tabletop of this workplace should be free from devices so that the operator can use instructions, keep records, etc. Often such a workplace is organized not on the console, but at a special console table, on which only the telephone is located, but in modern systems- and communication devices with computers
Auxiliary panels (as well as LCM panels) usually do not have separate consoles, but are made in the attached version (Fig. 1.5, b), they work at such consoles, as a rule, while standing.
Basically, two options for the layout of the operational circuit of the control room are common: arc-shaped and linear (Fig. 1.6). Usually the unit is controlled by two or three operators from one, two or three consoles. For convenience of passage to the vertical panels, gaps are made between the consoles.
Operational panels are located directly in front of the consoles, auxiliary panels are located on the side and behind. Usually, in the center of the operational room of the control room, there is a table-console of the unit shift supervisor (or senior operator). At the same table, operator workplaces can be allocated for sitting.
The placement of instruments and devices on the panels and consoles of the control room is subject to the sequential technological principle, i.e. from left to right, in accordance with the technological process (reactor - MCP - steam generators - turbo generators). Accordingly, the left auxiliary panels are assigned to control the reactor and steam generators, the right - turbogenerators.
In the room of the operational circuit of the control room, the specified illumination of panels and consoles (200 lux), temperature (18-25 ° C) and humidity (30-60%) of the air are provided; noise level should not exceed 60 dB. Main control rooms are made according to a special architectural design, which takes into account aesthetic and engineering requirements. The approach of cable flows to all switchboard devices must be provided. The control room room must comply with safety standards, fire safety and electrical installation rules.
The operational contour of the control room occupies only a part of all rooms of the control room. A significant area is occupied by non-operational panels. Typically, the operating circuit is located in the central part of the control room, and non-operational panels are located in the rooms on the sides of the operating room. There are layouts in which non-operational panels are placed under the operating room. Given the significant number of cable connections between the operating circuit of the control room and the computer, the computer room is also sought to be brought closer to the operating room.
The standby control panel (RCC) is located in a special room separated from the control room by a fire-resistant fence or spaced from it at some distance, but in such a way that access to it can be provided without hindrance and in a minimum time. The volume of monitoring and control equipment installed on the control room must be sufficient for normal shutdown of the unit even in the event of accidents in the process equipment, provided that all safety requirements are met.

Kola NPP is the northernmost NPP in Europe and the first nuclear power plant in the USSR built beyond the Arctic Circle. Despite the harsh climate of the region and the long polar night, the water near the station never freezes. The nuclear power plant does not affect the state of the environment, which is evidenced by the fact that a fish farm is located in the area of the outlet canal, where trout is bred all year round.

1. The history of the Kola NPP began in the mid-1960s: the inhabitants of the union continued to actively develop the northern part of the territories, and the rapid development of industry required large energy costs. The country's leadership decided to build a nuclear power plant in the Arctic, and in 1969 the builders laid the first cubic meter of concrete.

In 1973, the first power unit of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant was launched, and in 1984 the fourth power unit was put into operation.

2. The station is located beyond the Arctic Circle on the shore of Lake Imandra, twelve kilometers from the city of Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk region.

It consists of four power units of the VVER-440 type with an installed capacity of 1760 MW and provides electricity to a number of enterprises in the region.

The Kola NPP generates 60% of the electricity in the Murmansk region, and in its area of responsibility there are large cities, including Murmansk, Apatity, Monchegorsk, Olenegorsk and Kandalaksha.

3. The protective cap of the reactor No. 1. Deep under it is the case nuclear reactor, which is a cylindrical vessel.
Hull weight - 215 tons, diameter - 3.8 m, height - 11.8 m, wall thickness is 140 mm. The thermal power of the reactor is 1375 MW.

4. The upper block of the reactor is a design that is designed to seal its vessel, accommodate drives of control systems, protection
and sensors for in-reactor control.

5. For 45 years of operation of the station, not a single case of exceeding natural background values has been recorded. But the "peaceful" atom remains such only
with proper supervision and correct work all systems. Fifteen control posts were installed at the station to check the radiation situation.

6. The second reactor was commissioned in 1975.

7. Carrying case for 349 KNPP fuel cartridges.

8. The mechanism for protecting the reactor and plant from internal and external factors. Under the cap of each KNPP reactor there are forty-seven tons of nuclear fuel, which heats the water of the primary circuit.

9. Block control panel (BSHU) - think tank NUCLEAR POWER STATION. Designed to monitor the performance of the power unit and control technological processes at a nuclear power plant.

10.

11. The shift in the control room of the third power unit of the Kola NPP consists of only three people.

12. From such a large number of controls, eyes run wide.

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14. Model of the section of the active zone of the VVER-440 reactor.

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17. The career of a nuclear specialist requires serious technical training and is impossible without striving for professional excellence.

18. Engine room. Turbines are installed here, which are continuously supplied with steam from a steam generator, heated to 255 ° C. They drive a generator that generates electricity.

19. An electric generator inside which the rotational energy of the turbine rotor is converted into electricity.

20. The generator turbine, assembled in 1970 at the Kharkov Turbine Plant, has been in use for forty-five years. The frequency of its rotation is three thousand revolutions per minute. Eight turbines of the K-220-44 type are installed in the hall.

21. More than two thousand people work at the KNPP. For the stable operation of the station, the staff constantly monitors its technical condition.

22. The length of the machine room is 520 meters.

23. The pipeline system of the Kola NPP stretched for kilometers throughout the entire territory of the power plant.

24. With the help of transformers, the electricity generated by the generator enters the network. And the steam exhausted in the condensers of the turbines becomes water again.

25. Open switchgear. It is from here that the electricity that the station generates goes to the consumer.

26.

27. The station was built off the coast of Imandra, the largest lake in the Murmansk region and one of the largest lakes in Russia. The territory of the reservoir is 876 km², the depth is 100 m.

28. Chemical water treatment area. After processing, chemically desalted water is obtained here, which is necessary for the operation of power units.

29. Laboratory. Specialists of the chemical department of the Kola NPP make sure that the water chemistry regime at the plant meets the plant operation standards.

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32. The Kola NPP has its own Training Center and a full-scale simulator, which are designed for training and advanced training of station personnel.

33. The students are supervised by an instructor who teaches them how to interact with the control system and what to do in case of a malfunction of the station.

34. These containers store non-radioactive salt melt, which is the final product of processing liquid waste.

35. The technology for handling liquid radioactive waste from the Kola NPP is unique and has no analogues in the country. It allows to reduce the amount of radioactive waste to be disposed of by 50 times.

36. Operators of the complex for the processing of liquid radioactive waste monitor all stages of processing. The whole process is fully automated.

37. Discharge of treated wastewater into the outlet channel leading to the Imandra reservoir.

38. Waters discharged from nuclear power plants are classified as clean, do not pollute environment, but affect the thermal regime of the reservoir.

39. On average, the water temperature at the mouth of the outlet canal is five degrees higher than the water intake temperature.

40. In the area of the KNPP bypass canal, Lake Imandra does not freeze even in winter.

41. For industrial environmental supervision at the Kola NPP, automated system control of the radiation situation (ARMS).

42. The mobile radiometric laboratory, which is part of the ARMS, allows you to conduct gamma-ray surveys of the area along designated routes, perform air and water sampling using samplers, determine the content of radionuclides in samples and transmit the information received to the ARMS information and analysis center via a radio channel.

43. The collection of atmospheric precipitation, sampling of soil, snow cover and grass is carried out at 15 permanent observation points.

44. The Kola NPP also has other projects. For example, a fish complex in the area of the discharge channel of a nuclear power plant.

45. The farm grows rainbow trout and Lena sturgeons.

47. Polyarnye Zori is a city of power engineers, builders, teachers and doctors. Founded in 1967 during the construction of the Kola NPP, it is located on the banks of the Niva River and Lake Pin Lake, 224 km from Murmansk. As of 2018, about 17,000 people live in the city.

48. Polyarnye Zori is one of the northernmost cities in Russia, and winter here lasts 5-7 months a year.

49. Holy Trinity Church on the street. Lomonosov.

50. On the territory of the city of Polyarnye Zori there are 6 children's preschool institutions and 3 schools.

51. The system of lakes Iokostrovskaya Imandra and Babinskaya Imandra flows into the White Sea through the Niva River.

52. The White Sea is an inland shelf sea of the Arctic Ocean, in the European Arctic between the Kola Peninsula Svyatoy Nos and the Kanin Peninsula. The water area is 90.8 thousand km², depths are up to 340 m.

It is difficult for a modern person to imagine life without electricity. We cook food, we use lighting, we use electrical appliances: refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners and computers; listening to music, talking on the phone - these are just a few things that are very difficult to do without. All these devices have one thing in common - they use electricity as their "power". 7 million people live in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region (*according to Rosstat as of January 1, 2016), this number is comparable to the population of the state of Serbia, Bulgaria or Jordan. 7 million people use electricity every day, where does it come from?

Leningrad NPP is the largest electricity producer in the North-West, the share of electricity supply for the period from January to October 2016 was 56.63%. During this period, the power plant produced 20 billion 530.74 kW ∙ hours of electricity for the energy system of our region.

LNPP is a secure facility and it is not possible for a “random” person to get on it. Having issued Required documents, we visited the main premises of the power plant:

1. Block control panel

2. Reactor room of the power unit

3. Engine room.

Sanitary checkpoint

After passing through the system of two-level personality control, we ended up at the sanitary checkpoint.

We are equipped with: safety shoes, a white coat, trousers and a shirt, white socks and a helmet. The passage of the sanitary inspection room is strictly regulated. Safety is a key corporate value of Rosatom.

An individual dosimeter is required. It is of accumulative type, leaving the Leningrad NPP building, we will find out what dose of radiation we received during our stay at the power plant. The natural radioactive background surrounding us fluctuates between 0.11 - 0.16 µSv/h.

Shooting in the corridors at the Leningrad NPP is strictly prohibited, only specialists know how to get from room A to room B. Let's move to the first point of the tour.

Block Control Board

Each power unit is controlled from a block control panel (BCR). The Block Control Board is a control room in which the collection and processing of information about the measured parameters of the power plant operation takes place.

Stukanev Denis, shift supervisor of power unit No. 2 of the Leningrad NPP, talks about the work of the Nuclear Power Plant, the installed equipment, the “life” of the power plant.

There are 5 unique workplaces in the room: 3 operators, chief and deputy. shift supervisor. The equipment of the control panel can be divided into 3 blocks, responsible for: control of the reactor, turbines and pumps.

If the main parameters deviate beyond the established limits, sound and light alarms are issued indicating the deviation parameter.

The collection and processing of incoming information is carried out in the SKALA information-measuring system.

Power unit reactor.

The Leningrad NPP contains 4 power units. The electric power of each is 1000 MW, the thermal power is 3200 MW. The design output is 28 billion kWh per year.

LNPP is the first station in the country with RBMK-1000 reactors (high power channel reactor). The development of the RBMK was a significant step in the development of the nuclear power industry in the USSR, since such reactors make it possible to create large nuclear power plants of high power.

Energy conversion in the NPP unit with RBMK occurs according to a single-loop scheme. Boiling water from the reactor is passed through separator drums. Then saturated steam (temperature 284 °C) at a pressure of 65 atmospheres is supplied to two turbogenerators with an electric power of 500 MW each. The exhaust steam is condensed, after which the circulation pumps supply water to the inlet to the reactor.

Equipment for routine maintenance of RBMK-100 type reactors. It was used to restore the resource characteristics of the reactor.

One of the advantages of the RBMK reactor is the possibility of reloading nuclear fuel at the operating reactor without power reduction. For reloading, an unloading and loading machine is used. Operated by an operator remotely. During reloading, the radiation situation in the hall does not change significantly. The installation of the machine above the corresponding channel of the reactor is carried out according to the coordinates, and precise guidance is carried out using an optical-television system.

Spent nuclear fuel is loaded into hermetic tanks filled with water. The holding time of spent fuel assemblies in pools is 3 years. At the end of this period, the assemblies are disposed of by sending them to spent nuclear fuel storage facilities.

The photographs show the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect, in which there is a glow caused in a transparent medium by a charged particle that moves at a speed exceeding the phase velocity of light in this medium.

This radiation was discovered in 1934 by P.A. Cherenkov and explained in 1937 by I.E. Tamm and I.M. Frank. All three were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 for this discovery.

Engine room

One RBMK-1000 reactor supplies steam to two turbines with a capacity of 500 MW each. The turbine unit consists of one low pressure cylinder and four cylinders high pressure. The turbine is the most complex unit after the reactor as part of a nuclear power plant.

The principle of operation of any turbine is similar to the principle of operation of a windmill. In windmills, the air flow rotates the blades and does work. In the turbine, the steam rotates the blades arranged in a circle on the rotor. The turbine rotor is rigidly connected to the generator rotor, which, when rotated, generates current.

The LNPP turbine generator consists of a K-500-65 type saturated steam turbine and a TVV-500-2 synchronous three-phase current generator with a speed of 3000 rpm.

In 1979, for the creation of a unique turbine K-500-65/3000 for the Leningrad NPP, a team of Kharkov turbine builders was awarded the State Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology.

Leaving LNPP…

The main premises of the LNPP have been reviewed, we are again at the sanitary checkpoint. We check for ourselves the presence of radiation sources, everything is clean, we are healthy and happy. Being at the Leningrad NPP, the radiation dose accumulated by me was 13 μSv, which is comparable to an airplane flight over a distance of 3000 km.

Second life of LNPP

The problem of decommissioning power units is a very relevant topic, due to the fact that in 2018 the life of power unit No. 1 of the Leningrad NPP expires.

Ruslan Kotykov, Deputy Head of the Leningrad NPP Units Decommissioning Department: “The most acceptable, safest and most financially profitable option for immediate decommissioning has been chosen. It implies the absence of deferred decisions and observation delays after the block is stopped. The experience of decommissioning RBMK reactors will be replicated at other NPPs.”

A few kilometers from the operating Leningrad NPP, the “construction of the century” is taking place. Russia is implementing a large-scale program for the development of nuclear energy, which implies an increase in the share of nuclear energy from 16% to 25-30% by 2020. To replace the capacities of the decommissioned Leningrad NPP, a new generation nuclear power plant with a VVER-1200 type reactor (pressure-cooled power reactor) of the AES-2006 project is being created. "AES-2006" is a standard design of the Russian nuclear power plant of the new generation "3+" with improved technical and economic indicators. The goal of the project is to achieve modern safety and reliability indicators with optimized capital investments for the construction of the station.

Nikolai Kashin, Head of the Department of Information and Public Relations of Power Units under Construction, spoke about the LNPP-2 project being created. This project meets modern international safety requirements.

The electric capacity of each power unit is 1198.8 MW, the heating capacity is 250 Gcal/h.

The estimated service life of LNPP-2 is 50 years, the main equipment is 60 years.

The main feature of the project being implemented is the use of additional passive safety systems in combination with active traditional systems. Provides protection against earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, aircraft crashes. Examples of improvements are the double containment of the reactor hall; "trap" of the core melt, located under the reactor vessel; passive residual heat removal system.

I recall the words of Vladimir Pereguda, director of the Leningrad NPP: “The project of power units with VVER-1200 reactors has unprecedented multi-level safety systems, including passive ones (which do not require personnel intervention and power connection), as well as protection from external influences.”

On the construction site of the new power units of the Leningrad NPP, the installation of equipment for the pumping station of the consumers of the turbine building continues, three buildings of the circulation pump units have been installed and concreted. Pumping units are the main technological equipment of the facility and consist of two parts - pumps and electric motors.

The output of power to the power system from power unit No. 1 of LNPP-2 will be carried out through a complete switchgear with SF6 insulation (GIS) for 330 kV, from power unit No. 2 of LNPP-2 it is supposed to be at a voltage of 330 and 750 kV.

Last time we visited the engine room of the Novovoronezh NPP. Passing between the complex interweaving of pipes, one involuntarily marvels at the complexity of this huge mechanical organism of a nuclear power plant. But what lies behind this multi-colored hodgepodge of mechanisms? And how is the station managed?

1. This question will be answered in the next room.

2. Patiently waiting for the whole group, we find ourselves in a real MCC! Main control point or Block control panel (BCR). The brain of the 5th power unit of the Novovoronezh NPP. It is here that all the information about each element of the large organism of the station flows.

3. The open space in front of the operators' workplaces is reserved specifically for such introductory meetings. Without interfering with the work of the staff, we can safely inspect the entire hall. Control panels diverge from the central panel with wings. One half is responsible for managing the operation of a nuclear reactor, the second for the operation of turbines.

4. Looking at the control panel, it finally comes to the consciousness of what kind of monster a person has tamed and is holding tightly in his hands! The incredible number of buttons and lights, densely covering the block shield, fascinates. There are no superfluous details here - everything is consistently subordinated to the logical construction of the nuclear power plant operation process. Monitors of constantly buzzing computers stand in orderly rows. Eyes run up from the richness and fullness of the incoming information, understandable and meaningful only for highly qualified professionals - only such people get into the chairs of leading engineers.

5. Although the control is fully automated, and the operators carry out mainly visual control, in an emergency situation, it is the person who makes this or that decision. Needless to say, what a huge responsibility lies on their shoulders.

6. A weighty magazine and a lot of phones. Everyone wants to sit in this place - in the chair of the shift supervisor of the 5th power unit. Bloggers could not resist, with the permission of the station workers, to try on the responsibility entailed by the possession of this position.

8. In each direction of the “wings” of the control unit hall, long rooms extend, in which relay protection cabinets stand in orderly rows. Being, as it were, a logical continuation of the panels, they are responsible for the reactor and turbines.

9. This is such a perfectionist's dream behind a glass cabinet door.

11. This time we are led by secret paths to the reserve shield.

12. A reduced copy of the main control panel, it performs the same basic functions.

13. Of course, there is no full functionality here, it is designed, for example, to safely shut down all systems in the event of a failure of the main control unit.

14. ... And has never been used in its existence.

15. Since our blog tour to the Novovoronezh NPP was made with an emphasis on safety, it was impossible not to talk about the most interesting simulator. A full-fledged toy and an exact copy of the block control panel.

16. A long way to the position of a leading engineer-operator in the control room is not possible without a full-fledged training in a training center (UTP). During the training and exam, various possible emergency situations at nuclear power plants are simulated, and the adept must choose a competent and safe solution in the shortest possible time
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17. A detailed story about the work of the USP gradually came down to a topic of particular interest to all bloggers. Big Red Button, which we noticed back in the main control unit. The emergency protection button (AZ) - sealed with a red paper tape, looked intimidating.

18. Here, with bated breath, we were allowed to press it! Sirens howled, lights flickered across the panels. This triggered an emergency protection, which gradually leads to a safe shutdown of the reactor.

19. Unlike the control room on the simulator, you can come up and take a closer look at everything. By the way, the control unit of the 5th power unit is unique, like any nuclear power plant. That is, an operator trained on this simulator can only work on this unit!

20. And learning never stops. Each operator is required to undergo scheduled training for 90 hours a year.

21. Constantly returning in our conversations with engineers to accidents at different nuclear power plants, we are trying to understand what were their causes and the existing possibilities for their occurrence. After all, it is here that scenarios of limiting or transcendental accidents are scrolled.

22. ... The siren wailing and power outage makes us stop talking. And pay attention to the control panels, dotted with twinkling lights. Beautiful ... Well, how beautiful? It’s scary, of course, if it wasn’t on our simulator. It was this error that the control unit at Fukushima issued during the accident in 2011.

23. In order to prevent such accidents from happening again, specialists are constantly working the highest level. There are continuous checks. Now the atom and the world are inseparable from each other. And someday the time will come for thermonuclear energy.

The operator does not interact directly with the control object, but with its information model, displayed as a set of instruments, mnemonic diagrams, scoreboards and other means of displaying information. How and in what form this information will be presented to operational personnel, how it is placed, how convenient it is to use and how reliable, ultimately depends on the correctness of the operator's actions. To solve this problem, control panels for technological equipment and technological processes are being created.

At a nuclear power plant, consisting of several power units, there are from 9 to 13 main control panels and significant amount local shields. Here are considered the main, most significant shields.

Central control panel (TSChU). This board belongs to the automated process control system of nuclear power plants, from which the overall coordination of the operation of power units, plant-wide systems is carried out. The central control room distributes the load between power units, controls electrical devices, and monitors the radiation safety of nuclear power plants. The shield is located in the administrative building. This is the place of residence of the NPP shift supervisor. He has an information board that creates a comprehensive picture of all events taking place at the station.

Block control panel (BCR) . This shield is the main place from which the power unit is controlled in all design modes, including emergency. Designed to monitor the operation of the reactor and turbine plant and the main equipment, control the main technological processes in normal and emergency operating conditions. It is the central post of operator activity. Through this shield, the connection between man and machine is carried out. For this reason, it is to this shield that further attention will be paid. The shield is located in the reactor room building on the side of the engine room at elevation + 6.6 m (for the VVER reactor). It is constantly attended by the shift supervisor of the power unit, senior (leading) reactor control and turbine control engineers.

Reserve control panel (RCC). With the help of this shield, the power unit is shut down and transferred to a safe cooled state, as well as long-term heat removal from the core, when this cannot be done with the control room, for example, due to fire, explosion and even death of personnel, etc. The shield is located separately from the control room, but in the zone of the reactor compartment at a mark of 4.2 m (for the VVER reactor), so that the same reason does not disable both of these shields. The shield is not designed to control normal operation systems that are not related to ensuring nuclear and radiation safety. The means of displaying information and controls on the panels and consoles of the control room must correspond to their location on the control room. The permanent presence of personnel is not provided.

Local control panel (LSC). Designed to control some technological installations and plant-wide systems, as well as during commissioning or maintenance work. Their number reaches eight or more. These include the local control room for CPS, RC, chemical control (CC), ventilation system (VS), etc. The permanent presence of personnel is not provided for them.

Shield of general station devices (SHOU). Designed to control general station installations - a special water treatment system, ventilation systems, etc.

Dosimetric Control Board (ShDK) or radiation control shield. It collects information on the radiation situation at each power unit and nuclear power plant as a whole, as well as in a special building. Located in the transition from clean to dirty area.

In addition to these boards, nuclear power plants have boards for CPS, secondary instrumentation, power supply, switchgear, etc.