home Designer Classification of the costs of working time for the purpose of rationing. Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time and the use of equipment. Name of the cost of working time

Classification of the costs of working time for the purpose of rationing. Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time and the use of equipment. Name of the cost of working time

Working time concept

Working hours are measured in different ways. It can be a shift, day, week, month, or year. The given time is a measure of the assessment of labor. The length of the work shift varies by different countries and by different types labor activity, working conditions and professions.

The purpose of the classification of labor costs

This classification allows you to establish the optimal value of the cost of working time, to identify the proportion of wasted time, to determine the direction of increasing labor productivity at the enterprise.

Classification of labor costs

Working hours are subdivided into separate categories and types. When drawing up the classification, the proportions and sizes of the constituent elements of the entire working time are taken into account.

Work time, in general, it is subdivided into:

time spent on the production task (working time);
time spent taking a break from work.

In turn, working time is subdivided into:

preparatory and final time;
operational time;
time of service of the workplace.

Preparatory and final time means spending time getting ready for the start labor process and at the end of such a process. For example, a worker completes the quota of a certain task (product release) using some equipment. Before starting work, the worker needs to prepare workplace(equipment startup, warming up, etc.). At the end of the work assignment, the worker must put the equipment in proper form (clean, lubricate, wipe, etc.).

Remark 1

It is worth noting that the duration of the time spent on preparing and completing work does not depend on the standards for completing the task. For example, one hundred units need to be made or three hundred units - the time spent on preparation and completion of work will be invariably constant. In this regard, they develop the maximum possible standards that will justify the costs of preparation and completion of work.

Operational time is the time directly spent on the execution of the production task (meeting the standards).

In turn, the operational time is subdivided into:

main time;
auxiliary time.

The main time is the time during which the direct production of the object of labor takes place.

Off-time is the time that provides quality main time spent. This can be the installation or replacement of some parts in the equipment, stopping most of the time to control the quality of manufactured products, etc.

Workplace maintenance time implies spending time on maintaining the workplace in proper order.

In turn, such time is subdivided into:

Maintenance;
organizational service.

Workplace maintenance ensures the smooth operation of equipment and tools.

Organizational services include the care of the workplace (layout, layout, etc.).

In addition to these types of costs of working time, there may be other types of it.

Work time that is not provided by the production assignment. In this case, we mean random and unforeseen tasks. For example, in the event of a power outage, it is necessary to spend time starting the generator.

Also, time can be spent on non-productive work, that is, on tasks that have nothing to do with the production requirement.

The time of breaks in work can be regulated and not regulated.

Unregulated interruptions can occur for both production and non-production reasons.

study the cost of working time

Chapter 1. Classification of the cost of working time and the value of its study.

1.1 Classification of labor costs

Since the costs of working time are varied, they are classified for the purposes of study and analysis. The classification is the basis for studying the actual costs of working time, comparing and analyzing the results of observation in order to identify reserves for the growth of labor productivity, determining necessary costs time on the elements of the labor process and the establishment of norms.

Working time is understood as the length of the working day, working week established by law, as well as the time that the worker is at the enterprise in connection with the work performed by him.

Depending on the purpose, working time is divided into work time and break time.

Working time refers to the part of the working day during which the work performed is performed.

Break time refers to the part of the working day during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons.

Work time, in turn, is divided into two types of costs: the time to complete the production task (Tpz) and the time spent on the execution of non-typical this employee operations that can be eliminated (Tnz).

The execution time of the production task includes the preparatory-final, operational and the time for servicing the workplace.

Preparatory and final time (Tpz) is the time spent on preparing yourself and your workplace for the performance of the production task, as well as on all actions to complete it.

Operational time (Top) is the time during which the worker performs the task (changes the properties of the object of labor). It is divided into main (technological) and auxiliary.

The main (Tos), or technological, time is the time spent directly on changing the subject of labor.

During the auxiliary time (TWS), the actions necessary to carry out the main work are performed.

The time spent on caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and fixtures in working order during the shift is attributed to the time of servicing the workplace (Torm). In machine and automated processes, it includes the time of the technical (Tto) and the time of the organizational (Too) maintenance of the workplace.

By the time Maintenance the workplace includes the time spent on servicing the workplace in connection with the performance of this operation or a specific work (replacing a blunt tool, etc.). Organizational services include maintenance of the workplace during the shift, as well as cleaning the workplace at the end of the shift.

In some industries (coal, metallurgy, food, etc.), the time spent on servicing the workplace is not allocated, but refers to the preparatory and final time.

The time of breaks is divided into: break for rest and personal needs (Totl), breaks of an organizational and technical nature (Tpot), breaks due to violation of labor discipline (Tntd).

Rest and personal break is the time a worker uses for rest in order to prevent fatigue and for personal hygiene.

Interruptions of an organizational and technical nature are the time due to the technology and organization of production (TPT), as well as disruptions in the flow of the production process (TPNT).

Breaks associated with violation of labor discipline are delays, unauthorized absences from the workplace, premature departure from work, that is, downtime due to the fault of the worker.

1.2 The Importance of Studying Time Costs

The study of the cost of working time is of great importance, since, based on the information obtained as a result, most of the tasks related to the organization of labor and its regulation are solved.

Research is carried out with the aim of determining the structure of operations, the cost of working time, rationalizing the techniques and methods of labor, identifying the reasons for non-compliance with norms, irrational costs and losses of working time, obtaining data on factors affecting the execution time of elements of operations, developing normative materials, assessing the quality of norms and standards, as well as for solving other problems.

The study of the labor process involves the analysis of all its characteristics that affect labor costs and efficiency of use. production resources... The technological parameters of the equipment, its compliance with ergonomic requirements, working conditions, applied technology, organization and maintenance of the workplace, as well as professional qualification, psychophysiological, social characteristics of workers and other factors are studied. Methods for obtaining and processing information are selected based on the objectives of the study. The optimal is the minimum total costs associated with obtaining the necessary information and its subsequent use.

The most important is the solution of two problems associated with the study of labor processes. The first is related to the determination of the actual time spent on performing the elements of operations. The second - with the establishment of the structure of the time spent during the work shift or part of it.

Determination of the duration of the elements of the operation is necessary for the development of time standards, the choice of the most rational methods of labor, the analysis of norms and standards. The structure of the costs of working time is used in the development of standards for preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace, assessing the efficiency of using working time, and analyzing the existing organization of labor.

Chapter 2. Methods for studying the cost of working time.

2.1Photo of working hours

Working time photography is a type of observation that studies and analyzes the time spent by one worker or group associated with performing a particular process throughout the entire working day (shift) or part of it, regardless of what this time was spent on. FRV does not disclose the technology and methods of implementing the process, but only records its course.

The purpose of the RFV is to identify reserves for increasing productivity, improving the use of equipment. This is achieved by identifying the feasibility, sequence of certain time expenditures, measuring them, establishing the degree of possible compaction of the working day of performers, eliminating the loss of working time and equipment downtime.

The purpose of the photograph of working time is to identify shortcomings in the organization of labor and production that cause losses or irrational use of working time, to design a more rational distribution of work shift time by categories of time consumption, to determine the actual production of products, the rate of its release and the uniformity of work during the shift.

With a skillful, wide and systematic application of the FRV, the head of the enterprise will always have a clear idea of the work and downtime of workers and equipment, the reasons for the loss of working time.

According to the number of objects of observation, forms of labor organization, etc., FRV is subdivided into individual, group, brigade, mass, route, multi-station, target, photograph of the production process and photograph of the use of equipment (see diagram 2). Also distinguish between duplicated and picket photography of the working day.

A duplicated photograph of a working day is taken simultaneously by two workers. This method is used when the visibility of the observation object is limited. Observers work independently of each other, and when finished, compare the results to get the big picture.

A picket photograph of a working day is taken by several observers who are located at certain points and record the moment the observed object passes through this point. This method is most often used when studying the operation of transport, since, according to safety rules, an observer cannot move with the transport all the time. In the course of an individual RFW, the observer studies the costs of working time of one performer working at one workplace or the time of using equipment during a work shift or part of it.

2.2. Instant observations

Since the method of direct measurements requires large expenses for their implementation, then in the case when it is supposed to cover a large number of objects, the so-called momentary observations are advisable.

A characteristic feature of the instant observation method is that the observer is not continuously at work places, but visits them periodically at random intervals. With the help of instant observations, you can analyze the structure of working hours on almost any number of objects.

Observations are carried out, sequentially bypassing the selected workplaces and marking the type of activity at the fixing points with conventional signs in the observation sheet. If there are special moment counters, the observation sheet is not used.

Based on the results of momentary observations, you can:

Determine the degree of use of working time by a large number of performers and the degree of use in time of a large amount of equipment.

Study the structure and establish the proportion and absolute values of individual elements of the cost of the performer's working time.

Establish the causes and determine the proportion and absolute values of downtime for workers and equipment and develop measures to eliminate them.

Analyze the state of work organization and develop measures to improve them.

Obtain the necessary initial data for the development of standards for the preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace, as well as service standards.

To ensure the reliability of the results obtained, which should reflect the actual use of working time, the following conditions must be observed: observations of certain expenditures of working time must be random and equally possible; the number of observations should be large enough to reliably characterize the observed phenomenon as a whole.

The volume of observations is determined using the rules of statistics for sample surveys. It is found by the formula, where M is the sample size or the number of instant observations,

K is the approximate specific weight of working time spent on the performance of the work under study or the approximate specific weight of the equipment operation time in fractions of a second (its value is taken from the results of previous observations or is taken roughly on the basis of reporting data),

(1-K) - the proportion of interruptions or downtime, i.e. the probability of catching a worker or a machine in inactivity,

P is the predetermined accuracy of observation results, that is, the permissible value of the relative error of observation results (in the practice of studying working hours, it is taken in the range of 0.03 - 0.1),

a is the coefficient associated with the confidence probability that the error P does not go beyond the established limits.

The duration of one round can be set by the timekeeping method or determined by the formula Tobx = + t1N,

where l is the length of the route, m;

v is the average speed of movement from one fixing point to another, m / min;

t1 is the average time spent on recording the actions of one worker, min .;

N is the number of jobs.

The number of moments M1, recorded in one shift, is determined by the formula, where K is the coefficient that takes into account the discrepancy between the time of rounds (taken within 0.5 -),

Tobh is the duration of one round.

To obtain objective and accurate results, you must adhere to the following rules:

Each detour should be carried out along the planned route, at a uniform pace, without speeding up or slowing down the walk, and start strictly at the appointed time.

Only being in the fixation point for these workers, the observer can register what is happening at the workplace. Even if the observer, being at one point, sees that the worker is idle at another point, he has no right to make a mark until he arrives at that point.

If at the moment the observer approaches the object of observation, one state of activity is completed and another begins, then the first state should always be recorded in the observation chart.

The results of instant observations serve as the basis for the development of measures to eliminate the loss of working time. For their implementation, a plan is drawn up, in which they indicate the timing of its implementation and those responsible for carrying out the activities. The results of the analysis and the activities developed on its basis are discussed at production meetings.

Thus, the method of instantaneous observations gives a very reliable material with much less laboriousness.

Classification of the performer's working time costs. Here working time means the period during which the employee prepares for work, its immediate implementation and completion. It, in turn, consists of the work time to complete the production task and the work time not provided for by the production task. Work time to complete a production task is the time spent on preparing and directly completing the task. It consists of preparatory and final time, operational time and the time for servicing the workplace. Preparatory and final time - this is the time spent by the employee on preparing for the work and its completion (receiving a job assignment and familiarization with its content, receiving materials, documentation, tools, handing over finished products, tools, etc.). The amount of preparatory and final time does not depend on the amount of work to complete the production task, therefore, the larger the volume of the task, the smaller the proportion of the preparatory and final time falls on the unit of work for this task. Operational time - this is the time during which an employee or a group of employees directly performs a production task. It is subdivided into main and auxiliary. The main time is called the time during which the object of labor undergoes quantitative and qualitative changes, as well as a change in position in space. For example, machining a part in a machine tool in metal and woodworking, stitching parts of a product in a garment industry, actively monitoring the progress of a hardware process in a chemical industry, driving a car when transporting goods to road transport... The auxiliary time is spent by the performer on actions that ensure the performance of the main work (installation in the machine and removal from it of objects of labor in machine-tool production, measurements of the manufactured part, loading the apparatus with raw materials and Food Industry, changing the operating modes of equipment, etc.). Workplace service time - this is the time to take care of the workplace and keep the equipment in working order. It is subdivided into maintenance and organizational service times. Maintenance time is associated with the care of the equipment when performing a specific task on this equipment (replacement of worn out parts, adjustment and lubrication of equipment, replacement of cartridges in office equipment, etc.). Organizational service time is the time to maintain the workplace in a working condition (cleaning of industrial waste, moving containers with blanks and finished products, car wash and cleaning, etc.). Depending on the nature of the contractor's participation in the performance of production operations, the preparatory and final time is divided into time self made, time of machine-manual work and time of observation of equipment operation. Handmade time call work without the use of machines and mechanisms, when only hand-held non-mechanized tools are used. Time of machine-hand work (including manual mechanized) - this is the time during which work is performed by a machine with the direct participation of an employee or an employee using a manual mechanized tool (electric drill, pneumatic hammer, chainsaw). In the conditions of mechanized and automated production, a significant proportion of the working time is taken by equipment monitoring time ... It can be active or passive. The time of active observation of the equipment operation is that the employee does not directly perform physical work, but his presence is mandatory at the workplace to observe the progress technological process... Passive observation time is the time during which there is no need to constantly monitor the operation of equipment or the technological process, observation is carried out periodically. This time can be used to perform other work, allowing periodic monitoring of the independent operation of the equipment.

Classification of labor costs - this is the unification of the costs of working time into related groups that have common features in order to study the structure and develop the optimal balance of costs of working time, identify the irrational costs of working time, and determine a possible increase in labor productivity. For the analysis and rationalization of the labor process, the development of labor costs, it is necessary to carefully study the costs of the contractor's working time and the time of using the equipment.

Working time is one of the most important resources in an enterprise. The meaning of the classification of labor costs is as follows:

Establishment of the cost of working time, which is necessary to perform a given work and must be regulated;

Effective use working time of equipment and contractor.

Purposes of classification of labor costs are as follows:

Study of the state of the organization of labor and the use of working time;

The most complete identification of time losses and their causes;

Establishing the degree of necessity and feasibility of individual time expenditures when performing a given work, comparing the actual time expenditures with standard values;

Study and analysis of the time of using the equipment in relation to the working time of the employee;

Designing a rational balance of working time;

Determination of the time spent on performing a given work and its individual elements;

Comparison of the results of observations carried out both to establish technically sound production rates and time, and to identify reserves for the growth of labor productivity.

Time costs are classified based on the relationship to the elements production process: subject of labor, worker and equipment.

Work time- this is the period of time established by law during which the employee performs the stipulated labor duties functions. Working time for a performer of work is divided into the time of work, during which the worker performs one or another work provided for or not provided for by the production task, and the time of breaks during which the worker does not work. The structure of the classification of the performer's working time costs, shown in the figure, contains the division of time costs by categories and types. This classification is used to establish the correct proportions and absolute dimensions of the constituent elements of the normalized time.

Working hours to complete the production task consists of the following types of labor time costs:

1. Preparatory and final time (T pz) - this is the time spent by the worker to prepare for the task, and the actions associated with its completion. This includes the time: receipt of production assignments, tools, fixtures and technological documentation; familiarization with the work, technological documentation, drawing; receiving instructions on the procedure for carrying out work; adjustment of equipment to the appropriate operating mode; trial processing of a part on a machine; removal of devices, tools, delivery of finished products, technological documentation and drawings.

2. Operational time (T op) is the time spent directly on the performance of a given work (operation), repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products or work. It is subdivided into main and auxiliary time.

2.1. Main time (T o) is the time spent by the worker on actions to qualitatively and quantitatively change the object of labor, its state and position in space.

2.2. Auxiliary time (T in) is the time spent by the worker on actions that ensure the performance of the main work. It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. Ancillary time includes: for loading equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products; unloading and removal of finished products; installation and fastening of parts; detaching and removing a part; movement of individual equipment mechanisms; rearrangement of the working tool, etc.

3. Workplace service time (T obs) is the time spent by the worker

to take care of the workplace and keep it in a condition that ensures productive work during the shift. In machine and automated manufacturing processes, it is subdivided into maintenance and organizational time.

3.1. Maintenance time (T those) is the time spent on caring for the workplace, equipment and tools necessary to complete a specific task. It includes the time spent on sharpening and replacing worn-out tools, adjusting and adjusting equipment during operation, cleaning up production waste, etc.

3.2. Organizational Service Time (Torg) is the time spent on maintaining the workplace in the required condition during the shift. It does not depend on the specifics of a particular operation and includes the time spent: for eating and changing the shift; layout at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the change of tools, documentation and other materials and items necessary for work; movement within the workplace of containers with blanks or finished products; inspection, testing, cleaning, washing, lubrication of equipment, etc.

4. In mechanized and automated production, a significant share in operational time is time spent by workers observing equipment ... It can be active or passive.

4.1. Time of active monitoring of equipment operation (T a.n) - this is the time during which the worker closely monitors the operation of the equipment, the progress of the technological process, compliance with the specified parameters in order to ensure required quality products and equipment serviceability. During this period, the worker does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is necessary.

4.2. Time of passive monitoring of equipment operation (T p.n) is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, but the worker carries it out due to the lack of other work. This period should be the subject of special careful study, since its reduction or use to perform another necessary work is a significant reserve for increasing labor productivity.

5. When analyzing the costs of working time for the maintenance of equipment and calculating the norms of time, there are overlapping and non-overlapping time .

5.1. Overlapping time - this is the time of performance of labor receptions by workers during the period of automatic operation time of the equipment. Overlapped can be the main (active observation) and auxiliary time, as well as time related to other types of expenditure of working time.

5.2. Non-overlapping time - this is the time of performance of auxiliary work and work on maintenance of workplaces when the equipment is stopped.

6. Working time also includes work time not provided for by the production task (T nz) - the time spent by the employee to perform random and non-productive work. It is not included in the piece time rate.

6.1.Random run time (T c.p) is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task, but caused by production needs (for example, transportation of finished products, performed instead of an auxiliary worker).

6.2. Time to complete unproductive work (T n.r) is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task and is not caused by production needs (correction of production defects).

Break times in work is divided into the time of regulated and non-regulated breaks.

Time of regulated work breaks includes the time of breaks due to the technology and organization of the production process (T p.t), for example, a break in the work of the crane driver during slinging of the lifted load by workers. This category also includes time for rest and personal needs (T dep).

Time of ad hoc work interruptions- this is the time of interruptions caused by the disruption of the normal course of the production process. It includes the time of interruptions caused by shortcomings in the organization of production (T p.n.n): untimely supply of materials, raw materials to the workplace, equipment malfunction, power outages, etc., and the time of interruptions in work caused by violations labor discipline(T p.n.d): being late for work, absences from the workplace, premature care from work, etc.

20. Classification of the elements of the time spent on the use of machines.

- this is the time during which the equipment is in operation, divided into the time of its operation and the time of interruptions in work. The structure of the classification of equipment use time is shown in the figure.

Equipment operating time- this is the time during which the equipment is in operation, regardless of whether the main work is performed on it or not.

The constituent elements of this time are:

- equipment uptime- the time when the equipment is in operation and the main work for which it is intended is performed;

Time to complete work, not provided for by the production assignment, includes time unproductive work of equipment(marriage correction), odd work associated with the manufacture of non-task-driven products caused by production necessities, and idle work when the equipment is in operation, but the main work is not done.

Equipment break times- this is the time during which the equipment is inactive for one reason or another. It is divided by time:

- regulated downtime, associated with the implementation of preparatory and final work and maintenance of equipment, with the performance of manual work that requires stopping the machine, which is provided for by the technology and organization of production or is associated with the rest and personal needs of the employee;

- ad hoc breaks related to organizational and technical reasons (untimely supply of raw materials, materials and energy), unscheduled equipment repairs due to a malfunction, violation of labor discipline by workers (delays, absences during work, premature end of work).

Equipment usage time can be subdivided into the following types:

- standardized time which includes productive work time; idle work; downtime due to preparatory and final work, downtime due to manual work that requires stopping the machine; downtime due to technology and organization of production; downtime associated with rest and personal needs of the employee;

- irregular time which includes unproductive and odd operation of equipment; downtime associated with violation of labor discipline.

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In the discipline "Rationing the organization of labor"

on the topic "Classification of the cost of working time"

Introduction

The study of the cost of working time is of great importance, since based on the information obtained as a result, most of the tasks associated with the organization of labor and its regulation are solved. Research is carried out with the aim of determining the structure of operations, the cost of working time, rationalizing the techniques and methods of labor, identifying the reasons for non-compliance with norms, irrational costs and losses of working time, obtaining data on factors affecting the execution time of elements of operations, developing normative materials, assessing the quality of norms and standards, as well as for solving other problems.

The study of the labor process involves the analysis of all its characteristics that affect labor costs and the efficiency of using production resources. The technological parameters of the equipment, its compliance with ergonomic requirements, working conditions, the technology used, the organization and maintenance of the workplace, as well as professional qualification, psychophysiological, social characteristics workers and other factors. Methods for obtaining and processing information are selected based on the objectives of the study.

The optimal is the minimum total costs associated with obtaining the necessary information with its subsequent use. The most important is the solution of two problems associated with the study of labor processes.

The first is related to the determination of the actual time spent on performing the elements of operations. The second - with the establishment of the structure of the time spent during the work shift or part of it. Determination of the duration of the elements of the operation is necessary for the development of time standards, the choice of the most rational methods of labor, the analysis of norms and standards.

The structure of the costs of working time is used in the development of standards for preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace, assessing the efficiency of using working time, and analyzing the existing organization of labor.

1. Working hours

Working time is the time during which the labor process is performed. Working hours can be considered in the context of different calendar periods: year, production week, working day (shift).

The composition of working time in terms of content, duration and order of alternation of elements is different when performing various operations.

For the scientific study of working time, the systematization and classification of its costs are used.

On the industrial enterprises adopted a unified classification of the costs of working time, which meets the goals and objectives of its organization and regulation. The classification of the elements of working time allows:

* study the use of working time for the intended purpose;

* establish the reasons for the loss of working time;

* determine the degree of necessity and feasibility certain types working time costs;

* differentiate the elements of working time that are part of the norms of time.

In the production process, the labor of workers is combined with the operation of the equipment, therefore, in the practice of rationing, the costs of working time are classified:

* on the cost of working time of the performer (worker);

* by the time of equipment use.

According to the classification according to the cost of working time of the performer, the working time of the worker is made up of the time of work and the time of breaks (Fig. 11).

Work time is the period during which a worker performs certain production operations.

It is determined by the time of the production order and the time unrelated to the execution of the production order.

Rice. 1 Classification of labor costs

1. Time to complete the production task

The lead time for the production task includes:

* preparatory and final time - the time that the employee spends on preparing himself and the means of production for the performance of the assigned work. It does not depend on the volume of work (the size of the batch of products) and is spent on obtaining a production assignment, familiarization with drawings, preparation of devices for performing work, etc.;

* operational time - the time of the production operation, repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products. It is subdivided into main and auxiliary. The main (technological) time is spent on directly changing the subject of labor, performing technological operations and moving the subject of labor; auxiliary - for the implementation by the employee of auxiliary labor methods necessary for the performance of the main work and repeated in the manufacture of each unit of production or a certain number of them;

* time of service of the workplace - the time spent by the employee to take care of the workplace, equipment and maintain the workplace in a condition that ensures productive work during the shift or other working period. It includes maintenance time and organizational maintenance time. Maintenance time is devoted to caring for the workplace, equipment and tools necessary for a specific task (time spent sharpening and replacing worn-out tools, adjusting and adjusting equipment in the process, cleaning up production waste, cleaning, lubricating equipment, etc.). The time of organizational maintenance is spent on maintaining the workplace in working order during the shift and does not depend on the specifics of a particular operation (acceptance and delivery of a shift, layout and cleaning of tools and documentation, moving containers with blanks or finished products within the workplace, etc.).

Busy time can also be divided into the time of direct work, transitions (for example, in multi-station work) and active monitoring of the progress of the technological process, which is necessary in order to ensure its normal course. If the worker is busy with active supervision, he should not perform other functions. In addition to active, passive observation is also possible, which is one of the types of breaks in a worker's employment for organizational and technical reasons. Passive observation time can take place during maintenance automatic lines, devices, with multi-station work. The economic feasibility of passive observation is established as a result of calculating the optimal rates of service and headcount. Whenever possible, passive observation time should be used to perform simple functions (laying out the tool, cleaning the workplace, etc.), the execution of which is terminated if it is necessary for the worker to intervene in the production process.

For the calculation of labor standards, the division of time expenditures into overlapping and non-overlapping is essential. The overlapped usually refers to the time the worker performs those elements of the labor process that are carried out during the period of automatic operation of the equipment. Non-overlapping is the time for performing labor techniques (setting the workpiece, quality control, etc.) when the equipment is stopped (non-working) and the time for machine-manual techniques. In a broader sense, overlapping (combined) should include the time spent on all work that is performed simultaneously (in parallel) with those elements of the operation that determine its duration. It is especially important to consider overlapping time costs when multiple workers are performing an operation.

2. Time to complete a non-production task.

Break time.

Work time that is not provided for by the production assignment is spent on performing random and unproductive work (correcting defects, searching for materials, tools, devices, etc.).

Break time - the time during which the employee does not take part in the work. It is divided into the time of regulated breaks and the time of unregulated breaks in work.

The time of regulated breaks in work includes the time of breaks in work due to the technology and organization of the production process, as well as time for rest and personal needs (provided for by the norms and working hours in force at the enterprise).

The time of unregulated breaks is the time of breaks in work caused by disruption of the normal course of the production process (downtime of equipment and workers due to waiting for blanks, documentation, tools, etc., as well as excess time of breaks due to the lack of synchronization of the production process), and breaks in work associated with a violation of labor discipline (late start and early end of work, excess rest time, etc.).

The main and most important element of working time is operational time. When organizing the labor process at each workplace, it is necessary to ensure an increase in the share of operational time in the total working time by reducing other elements of time and breaks.

The degree of use of working time during a shift characterizes the utilization rate of working time, which is defined as the ratio of working time to the duration of the shift:

where Top is the operational time, min;

Tcm - shift duration, min.

The utilization rate of working time is always less than one, since with the most rational organization of labor, some time is needed for preparatory and final work, maintenance of the workplace and regulated (minimum) breaks. The utilization rate of working time characterizes the time spent on manufacturing products (performing a production operation), but does not reflect the time spent on the actual work of the worker.

In addition to this factor, the worker load factor should be calculated:

break labor costs

where Tp is the working time of the worker during the shift, min; Тпр - time of breaks during the shift, min.

The worker utilization rate shows what proportion of the shift time the worker uses to work. If the load factor of a worker significantly exceeds the utilization rate of working time, this indicates shortcomings in the organization of labor.

The main purpose of the classification of working time is the possibility of comparing and analyzing the results of observations of the use of working time in order to identify reserves for the growth of labor productivity, determine the required expenditure of working time by elements of the labor process and establish labor standards.

When classifying the cost of working time according to the time of equipment use, work time and break time are also distinguished.

This classification allows you to analyze the nature of the use of equipment and identify the degree of its extensive utilization (Fig. 12).

Rice. 2 Classification of costs of working time according to the time of use of equipment

When establishing labor standards and analyzing the cost of working time, the latter are divided into standardized and non-standardized.

The normalized costs of working time are included in the labor standard - this is the preparatory and final time, the time of operational work; time of service of the workplace, time of regulated breaks. Non-standardized labor costs of working time are direct losses of working time and are not included in the time rate. The total value of the normalized costs per unit of production is called piece-calculation time.

Conclusion

At any enterprise, regardless of the form of ownership, the efficiency of the production process is of great importance, i.e. its implementation with the least expenditure of labor time and equipment. The main condition for rationalizing the production process is a systematic study of the costs of working time and the use of observation materials. On their basis, conclusions are drawn about the presence of "bottlenecks" at the enterprise, the causes and amounts of losses of working time, measures are outlined to improve labor and production.

Improvement of the labor process presupposes a rational combination in time of all elements of labor, as well as the establishment of the relationship between the participants in production.

List of used literature

1. Gandina N.M. Economics and labor rationing: Tutorial... I .: Publishing house IGEA, 1994.

2. Genkin B.M., Petrochenko P.F., Bukhalkov M.I. and others. Under. Ed. B.M. Genkin. Labor rationing. - M .: Economics, 1985.

3. Nazarov A.Sh. Labor rationing. - T .: Ukituvchi, 1987.

4. Cold GN Labor rationing in industry. - M .: Economics, 1978.

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Classification of the costs of working time for the purpose of rationing. Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time and the use of equipment. Name of the cost of working time

The purpose of the classification of labor costs

Classification of labor costs

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