Global problems of the modern world and ways to solve them. Global problems of mankind What are the global problems of modernity philosophy
Northwest Correspondence Technical
university
Test work on the discipline: "Philosophy"
Topic: "Philosophy of Global Problems"
2nd year students.
Faculty of IUP and IE.
Specialty 08005.
Serikova E.A. 8702320003
The work was handed over: "" 2009
Checked: 2009
Vyborg. 2010
Introduction
1. The main global problems of mankind, concept and classification
2. Problems of ecology and concepts of overcoming them
3. Demographic situation in the world, its possible consequences
4. The problem of resources in modern society
5. Military conflicts in the modern world
6. Human capabilities in overcoming global problems
7. Concepts of the future fate of mankind
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The etymological term "globalization" is associated with the Latin term "globe", that is, the Earth, the Earth globe, and means the planetary nature of the processes taking place on it. However, the globalization of processes is not only their ubiquity. It is associated primarily with the internationalization of all social activities on Earth. This means that in the modern era, all of humanity is included in a single system of socio-cultural, economic, political and other ties. Compared to previous periods, the overall planetary unity of mankind has grown immeasurably, which is a fundamentally new supersystem associated with a common destiny and common responsibility. Therefore, despite the striking socio-cultural, economic, political contrasts of different regions, states and peoples, scientists and philosophers consider it legitimate to talk about the formation of a single civilization.
The globalist approach is found in the concepts of "post-industrial society", "technotronic era" of sociologists D. Bell, Z. Brzezinski, A. Tofler and a number of other scientists.
According to D. Bell, one of the leading representatives of social forecasting, the rapid development of technology and science will make social revolutions redundant, and an "industrial society" based on the use of machines for the production of goods will enter new stage social life- "postindustrial society", which will be based on the development of science, scientific knowledge. These new social relations and structures will have to dissolve the opposite social systems... The distinctive features of a "post-industrial society" are: the transition from the production of goods to a service economy, the occupation of a dominant position in the management of society by a social group of technocratic professionals and "great scientists", the ubiquity of "intellectual technology" (informatics, game theory, modeling, computerization) and the possibility of self-developing technological growth with a broad development of theoretical knowledge.
Z. Brzezinski in his work "Between two centuries. The role of America in the technotronic era" states that humanity is entering a new stage of development, determined not by social revolutions, but by scientific and technological progress. This qualitative leap occurs evolutionarily, from the lowest stage - the agrarian - through the industrial and "technotronic era", where the decisive role goes to automata, computers and cybernetic systems, and science becomes the main and decisive force.
The main contradiction will remain in the world: between the developed and undeveloped countries, and the latter should be provided with the necessary feasible assistance to the states that have approached the "technotronic era" to create a single world community, forever free from conflicts and antagonisms.
A. Toffler, observing the decline of old and the emergence of new industries, offered a picture of possible transformations of social and technological realities, which he called the "third wave". Toffler saw a direct connection in changing technology and lifestyle, its values - technology determines the type of society and the type of culture, and this influence is wave-like. The last, third, wave, according to Toffler, is caused by the ubiquitous spread of computers, turbojet aircraft, birth control pills and much more, which forms a new civilization - new types of family, work style, love and life, new forms of economy, politics and consciousness. At the same time, new technologies are replacing the paradigm of domination over nature characteristic of industrialism.
The globalization of social, cultural, economic and political processes in the modern world, along with the positive aspects, has given rise to a number of serious problems that are called "global problems of mankind": environmental, demographic, political and a number of others. The emergence of a special kind of problems of world development, called "global", has become a characteristic feature of our time. International forums of scientists, politicians, economists, philosophers are devoted to their discussion and the prospects for their solution. Special sciences are engaged in a specific analysis of each of them - sociology, demography, and so on. Philosophy considers these problems from the standpoint of the possibilities and prospects for the survival of mankind.
Today, the need for an integrated approach to global problems is obvious. The most diverse branches of scientific knowledge should take part in the research - both social sciences and humanities, and natural and technical. The synthesis of various approaches, the unification and comprehension of the result obtained is currently being formed in a special area of knowledge - the theory of global problems, or global studies. It aims to find ways to ensure the survival of humanity; is called upon to develop practical recommendations for solving global problems. Its conclusions can be claimed by international organizations, primarily the UN, the governments of individual states, business circles, and the public. Due to the uneven development of different countries, effective recommendations should include a variety of social, economic and political factors, relevant to the particular situation under consideration.
1. The main global problems of mankind, their concept and classification
The relevance of the global problems of mankind is due to the action of a number of factors, the main ones of which are:
1. A sharp acceleration of the processes of social development. This acceleration clearly revealed itself in the first decades of the 20th century. It became even more obvious in the second half of the century. The reason for the accelerated development of socio-economic processes is scientific and technological progress. In just a few decades of the scientific and technological revolution, more changes have occurred in the development of productive forces and social relations than in any similar period of time in the past. Moreover, each subsequent change in the ways of human activity occurs at shorter intervals. During the 20th century, more scientific discoveries and more new technical devices were created than in the entire previous history of mankind. In the course of scientific and technological progress, the biosphere of the earth has been strongly influenced by various types of human activity. The anthropogenic impact of society on nature has increased dramatically.
2. Growth in the population of the Earth. He posed a number of problems to humanity, first of all, the problem of providing food and other means of subsistence. At the same time, environmental problems associated with the conditions of human society have become aggravated.
3. The problem of nuclear weapons and nuclear disaster.
These and some other problems affect not only individual regions or countries, but also humanity as a whole. For example, the consequences of a nuclear test are being felt everywhere. The depletion of the ozone layer, caused largely by the disruption of the hydrocarbon balance, is felt by all the inhabitants of the planet. The use of chemicals used to control pests in the fields can cause massive poisoning in regions and countries geographically distant from the place of production of contaminated products.
Thus, the global problems of our time is understood as a whole complex of the most acute socio-natural contradictions affecting the world as a whole, and with it local regions and countries. Global problems need to be distinguished from regional, local and local ones.
Regional problems include a range of acute issues that arise within individual continents, large socio-economic regions of the world or in large states.
The term "local" refers to the problems of either individual states, or large territories of one or two states (for example, earthquakes, floods, other natural disasters and their consequences, local military conflicts; collapse of the Soviet Union, etc.). Local problems arise in certain areas of states, cities (for example, conflicts between the population and the administration, temporary difficulties with water supply, heating, etc.). However, one should not forget that unresolved regional, local and local problems can acquire a global character.
For example, the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant directly affected only a number of regions of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia (a regional problem), but if the necessary safety measures are not taken, its consequences can in one way or another affect other countries, and even acquire a global character. Any local military conflict can gradually turn into a world conflict if in its course the interests of a number of countries other than its participants are affected, as evidenced by the history of the emergence of the first and second world wars, etc.
Introduction
Classification of global problems of our time
Philosophical understanding of the future in the context of global problems
Description of the main global problems and the view of philosophers on their solution
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
This work is devoted to the disclosure of the issue of global problems of our time and the role of philosophy in their solution.
The global problems of our time are a set of socio-natural problems, on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization depend. These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society, and for their solution require the united efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of human life and affect all countries of the world.
The relevance of the study of global problems is associated with a number of factors: the acceleration of the processes of social development, an increase in anthropogenic impact on nature, the discovery of the exhaustion of natural resources, the extreme aggravation of the problem of human survival, the all-pervading effect of modern technical means and means. mass media etc.
The global problems of our time are generated not only by the colossally increased technical means of man's influence on nature and the enormous scale of his economic activity. They are also generated by the spontaneity and unevenness of social development, anarchy of production, the legacy of colonialism and unequal economic relations between developed and developing countries, the pursuit of profit and current benefits by transnational corporations to the detriment of the long-term interests of the entire society.
Therefore, not only biologists and ecologists are engaged in the study of global problems, but also economists, politicians, scientists in a wide variety of sciences, as well as philosophers.
A philosophical view of global problems allows us to study them comprehensively, to find the initial causes, to consider problems in connection with various aspects of human existence, and also to convey information to society.
The purpose of this work is to consider the main global problems, as well as to identify the role of philosophy in their solution.
Tasks to achieve this goal:
) provide a classification of global problems;
) to study the main global problems of mankind;
) to reveal the role of philosophy in solving global problems of our time.
The study used educational and methodological literature, data from international reports of conferences and congresses on global problems.
1. Classification of global problems of our time
Consider the existing classification of global problems.
If we consider the development of civilization as a whole, then people noticed repeated complex problems, but they did not reach such a planetary level that can be observed from the middle of the 20th century to the present.
The reasons for this phenomenon were:
rapid, spasmodic growth of the world's population during this period;
rapidly developing scientific and technological revolution;
the entry of the advanced world powers into the post-industrial stage of development;
the growing demand for natural resources, which are rapidly becoming depleted;
catastrophic pollution the environment as a consequence of scientific and technological revolution;
unleashing a "cold" war that threatens the death of all mankind;
globalization of the world economy, creation of a unified world information system.
Problems are called global problems if they have the following properties:
are interconnected;
are of a worldwide nature, i.e. affect the interests and destinies of all (or the majority) of humanity;
threaten humanity with a serious regression in the conditions of life and the further development of productive forces (or even the death of the entire civilization);
demand for their solution joint actions of the entire world community;
need an urgent urgent solution.
It is generally believed that in order to successfully solve global problems, it is necessary to systematize and classify them. The assignment of this or that problem to a specific group is somewhat conditional and depends on the initial premises, the basis for their division, since all problems are closely interconnected and interdependent, have no clear boundaries.
There are many different classifications of global problems.
For example, in the 1980s. in Russia I.T. Frolov and V.V. Zagladin developed a classification of global problems, which later became the most widespread, traditional. When developing it, scientists proceeded from the division of all problems into three large groups. We represent this in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Classification of global problems in the 1980s.
Also known is the classification of global problems, which was created by the authoritative Russian scientists V.S. Stepin and L.F. Kuznetsova.
They single out the main problems among the many:
the problem of survival in the conditions of continuous improvement of weapons of mass destruction;
the problem of the growing environmental crisis on a global scale;
the problem of preserving the human personality in the face of the increasing danger of destruction of the biological basis of the human essence (manipulation of the brain and consciousness, stress overload, the use of tranquilizers, the accumulation of recessive genes due to harmful mutations, which threatens a sharp deterioration in the gene pool of mankind, and so on).
In addition, there is another well-known classification of global problems. It was proposed by Russian scientists Yu.N. Gladkiy and S. B. Lavrov. Its essence is as follows:
the most universal problems of a political and socio-economic nature: preventing nuclear war, ensuring sustainable development of the world community and increasing the level of organization and control over it;
problems of a predominantly natural and economic nature: economic, energy, raw materials, food, the World Ocean;
problems of a predominantly social nature: demographic, interethnic relations, “ecology of the soul” (that is, the crisis of culture, morality, family), the lack of democracy, health protection;
mixed problems, the failure of which often leads to massive loss of life: regional conflicts, crime, technological accidents, natural disasters;
problems of a purely scientific nature: space exploration, studies of the internal structure of the Earth, long-term climate forecasting;
small synthetic problems that accompany the entire development of human civilization: bureaucracy, egocentrism, and the like.
It is worth noting according to these classifications that the listed scientists have a common opinion about the close relationship of all global problems. For example, energy and raw materials problems are closely intertwined with environmental, environmental - with demographic, demographic - with food.
However, for example, in the classification of V.S. Stepin and L.F. Kuznetsova has a problem of preserving the human personality, which distinguishes it from other classifications. If you look at it from the standpoint of humanism, all the work to overcome global problems is carried out in the name of preserving life on Earth, that is, in the name of man. Man, on the other hand, is the center and connecting link of the entire complex of global problems. It is very important to do everything so that a person can not only survive in a difficult modern world, but also remain a full-fledged personality.
As for the most priority global problem, there is no consensus among scientists. Some believe that the ecological problem is currently in the first place, while others argue that the demographic and food problem is the most important. However, there is also an opinion that the problem of the development gap between countries is the highest priority. All these problems are of paramount importance, and it is very difficult to single out the most important among them.
Prioritizing global problems is also very important from a financial and economic point of view. Humanity's expenditures on solving global problems should be at least $ 1 trillion. dollars, and the entire world gross product in various countries, especially in developing countries, is much less. Therefore, we can say that humanity does not have such means. This means that funds must be allocated in accordance with the priority of problems and solved step by step.
In many works of scientists there is another classification of global problems. It looks like this:
traditional are those problems that began to be called global at the time this term appeared, in the 1970s - 1980s. (prevention of nuclear war, bridging the gap between highly developed and developing countries, environmental, demographic, food, fuel and energy and others).
new - these are problems that have received the status of global relatively recently, in the last 10-15 years; emerging problems are problems that have not yet received the official status of global problems, but this does not diminish their importance and severity (weather and climate management, as well as the problems of organized crime, international terrorism, drug addiction, drug trafficking, violation of civil human rights, hyper-urbanization, "Social diseases" like AIDS, etc.). In general, we can summarize that any classification is conditional and depends on the position from which to approach the solution of this issue. There is currently no absolutely universal modern classification. Each scientist can present his own classification, but the generality of global problems is generally similar. Next, we will present the philosophical understanding of the future by some scientists in order to understand their opinion on the harmonious development of society, and then comprehend the global problems facing society and ways to resolve them. 2. Philosophical understanding of the future in the context of global problems The future of humanity largely depends on the conditions in which all relationships of society develop. In many of their works and studies, philosophers and scientists pay attention to the fact that the ability to predict the future is given to a person from birth, that is, it is genetically inherent in him. Moreover, this is the quality in which the ability of the highest nervous system to the anticipatory reflection of reality, is also inherent in some species of animals. They manage to somehow predict the death of their owners, natural disasters and other changes in the world around them. Humanity, which has learned the laws of the development of nature and society, managed to get rid of the oppressive feeling of helplessness in front of the fatal predetermination of its own fate and realize that it is able to create in its imagination quite real pictures of the future, as well as contribute to a given attitude, influence the course of events. People came to the understanding of this phenomenon relatively recently - about a hundred years ago, which allowed philosophers to characterize a person's ability to foresee as knowledge about the future, i.e. about what is not yet in reality, but is already potentially contained in the present in the form of objective and subjective prerequisites for the expected course of development. Objective prerequisites are processes that take place in space, for example, the birth of stars, the movement of planets along a certain trajectory, or on the planet, in particular, the change of seasons, earthquakes, the origin of life and death. They took place and will continue regardless of the desires of people or knowledge about their content. Subjective prerequisites reflect the previously noted ability of people to influence the processes occurring in nature and in society. After all, humanity has long changed the face of the planet, invented fantastic, inaccessible even to the richest imagination of ancestors, methods of obtaining food and creating conditions for life support, and is the bearer of many unrealized ideas and technologies that have not been introduced into practice. The most common ideas about the levels of forecasting the future include the following: direct; foreseeable; distant. The immediate future is already largely contained in what is happening in the present. Science has many specific data about him, thanks to which it is possible to make reasonable and very reliable assumptions about what may happen in the next 20-30 years. For example, with its help it is possible to accurately predict the population of the planet, reserves of natural resources for the middle of the 21st century. In addition, it is also possible to predict the characteristics of the state of crime, the dynamics of the development of industrial production, but under one condition, the observance of which is necessary when preparing forecasts for longer periods. These are: the use of reliable data, and not their manipulation under the desired variant of the course of social development. Such forecasts, made even for the coming years, are doomed to be unrealizable. Objectivity in scientific forecasting is extremely important, because it allows you to take a sober look at possible negative consequences, for example: in the development of the political situation in society; in the human impact on the environment, etc. These forecasts should not be taken as a variant of the inevitability of the death of human civilization. They are both a warning to him and a kind of proposal for finding the most acceptable option for ensuring the immortality of the human race. But it should be remembered that forecasts are only assumed options for the future. None of them can be 100% accurate. If we consider the near future, which covers most of the 21st century, then it can be said about it as saturated with various quite plausible options. Only it is predicted on an incomplete information base. Such data should be treated with great caution, carefully checking its likelihood. Nevertheless, over the foreseeable future, one should expect the completion of such long-term processes occurring on a planetary scale as a demographic revolution, overcoming economic backwardness by developing countries, a transition to humanism, a democratic society, etc. It is also obvious that the world community will develop a unified policy of combating crime, although cultural and social integration is unlikely to be completed by that time. A relatively distant future, beyond the 21st century, can mainly be judged on the basis of various hypothetical assumptions that do not contradict real possibilities, but also do not lend themselves to certain probabilistic estimates in terms of historical dates and specific forms of their implementation. Analysts of various specialties point to the possibility of radical changes in the social life of society. Human economic activity is also undergoing profound technological transformations. The needs of people and the means of satisfying them are noticeably transformed, due to which the problem of resources for their provision will appear in a different form than even in the foreseeable future. A less optimistic view of the future should be from the standpoint of combating crime, both in the foreseeable and in the distant future, and not because unlawful behavior is inherent in a person by nature. In a society with existing laws, there will certainly be people who do not comply with them for various reasons: some of them will commit illegal actions out of "thoughtlessness", others - due to a coincidence of circumstances, others - because of protest against the existing order, etc. But it is obvious that some types of crime will disappear from practice, and others will take their place. The types of punishments for crimes committed and the methods of their punishment will also radically change. It should be noted that forecasting the future is of great practical importance and concerns almost all spheres of human life: spiritual; economic; legal; political; social; demographic, etc. For many of them, the most acceptable methods of forecasting the future are: extrapolation; historical analogy; computer modelling; expert assessments; scenarios of the future. Let's briefly describe each of them. The extrapolation method is to extend the conclusions obtained from the observation of one part of the phenomenon to another. It is used, for example, when knowing the dynamics of the development of a process or phenomenon in the past and present. The method of historical analogy is effective due to the knowledge accumulated by mankind about the sequence of certain events that took place in life. human society, individual states. Their analysis allows us to identify certain patterns and extend them to the future. The method of computer modeling came into practice relatively recently, demonstrating the broad capabilities of computer technology in determining the prospects for the development of political, economic and other processes in the life of society. It has some advantages over others due to its wide processing capabilities in a short period of time for large amounts of the most diverse information. Method expert assessments is a rather complex and responsible type of research involving a wide range of specialists and technical means. It consists in assessing various types of human activity and their consequences for the political, economic situation in society, for the environment, etc. Future scenarios are one of the oldest methods of forecasting the future. One can hear about them both in myths, and fortune-telling of soothsayers, and in fantastic stories of writers. They become objects of close attention of people, especially at critical moments of human history, they are given a wide variety of interpretations. In all of them, fantasies and concrete knowledge, unbridled optimism and fears of people for own life. It is necessary to deeply realize the inappropriate value of each of the forecasting methods, since thanks to their use, humanity carries out a difficult ascent to perfection, and tries to measure reality with the prospects of its own existence. Summing up the options for predicting the future in the context of the existence of global problems, it should be noted that the more humanity seeks to look into it, the less likely it is to guess what is expected. Therefore, the quality of forecasting the immediate future is always higher than the foreseeable, and even more so, the distant one. However, almost all philosophers note that problems both exist at the present time and will exist in the future, only they are transformed. In forecasting the future, philosophers pay special attention to the study of the development of crime, population growth and the food problem. Description of the main global problems and the view of philosophers on their solution As it was indicated in the previous part of the work, the main global problem of concern to philosophers is population growth and the food crisis. Back in the 18th century, Thomas Malthus, in his book "Essay on the Principles of Population", warned his contemporaries that since the number of people living on Earth is constantly growing, the planet's ability to provide them will sooner or later be exhausted. We can say that Malthus reasoned logically. Humanity at that time was growing at an exponential rate. With such an increase, the population would sooner or later exceed any arbitrarily large number. At a superficial examination, Malthus's argumentation can be considered scientific. At the same time, it turned out to be defective from the point of view of philosophy. He did not take into account the philosophical position that no process can develop infinitely according to the same law. Despite the gloomy prophecies of Malthus, supported by logical reasoning, not one of the resources on the planet by the beginning of the 21st century was exhausted. The number of people on the planet is increasing, their average life expectancy is growing. This indicates that, in general, the state of Homo sapiens as a biological species is satisfactory. Such a consequence can be deduced on the basis of the classical evolutionary doctrine created by the English biologist Charles Darwin. According to him, there is only one objective and absolute criterion for the prosperity of a species - an increase in its number. However, the favorable state of humanity can be replaced by an unfavorable one. The numerical growth of people and scientific and technological progress have an ever-increasing impact on nature, which can have tragic consequences. Global catastrophes that can dramatically reduce the population of the Earth are becoming more and more likely. Abstract nature protection should be replaced by a specifically developed strategy for rational nature management. Any human activity in one way or another affects nature. It is impossible and unnecessary to prohibit all economic activities. It is necessary to conduct it rationally with the involvement of data from ecology and other sciences. Some of the forms of human impact on nature - for example, those associated with oil production, the use of nuclear energy - sometimes become catastrophic. However, the long-term and final consequences environmental disasters sometimes turn out to be unexpected, at least for those who rely on simplified ideas about the laws of ecology. So, as we can see, another problem follows from one problem - environmental pollution or a man-made disaster. Currently, the main directions of development of solutions for all scientists in the field of ecology are: provision of measures for sustainable use of natural resources; reduction of environmental pollution and resource conservation; preservation and restoration of the natural environment. Considerable attention is paid to the issues of the state of the environment to the following tasks: assessment of the real state of all contaminated areas and consideration of this level as a starting level for the implementation of programs to minimize the negative impact on the environment and previously accumulated environmental damage; development of environmental quality standards, taking into account the state and characteristics of specific territories; the solution of environmental protection issues must be taken into account in the new educational standards; the quality of the environment should become the most important indicator of the quality of life and one of the main indicators of the socio-economic development of territories. In addition, now we should move from a consumer-technocratic approach to nature to a search for harmony with it. This, in particular, requires a number of targeted measures to green production: environmentally friendly technologies, mandatory environmental expertise of new projects, the creation of waste-free closed-cycle technologies. One direction for solving an ecological problem, and perhaps in the long term - the most important of all, is the formation of ecological consciousness in society, people's understanding of nature as another living being, over which one cannot rule without prejudice to him and himself. Environmental education and upbringing in society should be put at the state level, carried out from early childhood. With any insights born by reason and aspirations, the invariable vector of human behavior should remain its harmony with nature. Another serious problem is the problem of preventing a world war that threatens the death of civilization and the very existence of life on the planet. It presupposes a range of subsidiary problems: prevention of the proliferation of nuclear technologies unauthorized by the world community, radioactive contamination of the environment, curbing the arms race; prohibition of new weapon systems; disarmament, establishment of nuclear-free zones, confidence-building measures, etc. A wide range of security threats, both at the national and international levels, persist today. There has been no nuclear war yet. However, humanity has already experienced the real danger of the military and peaceful atom. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the explosion of an atomic bomb in the Urals during military exercises, the consequences of a nuclear weapon test, an accident at the atomic cemetery in Kyshtym, at the Trimile Island (USA) and Chernobyl nuclear power plants showed the destructive power of atomic energy. Therefore, it is important to know what will happen to the planet if a global nuclear catastrophe does occur. Scientists using mathematical modeling methods were able to demonstrate the possible consequences of a global nuclear conflict. If the main cities and industrial centers of the Globe are subjected to nuclear strikes, the consequences will be tragic for civilization and for the biosphere as a whole. Simplifying the picture somewhat, we can say that there will be two main global results of a nuclear war. First, as a result of the explosion, millions of tons of dust particles will rise into the atmosphere. As a result, first there will be a nuclear night, then a nuclear winter. This will happen as a result of the fact that dust particles will sharply reduce the supply of solar energy to the surface of the Earth and the illumination will be less than during a moonless night, and the average temperature will drop by several tens of degrees. Within two to three months, the dust will settle, and the fallout of such an amount of dust in itself will lead to destruction natural complexes, industrial facilities, cities. A sharp decrease in the supply of solar energy will lead to the death of many biological species or a sharp decrease in their number, destroy established ties, call into question the existence of Homo sapiens, if not as a biological species (some part of people will survive in any case), then as a social phenomenon and how bearer of culture. The second result of the world nuclear war is the ingress of a huge amount of radioactive elements into the biosphere. Among them will be the components of the charges of the bombs themselves, and the nuclear fuel of nuclear power plants, which will be destroyed as a result of the world war. Some biological species may die or be drastically reduced in numbers from radiation. Others will be reborn and acquire new properties. Established relationships between animals, plants, microorganisms will be destroyed. This will finally destroy human civilization, make it problematic for human survival, if not as a biological species, then as a social being. Life on Earth will not completely disappear. Within a few decades, all the vacant ecological niches will be filled and the total mass of the biosphere, in accordance with the laws of global ecology, will become the same. However, in the new biosphere there will be no place for a rational person and a cultured person. As a solution to the problem, scientists believe that the only thing is sound policy at the global level. Therefore, a person should not give up his social and civic functions - it is necessary to participate in elections, in the political life of society. Another important problem is the economic development of the backward countries of the world, the suppression of their economies by large countries. The economy of the future is, first of all, an economy that is balanced, respecting the outer limits of growth. To achieve this balance, many different concepts have been proposed by the philosophers of the world. The concept of "zero growth" by D. Meadows and his group - the state of global equilibrium is established at a level that allows satisfying the basic needs of each person and gives each person equal opportunities to realize their personal potential. Organic growth, proposed in the report "Humanity at the Crossroads" by M. Mesarovich and E. Pestel, assumed differentiated development: the regions of the world, like organs in the human body, differ in structure and function. Each part - a region or a group of nations - has its own contribution to the organic development of humanity: resources, technology, economic potential, culture, etc. In such a system, the growth of any one part depends on the growth or non-growth of others. The authors of the "First Global Revolution" emphasize the premature call for "zero" or "organic" growth for all countries of the world. They declare that they are convinced that it is necessary to promote the economic development of the backward countries of the South. But for the industrially developed countries of the North, which are gradually transitioning to a post-industrial society, an increase in the quality of life seems to be more important. The quality of life presupposes a guarantee of a minimum level of material wealth for all citizens, full employment, opportunities for self-education, development of the abilities of the human person, and a clean environment. The economy of the future will be characterized by new forms of human institutional behavior, and fundamentally new values will be given priority. Some global problems become new and provide a sufficient number of topics for thought for philosophers around the world. For example, in developed countries the problem of overeating has arisen. According to FAO, the total number of overeating at the moment is 600 million people, including more than ½ all US residents over the age of 20. Philosophers are currently studying the relationship of this problem with social status population, with their way of life, with psychological suggestion external factors... Some believe that the cause of this problem is just a wrong way of life, while others are that it is the deliberate extermination of the nation with the help of fancy food, fancy products, etc. Another fashionable problem that is becoming global is the Internet and dependence on social networks, on computer games of the population for more than one generation. Also, philosophers study the causes of this problem, the dangers of its development. As for the solution of this problem in the present century of continuous computerization and the development of new technologies, the solution will be difficult. It is necessary to change the way of thinking, perception, conduct of life among the population. Bad habits are also a traditional global problem. The problem of drug addiction, for example, in Russia is associated with the absence in the 90s of state policy in this area and the underfunding of the fight against drug addiction. At that time, due to the criminal inaction of the state and society, the young people of Russia were left alone with their problems and were not ready to confront them. Global problems are a multidimensional field of research that can be carried out in different, sometimes quite strongly diverging directions. For example, they can be considered in medicine and economic theory, within the framework of demography, sociology and political science. Each of the listed disciplines will find their own subject of study here. At the same time, each of the disciplines, concentrating on its particular aspect, is forced, directly or indirectly, to move away from the analysis of facts and processes that may be important, but objectively refer to the conduct of other scientific disciplines. Awareness of the need for a holistic scientific approach in relation to the area under consideration was embodied in the emergence and development of global studies. Globalistics - an interdisciplinary field of scientific knowledge aimed at studying the essence, main trends and causes of problems of a planetary, universal human nature. Traditionally, the emergence of globalism is attributed to the second half of the 20th century. However, sometimes its origins are seen in the works of Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), an English scientist-demographer and economist. Malthus became the creator of the original theory of population, in which it was argued that the population is growing exponentially, while the livelihood is only in arithmetic. He was also a supporter of the law of diminishing soil fertility, already formulated before him, according to which the progress of technology and soil cultivation technology is not able to compensate for the consumption of nutrients contained in the soil, and therefore to stop the process of its degradation. However, expressing these views, which are again becoming somewhat popular in developing countries, Malthus himself did not rise to the level of global generalizations. The reports of the Club of Rome (founded in 1968) laid the true foundation in the development of global studies and the study of global problems of our time. Club of Rome - International social organization, unites representatives of the international financial and scientific elite. Currently, more than thirty reports have been published and available for free discussion. However, it was the first two that had the loudest resonance - the report by Dennis Meadows "The Limits to Growth" (1972), which was based on the modeling technique developed by Jay Forrester in his book "World Dynamics", and the report by M. Mesarovich and E. Pestel Humanity at a Crossroads (1974). It was in these reports, which caused a loud international resonance, that a number of provisions were first expressed, which remain valid to this day. For the first time, based on the data of mathematical modeling on a computer, they questioned the modern model of the development of human civilization. It was pointed to the ultimate limits of growth due to the limited natural and other resources at our disposal on the planet. A natural result of the discussion and criticism of the proposed approaches that unfolded in the future was a noticeable increase in attention to the methodological and ideological aspects of modeling and forecasting the development of civilization, the development of which is the exclusive competence of philosophy. The methodological foundations for the study of global problems of our time are laid in dialectics and can be described through a system of basic dialectical principles (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. The principle of universal connection plays a key role in understanding and interpreting global problems. All objects, phenomena and processes, in one way or another, are included in many interrelationships, the mutual influence of which is not always possible to take into account. Global problems are no exception. Allocate straight and indirect communication. Thus, the problem of rational use of natural resources cannot be solved without abandoning the ongoing arms race. There is a direct link between these two problems. At the same time, the relationship between the arms race in the most developed countries and hunger in the least developed countries is not so obvious. Meanwhile, it exists. The production of weapons is accompanied by huge costs for the extraction and processing of natural resources, energy consumption, leads to an increase in industrial and thermal emissions into the atmosphere, global warming, a decrease in precipitation and soil degradation in countries south of the Equator. As a result, there is a situation of food shortages and chronic hunger in dozens of countries in Asia and Africa. In this case, one cannot speak of the presence of direct spatio-temporal connections between the indicated problems. The connection here is indirect. The principle of consistency means that the world around us is a single ordered system. The interconnections existing in the modern world can be represented in the form of a kind of hierarchical structure, where each of the global problems takes its own place, correlating in this capacity with other problems, both at the global, regional and local levels. In terms of importance, the first place should be given to the threat of a thermonuclear war and a global ecological crisis. It is these two positions that determine all the other parameters of human survival on the planet. The accumulated nuclear missile potential in itself is a potential threat. Even the local use of nuclear weapons can lead to irreversible changes in the planet's climate and negative consequences for all living things. The continuous growth of technogenic pressure on the biosphere also objectively presents an equivalent danger. The difference between the first and the second lies in the mechanism for realizing the threat that these global problems pose to humanity. Thus, a thermonuclear conflict can be instantaneous, last a few minutes, and its consequences would be dramatically and visually catastrophic even at the level of everyday consciousness. On the contrary, the ecological crisis unfolds in a long time perspective, is characterized by a latent cumulative effect, and its numerous individual parameters, taken separately and without regard to the situation as a whole, do not give a complete picture of the impending danger. The principle of causality means that for each specific problem, group of problems, global problems as a whole, a complex of reasons can be identified, which determines both their occurrence and the subsequent intensification of the danger emanating from them. It is true that one and the same cause can underlie a number of problems, as well as the reverse process, when the action of many different kinds of factors is found at the basis of a single problem. Let's see how it looks in practice. The geopolitical rivalry of the leading world powers is expressed in an arms race, an intensification of the struggle for raw materials, especially energy resources, and, ultimately, an increase in pressure on the environment. In turn, the current ecological situation cannot be fully explained in terms of incessant scientific and technological progress, even if this factor turns out to be fundamental. The problems of demography and population reproduction in developing countries are caused by poverty, illiteracy and a low level of culture of the population, incessant ethnic and religious conflicts that develop into local and even regional wars, which often turn out to be a hidden form of struggle for raw materials. This whole complex of interdependent reasons means that no global problem can be considered in isolation from others that have a direct or indirect impact on it. The principle of universal development in relation to global problems means the need to take into account the multi-directional processes in the surrounding world. At the same time, one should not be limited only to the sphere of ideas about the development of society as such. It is usually customary to talk about the process of social, political, economic changes. However, in fact, they are all objectively built into the self-regulation mechanism of the biosphere as a whole. It is obvious that not only adaptive processes take place in the biosphere of our planet, which are aimed at assimilating the technogenic challenges emanating from modern civilization. The biosphere itself is a developing organism about which science still knows very little. A typical example of the fact that changes in various parameters are continuously recorded in the biosphere, including those that seem to be the norm to modern man, can be the Little Ice Age, which occurs in the 14th - 19th centuries. The period of global relatively cold snap, most obviously manifested in persistently low average annual temperatures, short and cold summers, and early long cold winters, indicates the presence of cyclical fluctuations that modern science cannot fully explain. It is possible that, which began in the XX century. the period of global warming can be largely associated not only with the anthropogenic activities of mankind. The principle of historicism means that in order to understand the essence of global problems, they must be considered in the dynamics of deployment, namely: how and why they began to take shape, how their action manifested itself in the early stages, what is the reason for the aggravation of global problems in our time, what are the possible threats in relatively near and more distant future. The principle of historicism gives an idea of how the transformation of regional problems into global ones occurs over time. It turns out to be important today, since it allows one to see in some tendencies of the local level the possible variants of their development with the possibility of acquiring a global character. As an example, we can point to migration processes, which on a number of continents from the category of local ones have already reached the regional level (main flows: from Africa, the countries of the Near and Middle East to Europe; from countries Latin America to the United States; from the countries of Southeast Asia to the USA and Australia). Summarizing what has been said, we note that the study of global problems is based not on individual principles, but on their system, which has developed within the framework of dialectics as a philosophical methodology of cognition. Methodology, in turn, is a necessary condition for the formation of an ideological component. The worldview component in the interpretation of global problems of our time is most clearly manifested through the dynamics and successive change of the main forms through which philosophers describe the picture of the world, the position of man and the nature of his relationship with nature and society. The Russian philosophical tradition has developed its own understanding of the interdependence between the worldview and the level of development of a person's subject practice. This process was reflected in the formula: cosmism - anthropocentrism - anthropocosmism. The term anthropocosmism was introduced into philosophical circulation by the Soviet naturalist N.G. Cold. In his book, Thoughts of a Naturalist on Nature and Man (1944), he criticized anthropocentrism as a worldview that is responsible for the acuteness of the problems that humanity faced in the twentieth century. With regard to the problem we are considering, the movement of thought and its application in practice can be represented in the form of the following diagram (Fig. 3). Fig. 3. Cosmism as an initial ideological setting, reflecting the peculiarities of a person's views on the world around him in the era of antiquity, it permeates the entire sphere of the spiritual life of society (religion, morality, law, art) and is embodied in practical activity. A fairly low level of tool practice, the impossibility of explaining the character in a logically consistent way natural phenomena and processes, manifested in the fact that a person not only does not distinguish himself from the surrounding nature, but experiences a mystical fear of the impossibility of explaining the natural essence of what is happening, especially to cope with the formidable elemental forces of nature. Maintaining the original harmony with nature was the only possible setting for the human consciousness of that period. It was achieved both through mythological forms and through natural philosophical constructions. However, cosmism as the initial setting of consciousness and practice did not become an obstacle to the development of ecologically crisis phenomena of anthropogenic origin in the entire Mediterranean basin. Many historians and ecologists agree that it was in the era of ancient classics that the urgent need for ship wood led to the almost universal destruction of coastal forests. Anthropocentrism as a philosophical and religious attitude arises already in the era of antiquity, intensifies with the advent of Christianity and acquires special significance in modern times in connection with the formation of classical scientific knowledge and the subsequent strengthening of its applied significance. According to N.G. The cold essence of anthropocentrism can be expressed by the words: “Man is the center Of the Universe ". For him, as one of the historical forms of worldview, the following features are characteristic: According to N.G. Cold, anthropocentrism should be replaced by anthropocosmism, representing a return to the original cosmism, but at a fundamentally different higher level. Anthropocosmism presupposes a change in the value attitudes of modern civilization: The worldview meaning of anthropocosmism is in changing the previous value attitudes in the consciousness and practical activity of mankind. In this N.G. Kholodny is close to the idea of transforming the biosphere into the noosphere, about which his older contemporary V. I. Vernadsky wrote that its "restructuring by scientific thought through organized human labor is not an accidental phenomenon that depends on the will of man, but is a spontaneous natural process, the roots of which lie deep and were prepared by an evolutionary process, the duration of which is estimated at hundreds of millions of years." In this case, humanity, having mastered scientific knowledge, is considered not as the pinnacle of the evolutionary process, but as a factor in its further development. Summarizing what has been said, we note the special role that philosophical methodology plays in relation to other scientific disciplines and scientific knowledge in general in the study of global problems. On the other hand, it is philosophy that is responsible for the development of a unified scientific picture of the world based on stable ideological foundations. The methodological and ideological functions of philosophy make it possible to form an idea of the causes of the emergence of global problems of our time, the main factors leading to their aggravation, ways and means of getting out of this situation. Despite the fact that humanity in the 21st century is developing by leaps and bounds and claims to conquer other planets, it still has unresolved global problems of our time. Philosophy considers them in conjunction with the processes taking place in the economy, politics and other areas of human life. Certain problems have received global status due to the fact that they affect almost the entire population of the Earth and can threaten the death of the entire civilization. Philosophy also considers modernity from a historical perspective, often problems have not been solved for many centuries. Wars and their consequences were, are and, unfortunately, will be, as long as there are ambitions and a desire to make money on it. The same can be said for food shortages. The instability of weather conditions, wars, political and economic crises at all times affected the supply of food. In the modern world, with a sufficiently high level of production, out of 7 billion people, only 1 billion do not experience hunger, and the rest do not eat up regularly. Another problem that has existed for centuries is the illiteracy of the population. Previously, the government of any country "did not bother" with this issue. the problem received in connection with scientific and technological progress. It turned out that in order to work in factories and plants, you need a qualified work force... We were industrially concerned about this, but illiteracy was never defeated. Philosophy considers some of the global problems of our time to be a product of our time. By the end of the 20th century, the realization came that natural resources are not endless, they require careful treatment. Environmental problems have become acute. The rapid growth of industry, the uncontrolled use of mineral fertilizers - all this has led to the fact that large areas of agricultural land become unusable. Chemical and oil refineries pollute rivers and freshwater reservoirs. A large amount of garbage, radioactive and chemical waste is also a huge problem. The increase in population does not add optimism either. It grows mainly in countries with poorly developed economies, where 75% of the population is up to 35-40 years old. They also need to do something. The planet's climate change and the impact on us (the activity of the Sun, the threat of falling large meteorites and asteroids) are also global problems of our time. Philosophy notes the change in human consciousness under the influence of such a probable threat. Perhaps that is why the expectation of the end of the world has taken on grandiose proportions. So where to look for solutions to global problems? First, states and humanity as a whole must learn to negotiate with each other. The history of mankind is the history of wars. Second, the industry must finally become environmentally friendly. And the developed countries are simply obliged to help third world countries in this, where they do not think about environmental problems at all. Economic development and educational programs can help regulate populations in disadvantaged countries. But the ways of solving the global problems of our time may remain just undertakings, while in the first place there will be a thirst for quick profit and the desire of some states to control the world economy and politics. Key words and terms: Humanity, global problems of our time, prerequisites for development of humanity, the future of humanity. A person lives immersed in a series of days, in passions and addictions, in a whirlpool of everyday life, solving life tasks that are so difficult in our time. He is surrounded by everyday life, urged by educational, official duties, his own ups and downs, worries about wealth, career and health. Everyday common sense calls to improve your own life, raise children, take care of the elderly. In everyday life, a person rarely, if not never at all, thinks about what humanity is and what the future awaits it. As known, humanity consists of various races, numerous peoples and nationalities living in different parts of the planet, in dissimilar, often completely incomparable natural conditions, developing in a different socio-cultural environment. These diverse human communities can be divided by vast spaces, have incompatible outlooks on life, categorically not understand each other, be in hatred and irreconcilable enmity, but at the same time, all of them, taken together, are something one. This something is called humanity. Today, at the dawn of the 21st century, it is already legitimate to talk about the formation of a single humanity. Nowadays, in comparison with the "prehistoric" times (millennium BC), there are several orders of magnitude more people. Their number on the planet has grown from several tens of millions to more than six billion, and this number is rapidly increasing. People on Earth live more and more closely, their contacts, interactions are increasing, which enhances the unity and integrity of mankind. Modern technical means: railways, airlines, telephone, radio, television, computer networks, etc. If at the dawn of human history people moved within tens or hundreds of kilometers, and this required quite a long time, in our time for many people the most remote points of the planet are practically accessible, within a matter of hours. All these facts speak about the unity of all people on the planet, about the real existence of such a subject as humanity. More and more words and phrases have been mentioned recently: "modern civilization", "world economy", "transnational companies",<Международный валютный фонд", "ноосфера", "Организация Объединенных Наций" и др. Все эти понятия подтверждают то, что человечество едино и всеобще. The unity of mankind, one way or another, is reflected in various theoretical concepts, models describing its history, the nature of development. But, it looks different, in different concepts, sometimes even contradictory. Many modern Western philosophers are trying to prove that the unity of mankind does not exist, and that there is not even such a term. So, for example, S. Chase argued that humanity does not exist as an independent entity: "Try to call: hey, humanity, here! And not a single Adam will respond to your call." Yet one cannot but agree that there is no unity. Let's give an example, people form a single species, they are united in their physical appearance, morphological characteristics, genetic characteristics. Differences in the type of racial characteristics are only variants of a single basis. Karl Marx took the same position, but he attached great importance to the unity of people and attached great importance to work. Marx presents the entire history of mankind as a natural change of socio-economic formations, a movement from the primitive communal formation through the slave-owning, feudal, bourgeois to the communist one. O. Spengler, in contrast to Karl Marx, considers the history of mankind as the development of heterogeneous, isolated cultures (for example, Egyptian, Chinese, Indian). Each culture is born, flourishes in its development, and then passes into the stage of dying, degradation. Each approach is the result of sociological thinking, where theorists have tried to analyze the phenomenon of "humanity". Humanity, as we found out, is one, but at the same time diverse and contradictory. Today it is going through a deep crisis. Probably the deepest of all that has been in history. Humanity is at a critical juncture, on the way to entering a new historical dimension. Christian theologians scrutinize the 21st century with tension. from the Nativity of Christ. Formidable prophecies multiply. Apocalyptic sentiments are expressed in print pages. Tragic predictions are also heard in numerous sects. All their aspirations are implicated in the idea of an impending catastrophe. One after another, there are ominous diagnoses that the world is at one of the last stages of spiritual poverty and degradation, that unprecedented brutal wars, destructive to the earth, hurricanes, earthquakes are about to fall on people's heads, that no less than 90% of earthlings will be incinerated, destroyed, etc. Our time is decisive. Rational thinkers, scientists, sociologists believe that the new century carries contradictory opportunities, both rise and fall. They insist that humanity is entering a multidimensional world and a new unknown model of world civilization is emerging. Politicians and economists of different directions more and more often come to the conclusion that a crisis of modern world civilization has begun. embracing nature. world economy, political relations, culture, and especially man. The current crisis is caused by obvious phenomena on a planetary scale. They can be easily compared with those threats that have met humanity in the past, in order to see the bleak current situation of new dangers. Today the situation in the world can be described as close to critical and humanity does not know clear ways out of it. Here we are talking about the global problems of our time, which are of a common human nature and affect the interests of mankind, on the solution of which its future depends. Main problems: environmental pollution; demographic; education; health care; food; the problem of the new international economic order; energy and raw materials; the problem of war and peace. Global problems cover the entire globe; and not only its part, where people live, but also the rest of its surface, bowels, atmosphere and even outer space that fall into the sphere of human activity. The solution of global problems is a difficult matter, today there is no answer to this question. Humanity is trying to find a way out of this situation - this is the implementation of a "green policy", the development of environmental ethics, social ecology, etc. Humanity faces a very difficult task - to ensure the joint evolution of society and nature. There is another threat that is less talked about, and that is the crisis of human spirituality. Practically all secular and religious, global and regional, ancient and new ideologies today cannot provide a conclusive answer to the actual problems of the era, or to the eternal demands of the spirit. There are no reliable theories and concepts now, within the framework of which it would be possible more or less definitely: to characterize our today, and even more so tomorrow. Fear, anxiety, anxiety permeate all layers of human existence. There is no fresh perspective on the world. There is only a revision of the old, canonical provisions that came from the past. The dynamics of abrupt global historical shifts lead to a loss of orientation, the collapse of shrines, spiritual devastation. These are the threats. They are real. They cannot be overlooked. There are threats, but there are also hopes, on the basis of which humanity can emerge from a global crisis. Consider the prerequisites for the further development of mankind, which block the threats to the existence of people in general. Deployment of the information (computer) biotechnological revolution. Creation on its basis of a certain new civilization and the deployment of a prosperous world community in the foreseeable future. The possibility of establishing a mixed, market, socially protected economy with elements of a convergent type as the dominant type of the world economy. This form economic relations will contribute to the development of the economy, finding, balance between economic efficiency and social justice. Formation of the principle of non-violence and democratic harmony in foreign and domestic policy, in group and interpersonal relations. The ethics of non-violence is becoming one of the central points of ethical thought. The terms "consensus" and "compromise" are increasingly used in politics. The unifying processes of spiritual life, both in religious and secular versions. This rapprochement is extremely necessary for a benevolent search for mutually applicable values, since our world is diverse and it cannot be otherwise. The ongoing interethnic and intercultural integration while maintaining the uniqueness of each ethnic group and each Culture. Wide migration flows lead to interpenetration of cultures; to expand international economic and cultural contacts. As a result, the desire of earthlings to a true "brotherhood" is growing. The outlined breakthroughs in the spiritual field and in the field of intellectual search. There is a search for acceptable contacts between the rational and the non-rational, scientific and technical in the development of reality. This is especially important for the construction of a global ethics, universal moral principles that strengthen all of humanity. These are the prerequisites that humanity imposes on overcoming today's difficulties. Whether it will be able to survive in the 21st century depends on the person himself and on the achievements of human progress. Now the world is at a turning point, at a crossroads. He aspires to a new global order and therefore a choice of further development path is necessary. What is the future of humanity? The past has already happened, it can be rethought. And the future is not programmed by anyone. It is an open page. Questions for self-control: 1) What is humanity? - 2) What is the current global crisis? H) What is the essence and content of global problems? 4) Try to imagine the XXI century. What do you think it will be and why? Test questions on the subject "Foundations of Philosophy" 1) Philosophy is translated into Russian as: A) love for the Universe; C) love for nature; C) love for a person; D) love of wisdom. 2) The universal, universal and unique ability to exist, which any reality possesses is called; A) matter C) development B) movement; C) being. 3) Objective reality that exists independently of a person's consciousness, which is given to a person in his sensations, which is copied, photographed and displayed by our sensations is called: A) reflection; C) movement; C) being; C) matter. 4) Natural philosophy is: A) philosophy of culture; C) philosophy of ethics; C) philosophy of nature; C) philosophy of being. 5) Who developed and formulated the three laws of dialectics: A) Marx; C) Bacon; C) Hegel; C) Descartes. 6) Who was the first philosopher to single out being as a category: A) Plato; C) Kant; C) Parmenides; C) Aristotle. 7) The active activity of people aimed at acquiring knowledge is called: A) thinking; C) epistemology; C) consciousness; C) cognition. 8) Confucius School existed: A) in Ancient Greece; C) in Ancient China. C) in ancient India; 9) Nature and man are considered as the creation of God, this problem is solved: A) in Cosmocentrism; C) in theocentrism; C) in anthropocentrism. 1O) The human psyche, which has reached the stage of development, at which he is aware of the processes occurring with him and around him, is called: A) knowledge; C) attention; C) consciousness; C) thinking. 11) What stage in the history of philosophy was the longest in time: A) New time; C) Modern; C) the Middle Ages; C) Antiquity. 12) Historically, the first type of worldview: A) religious; C) philosophical; C) mythological. 1H) The interest of philosophers in rational science, in knowledge appears in the era: A) Renaissance; C) In the modern period; C) New time; 13) Antiquity. 14) Who was the first to combine materialism and dialectics: A) Bacon; C) Kant; C) Marx; E) Voltaire; E) Plato F) Hegel. A) Islam; C) Christianity. C) Buddhism; 16) What was the interest of thinkers in the Renaissance: A) to a person: C) to religion; C) to myths; D) to art. 17) Which of the following aphoristic statements express agnosticism: A) The more we learn, the less we know; C) It is impossible to grasp the immensity; C) Someone else's soul - darkness. 18) What philosophers are called idealists: A) who recognize only the existence of ideal formations; C) who are guided in life by the highest ideals; C) who assert that consciousness is primary and matter is secondary; C) who claim that the world is unknowable. 19) Highlight the forms of sensory cognition: A) concept; C) inference; C) sensation; C) presentation. 19) Highlight the forms of sensory cognition: A) concept C) inference C) feeling E) performance 20) The science of knowledge is called: A) axiology; C) ontology; C) logic; 13) epistemology. 21) What is Antiquity for the Renaissance: C) a judge; 22) Which of the following signs are not characteristic of a scientific theory: A) consistency; C) completeness; C) Verifiability; C) rationality. 23) Indicate a non-existent attribute of matter: A) movement; 13) structure; B) time; E) placement; C) reflection; P) space. 24) Indicate the correct judgment: A) Truth is what simply and economically describes experience; C) Truth is knowledge that everyone agrees with; C) Truth is a correct reflection of reality in consciousness, which does not depend on the content of either a person or humanity.
