home Self-development Labor force and related concepts. The labor force in the economy Quantitative development of the labor force means

Labor force and related concepts. The labor force in the economy Quantitative development of the labor force means

The number of people who are willing to work for hire. V different countries this indicator is calculated differently. It usually includes the number of employed plus the registered unemployed. There are age and other restrictions. For example, American statistics take into account people who are at least 16 years old. There are certain methodological issues - for example, whether to include in this indicator the "self-employed" population (small entrepreneurs, farmers, artists) or only employees. In most cases, this category of the population is taken into account as part of another indicator - "economically active population".

Sometimes the labor force is also understood as the employees of an enterprise, often with the exception of administrative staff.

Work force v popular literature and journalism - workers. Most often, they mean manual laborers performing low-skilled work. Usually no distinction is made between voluntary employment and forced labour. Example: "The goals of the occupation regime were the destruction of the USSR as a state and the transformation of its territory into an agricultural and raw materials appendage and a source of cheap labor for Germany and its allies."

Labor force in the theory of Karl Marx

Karl Marx, in his Capital, stated the following:

Under the conditions of the capitalist mode of production, labor power is a specific commodity. The bearer of the labor force is its owner and is legally free to dispose of it. At the same time, he does not have the means of production for independent management and, in order to obtain a livelihood, he is forced to sell his labor power.
The cost of labor power is determined by the costs of maintaining the life of a worker and the proper level of working capacity, his sufficient training, education and reproduction. These costs are highly dependent on the level economic development country, natural and climatic conditions, intensity and complexity of labor, employment of women and children. The cost of labor is manifested in the form of wages, which are additionally influenced by the situation in the economy and the labor market. During a period of economic growth and increased employment, wages can significantly exceed the cost of labor, which allows workers to significantly improve their financial situation. During a recession, wages can fall below the cost of labor, which leads to the expenditure of previously accumulated reserves and to a sharp deterioration in the situation of workers.

The value (utility) of labor power as a commodity is the ability in the process of labor (use of the purchased labor power by the capitalist) to create new value, which is usually greater than the value paid to the worker. This excess Marx called surplus value. It is the surplus value that serves as the basis for the formation of profit.

Labor power is not always a commodity. It may not belong to a person and be taken without an equivalent exchange (for example, from a slave or a serf). A person may not have legal freedom (a prisoner, a child). A person can work independently and then sell the results of labor, and not his own labor (artisan, artist, farmer, self employed if they do not use hired workers).

Criticism of the Marxist approach

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Synonyms:

See what "Workforce" is in other dictionaries:

See Working force Glossary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms

- (labor force) The number of people available for work. Many factors influence it. The working age of the population depends on the acquisition of secondary and higher education, which entails a reduction in the number of young people ... ... Economic dictionary

Exist., number of synonyms: 6 souls (59) work unit (3) workers (5) ... Synonym dictionary

1) in the statistics of most countries, the economically active population includes the employed and the unemployed; .. 2) a person’s ability to work, i.e. the totality of his physical and mental abilities, required qualifications, skills, experience used ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

WORKER 2, oh, her. Dictionary Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

work force- — EN labor force Topics security environment EN labor force DE Arbeitskräfte FR main d oeuvre … Technical Translator's Handbook

work force- Part of the country's population with the necessary physical development, knowledge and practical experience to work in the national economy. Syn.: labor resources … Geography Dictionary

1) in modern economic science, the economically active population includes the employed and the unemployed; 2) in Marxist theory, a person’s ability to work, that is, the totality of his physical and mental abilities, the required qualifications, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

WORK FORCE- (labour power) 1. General term for employees in an organization. 2. (Marxism) the capacity for labor which is bought and used by capitalists and from which the capitalist extracts surplus value (see also labor theory cost) ... Big explanatory sociological dictionary

Work force- the ability to work, the totality of physical and intellectual abilities that a person has and which are used by him in the production of life's goods. Labor power really exists in the personality of the worker and is the main ... ... Dictionary of Economic Theory

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15. What is the labor force.

In order to perform a certain work, a person must have physical and spiritual abilities. The labor force is a combination of physical and spiritual abilities of a person, which are used by him in the process of production of material goods.

The wealth of any society is created by the labor of people, thanks to the functioning of the labor force. But only under conditions of capitalism the ability to work becomes a commodity, the subject of sale.

Why is it so? Let's turn to history.

The slave could not dispose of himself, as he was the property of the slave owner. Such is essentially the position of the serf. He was dependent on the owner of the land - the feudal lord and did not have the right to fully dispose of his labor force.

Can a person sell what does not belong to him?

Clearly not. Anyone who wants to sell his labor force must be a legally free person.

But is this condition sufficient for labor power to become a commodity?

No. And that's why. Small peasant or craftsman work on themselves- produce grain, meat, clothes, shoes, etc. They sell not labor, but products of their labor.

In what case would a peasant or handicraftsman begin to sell not the products of his labor, but his labor power?

Only if he does not have the opportunity to work at home, with the help of their means of production. A peasant or handicraftsman turns into a worker, a proletarian when loses own means of production. Under these conditions, labor power can only be used if it is sold to the owner of the means of production, the capitalist.

The worker sells his labor power of his own free will, since he is the rightful owner of it. In the capitalist world there are no laws obliging workers to hire themselves to a factory owner. But at the same time, the proletarian can't sell his labor power, because he has no other possibilities for existence - he does not have the means of production that would allow him to produce what he needs for life.

So, in order for the labor force became a commodity, two conditions are required:

firstly, the personal freedom of the proletarian;

secondly, the lack of means of production for the small commodity producer, his transformation into a proletarian.

This creates the need to sell labor. The transformation of labor power into a commodity marks the beginning of a new historical era - era of capitalism.

But if labor power is a commodity, then, like any other commodity, it must have both a value and a use value.

How is labor cost determined?

It is known that the value of any commodity is determined by the amount of socially necessary labor time for its production and reproduction. But labor power is no ordinary commodity. She, as we have already said, is a combination of physical and spiritual abilities of a person. If ordinary goods (shoes, fabric, etc.) are created in factories and factories, then the production of labor power is inextricably linked with the reproduction of man - the living carrier of labor power. Both physical and spiritual abilities, without which work is impossible, are inseparable from a person. A person in the process of labor expends his labor power, and in order to be able to work daily, he must day by day restore their physical and spiritual abilities.

By consuming various material goods necessary for life, satisfying his spiritual needs, the worker restores his labor power expended in the labor process, and thus gets the opportunity to work again. That is why it can be said that the value of the commodity, labor power, is essentially the cost of those means of subsistence that are necessary for the life of the bearer of the labor force - a person, in this case a worker who sells his ability to work to the capitalist.

What means of subsistence are needed to maintain, restore and constantly reproduce the labor force? In other words, what is included in the cost of labor?

First, the cost of funds needed to meet the physical needs of the worker. We are talking about food, clothing, housing, etc.

Secondly, the cost of the means needed to satisfy the spiritual needs of the worker. As the saying goes, man does not live by bread alone. Workers read newspapers, books, attend movies, sports, etc.

Thirdly, the cost of the means of training the worker. In order to operate machines and mechanisms, some minimum of technical knowledge is required. That is why the cost of general education and industrial training is included in the cost of labor.

Fourth, the cost of funds needed to support the family. Capitalist production cannot run smoothly unless the ranks of the working class are constantly replenished. Therefore, the cost of the labor force inevitably includes the costs of maintaining a family, raising and educating children - the future labor force.

The volume and composition of the needs of the worker are greatly influenced by the historical and national characteristics of the development of a particular country. There is a great difference between the cost of labor power in England, which for a long time occupied a monopoly position in the capitalist world, and the cost of labor power in economically backward countries, where the standard of living of the people is extremely low. Differences in labor costs may also be due to climatic conditions. For example, in the north, in a harsh, cold climate, a person needs warmer clothes, more high-calorie food, better heated housing, etc.

It should be remembered that human needs depend on many other conditions. These include national customs, traditions that exist in a particular country, among certain peoples.

With development human society human needs are expanding and changing. For example, the needs of the English German or Russian worker in our time are far from what they were, let's say, in the 19th century. The range of human needs has expanded significantly. Take at least such household items as televisions, refrigerators, computers, mobile phones etc., about which a person had no idea not only in the 19th century, but about some of them even in the 20th century.

But however varied may be the conditions that determine the necessary means of subsistence of man, and however rapidly they may change, nevertheless, for a particular country and for a particular period, the value of labor power is a value more or less constant.

Labor power under capitalism is a commodity, and its price is always subject to fluctuations. As a rule, capitalists buy labor power at a price much less than the cost calculated on the basis of a decent standard of living. modern man. At the same time, labor power is a special commodity. It cannot be put into storage and wait for prices to rise. The worker, who has no other means of subsistence than the sale of labor power, is often forced to accept a price that does not cover the expenses necessary for the normal satisfaction of his needs.

There is, however, lower limit labor cost is the cost of the physical necessities of life, without the consumption of which a person cannot exist and work. The capitalist who buys his labor power from the worker always strives to approach this limit, since it is in this case that he receives the greatest profit. Exactly how, we'll talk about it.

Labor power, like any other commodity, has, in addition to value, a use value. What is it expressed in?

The use-value of many commodities is immediately apparent. For example, boots are needed in order to satisfy a person's need to protect their feet when moving. The use value of shoes is realized in the process of wearing them.

What is the consumption of labor power?

In labor. Labor is the process of spending labor power. But here the peculiarity of the commodity labor power is revealed. Bread, cloth, shoes and other goods disappear and are destroyed in the process of consumption, and the labor force in the process of labor is not only preserved, but also creates new products. This is the peculiarity of the commodity labor power. The most important quality of this product is that in in the process of consumption, he creates more value than he is worth..

The value of labor power, as we have seen, is equal to the value of the worker's means of subsistence - the value of food, clothing, housing, etc. Suppose that the value of the daily livelihood of the worker can be created by 4 hours of labor. The capitalist bought labor power. Thus he acquired the right to dispose of its use-value. Therefore, the capitalist can force the worker to work not 4 hours, but more, for example 6, 7, 8, 10 or even 12 hours. But the worker for the first 4 hours of work already created a value equal to the value of his labor power, that is, he actually returned to the capitalist what he spent on its purchase. But the worker does not stop working, he works further as long as the capitalist says, for each next hour of his work he also creates value. It is this surplus, this surplus of value created by the worker's labor over and above the value of his labor power, that is surplus value .

The ability to create surplus value is the use value of the commodity labor power. This is what the capitalist is interested in. If labor power did not have this capacity, the capitalist would not buy it.

Having discovered the difference between the value of labor power and the value that is created by the labor of the worker, Marx unraveled the mystery of the emergence of surplus value, scientifically, irrefutably proved that how the capitalist class lives and enriches itself. The source of surplus value is the labor of workers, the results of which gratuitously appropriated by the capitalists.

Now it becomes clear how the contradictions of the general formula of capital are resolved under the conditions of the capitalist mode of production. Surplus value cannot arise without circulation, since not somewhere, but on the market, the capitalist purchases labor power, an act of purchase and sale is performed: M - T.

But, on the other hand, surplus value is created not in the process of circulation, but in the field of production, since the proletarian, by his labor, creates, in addition to the value of his labor power, surplus value. The capitalist, having sold the goods produced by the workers in his factory, realizes this surplus value and thereby receives a large amount of money: M + d or D'.

We now come to the question of how surplus value is created.

The totality of physical and spiritual abilities that a person uses in his activities.

Work force(English) labor force) in statistics - the number of people who are ready to work for hire. This indicator is calculated differently in different countries. It usually includes the number of employed plus the registered unemployed. There are age and other restrictions. For example, American statistics take into account people who are at least 16 years old. There are certain methodological issues - for example, to include in this indicator or only employees. In most cases, the "self-employed" population is taken into account as part of another indicator - "economically active population".

Sometimes the labor force is understood as the employees of any enterprise, with the exception of administrative staff.

Work force in popular literature and journalism - workers. More often, manual laborers performing low-skilled work are implied. Usually in such cases no distinction is made between voluntary employment and forced labour. Example: "The purpose of the occupation was the destruction of the USSR as a state and the transformation of the territory into an agricultural appendage and a source of cheap labor for Germany and its allies."

Labor force in the theory of Karl Marx

Karl Marx, in his Capital, stated the following:

Under the conditions of the capitalist mode of production, labor power becomes a specific commodity. The bearer of the labor force is its owner and is legally free to dispose of it. At the same time, he does not have the means of production for independent management. To obtain a livelihood, he is forced to sell his labor force.

The cost of labor power is determined by the costs of maintaining the life of a worker and the proper level of working capacity, his sufficient training, education and reproduction. These costs are very dependent on the level of economic development of the country, natural and climatic conditions, intensity and complexity of labor, employment of women and children. The cost of labor is manifested in the form of wages, which are additionally influenced by the situation in the economy and the labor market. In a period of economic growth and increased employment, wages can significantly exceed the cost of labor, which allows workers to significantly improve their financial situation. During a recession, wages can fall below the cost of labor, which leads to the consumption of previously accumulated reserves and to a sharp deterioration in the situation of workers.

The value (utility) of labor power as a commodity is the possibility in the process of work (the use of the purchased labor power by the capitalist) to create a new value, which is usually more than the value paid to the worker (more than the value of the labor power used). This excess Marx called surplus value. It is she who is the basis of the formation of profit.

Labor power is not always a commodity. It may not belong to a person and be taken without an equivalent exchange (for example, into a slave or a serf). A person may not be legally free (a prisoner, a child). A person can work independently and then sell the results of labor, and not their own labor (craftsman, artist, farmer, private entrepreneur, if they do not hire workers).

Criticism of the Marxist approach

Some economic theories do not recognize labor power as an independent commodity. They usually claim to sell directly work. They explain the formation of profit by the special properties of capital or the payment for the rareness of entrepreneurial talent. Indeed, at the initial stage, hourly wages of employees prevail. Dominance then shifts to piecework. Outwardly, this manifests itself as payment for each hour worked or item made, that is for work. Contract wages (for example, for football players) more clearly demonstrate that it is the ability to work that is being sold, and not the labor itself.

Work is the most important quality characteristic of any production process. The quality of the products produced and the demand for them depend on the quality of labor. This is especially important when the firm is non-price competitive.

Work force is defined as a specific product that directly serves as the primary source of production of goods and services, since it contributes to best organization reference economic activity. The number of labor force is determined by such concepts as employment and unemployment, and it is they that characterize the economic situation in the country.

Work force- these are people involved in production, on the one hand, and the totality of human abilities, on the other. The quality of the commodity "labor" shows the degree of efficiency of the market economy, how competitive it is in this respect. On the one hand, the labor force is a quantitative characteristic of the labor potential of a firm or enterprise, that is, the number of people of a certain age and level of education and qualifications. On the other hand, the labor force is represented by a complex of all the abilities and skills of the worker, which he uses to carry out his activities. It turns out that in order to belong to a certain field or type of activity, a person must at least have experience, professionalism and certain theoretical knowledge.

The labor force is an element of the labor market, where it becomes an object of demand from entrepreneurs, firms, the state wishing to carry out additional hiring of workers, and the supply that comes from households, individuals, intermediary firms and others. economic entities. Labor exchange, problem solving employment and employment, is one of the varieties of the labor market. It contributes to a more rational and efficient distribution of the labor force across sectors of the economy, since it does this solely on the basis of the labor characteristics of the workers themselves.

Can be distinguished following conditions the emergence of the commodity "labor power":

1) an employee or any economically active entity must have legal freedom, the right to dispose of their knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as to use the available opportunities;

2) the subject of labor must himself be deprived of those products, means of labor or factors that he can obtain as a result of the sale of his own labor.

The labor force has the following qualities:

1. An employee carrying out labor efforts + knowledge, experience, qualifications, education = income. In other words, the labor force together with the labor owner is an indivisible whole and as a result brings him a factor income in the form of wages.

2. If the work of an employee is not realized for a long time, then its effectiveness decreases over time. Employment ability is the skill of conducting any activity. Over time, theoretical principles can be forgotten, education also loses its power, and experience disappears. In order for these characteristics not to be lost, but to be multiplied, the employee must regularly use them, including replenishing knowledge through practical achievements.

Thus, in any country, an important problem is to increase the employment of labor resources. For this, the state supreme body government invests, subsidizes and encourages labor activity.

The labor market: its features and main types

Labor market is a system economic relations, which arises on a contractual basis between an entrepreneur who wants to increase the staff of employees, and an employee who is looking for a job and is ready to start it. The main elements of the labor market are the eternal economic categories supply and demand for a commodity called labor power. In addition, this includes both the type of competition itself and the cost of remuneration for a unit of labor (salary + bonuses and allowances), which are formed on the basis of the employee's qualification category. When a person is looking for a job, he turns to the labor market for information. Through this, he learns which vacancies and specialties need to be replenished, what wage for the performance of a certain work, correlates the data obtained with their own capabilities and desires and makes their choice.

Accordingly, the labor force is an object of the labor market, which can be characterized as follows:

1) the person himself is not an object of sale, as it was in the era of slavery. The individual and his freedom are legally protected, therefore, only what a person can offer the employer is subject to sale, namely: diligence, efficiency, experience, qualifications, creativity, etc. In addition, the employment transaction is carried out exclusively on a voluntary contractual basis, so that both parties are satisfied;

2) the working abilities of a person cannot be separated from him, therefore they are the main source of income or wages. For a certain amount of work performed in accordance with the terms of the contract, the employee receives a salary, salary. If the labor activity had high quality characteristics or results, there is a bonus system in the form of additional earnings-reward, which further stimulates the individual to achieve the goal;

3) simple labor or its non-use for any time inevitably leads to the loss of useful characteristics. For example, an employee who has higher education, a sufficiently high qualification and work experience, but who has not worked in his specialty for a long time, loses his professional skill and his qualitative characteristics. Therefore, when he returns to his former work, he begins to adapt in a new way to its conditions and requirements.

Demand in the labor market is presented by those organizations, firms, the state, and sometimes the “foreign” sector that need to replenish the staff of employees and are ready to hire a certain number of workers for a certain fee. The supply is provided by the fact that individuals, intermediary firms, households are willing to sell their labor skills and receive for this, in their opinion, a fair amount of money. It is not necessary that demand always coincides with supply, but if such a situation arises, an equilibrium sets in, that is, a situation where the desire of employers to attract new employees to the activity is fully compensated by the need of people to find a job. As a result, the equilibrium nominal wage is formed. However, for the workers themselves, it is the real value of it that is most important, since prices are extremely dynamic and the cost of the consumer basket changes regularly.

The dependence of labor demand on the minimum wage can be expressed feedback, i.e. the more the nominal wage grows, the smaller the number of workers the entrepreneur decides to provide workplace. The law of diminishing marginal productivity works. In other words, the greater the amount of labor involved in production or another type of activity, the less becomes the utility or productivity of each additional unit of labor involved. For the organization, the most rational solution is the issue of the number and structure of employees, in accordance with which its expansion will be carried out until the result of the activity of a single employee fully meets the needs of the company.

The supply curve on the market is presented differently, there is an inverse relationship between the amount of labor and its payment. Initially, a substitution effect occurs, i.e., as the wage rate rises, the number of people who want to find a job and use their labor abilities grows, since the majority of workers are still motivated by high earnings. However, at a certain level of income, the demand for labor begins to decline because firms cannot afford to increase fixed costs. Labor ceases to be a priority and is replaced by leisure, therefore, there is an income effect.

Thus, we can distinguish the following factors that qualitatively affect the size and structure of the proposal.

1. Total population of this territorial unit to some extent reflects the structure of the economically active labor force, namely: employment and unemployment. The more this indicator, the higher the probability that the proposal will be large and differentiated by direction and type of activity.

2. Share of working-age population is directly a determining indicator in calculating the total volume of labor resources that can fully or maximally satisfy the needs of employers.

3. Working hours and working conditions influence the selection of the employee. He automatically tries to find a place where all the necessary conditions would be created for him.

4. Labor mobility determined by the fact that the labor force can move freely within the labor market. Mobility also implies the luring of personnel from one organization to another with the provision of working conditions and its remuneration, which is determined general concept"staff drain".

The labor market is a necessary part market economy and in a broader sense, the aggregate market, which describes the magnitude of aggregate demand (organizations or the state that decides to hire additional employees) and aggregate supply (who want to find a job and immediately start it).

If we consider the market in a narrower concept in a static state, then it is a place for making current transactions between employers and in accordance with the number of vacancies currently available. The current labor market can be divided into two parts, or two types.

open market characterized by the fact that the proposal covers those economic entities that themselves or through intermediaries are looking for work, i.e., need retraining or reorientation. Demand in this case is represented by all vacancies and vacancies.

Hidden labor market in addition to open economic entities, it also includes those employees who are currently engaged in production, economic or other activities, but at any time can be relieved of their duties without prejudice to the organization. In other words, in the future these are potential unemployed people who will subsequently be included in the lists of the open market.

It is important to note that each individual country, in accordance with its national, economic and technological features, forms its own labor market.

There are countries that are focused on both the internal and external labor markets, that is, they practice attracting foreigners who have a sphere of economic interests in the country's territory. At the same time, today it is typical for Russia that highly qualified specialists prefer to move to a country with a more developed market economy to participate in the production of its GDP(gross domestic product) for over favorable conditions work and wages. Therefore, an important task of the labor market at any level (international, federal, regional or local) is to create attractive jobs so that there is not only a demand for labor, but that it is satisfied by the desire of economic entities to carry out one or another type of labor activity.

Definition 1

The labor force is the ability to work, i.e. a set of characteristics and properties of a person that are necessary for him to work.

The concept of labor force and its formation

In some cases, real and potential workers are considered to be the labor force, i.e. labor resources. Often the concept of labor force implies the total number of workers in a particular sector of the economy.

The labor force is the ability to work, includes the physical and intellectual abilities that a person has and uses them in the production of life's goods. The labor force can act only in the system of specific production relations, it forms the main productive force of society, it is the determining element of the forces of production.

Influencing the substance of nature in the process of labor, changing it, a person improves his labor skills, gains production experience, receives both theoretical and technical knowledge. decisive role in the composition labor functions plays the level of development of the means of labor.

The conditions for the employment of labor power directly depend on the method of its connection with the means of production. In a market economy, labor power is a commodity and therefore has a use value. The value of labor power depends on the value of the means of subsistence, which are necessary for normal work activity. The price of labor power changes along with the level of political and economic development of the state, depends on natural and climatic conditions, organization of workers, national traditions, etc.

Scientific and technological progress has a contradictory effect on the change in the cost of labor. The enormous development of production, the growth of labor productivity in society lead to a decrease in the cost of means of consumption, which in turn reduces the cost of labor power as a commodity. However, there are other factors that, on the contrary, increase the price of labor. For example, the intensification of production processes causes additional costs to compensate for the large expenditure of nervous and physical energy of a person.

The process of forming the labor force includes the preparation of the worker for work, which originates from preschool institutions. Education is the main value, without which it is impossible to form a workforce.

The role of the labor force in the modern economy

Demand and supply of labor depend on demographic, migration and socio-psychological factors. The demand for labor can be:

Satisfactory. This is the number of workers employed by companies over time;
Unsatisfactory - the number of vacancies;
Predictable. This is the demand for specialists and workers, taking into account the prospects for the development of the company.

Scientific and technological progress and the development of a market economy increase the requirements for the characteristics of the labor force (its quality).

Remark 1

The quality of the labor force is understood as a set of professional, educational and psychophysiological characteristics that make a person able to carry out labor activity.

Quality criteria include the level of education, professional training, employee motivation, the ability of the company's organizational structure to disclose all professional quality worker.

An important part of social reproduction is the reproduction of the labor force, i.e. continuous restoration of the physical and maintenance of the mental abilities of the workers, continuous improvement of the qualifications of the personnel, ensuring their professional development.

The cost of labor can change both up and down.

In the direction of increasing the cost, the following factors influence:

Increasing the intensity of labor;
Increasing material, social and spiritual needs;
Increasing workforce complexity;
The degree of environmental pollution;
Increasing the cost of educational services, healthcare services, etc.;
Improving the quality of work.

The decline in labor costs is due to:

An increase in the social productivity of labor;
Deterioration in the quality of work;
Increasing taxes on wages;
Frequent use of female and child labor, as well as migrant labor, which is cheaper.

Categories of labor force in industrial production

The payroll of the enterprise includes both industrial and production personnel and employees of non-industrial divisions.

Industrial and production personnel include those directly involved in the production and maintenance of production. We list the categories of industrial and production personnel:

Workers, which include workers involved in the production of goods, maintenance of equipment, movement finished products etc.;
Specialists, i.e. employees who are involved in the preparation and execution of documents, keep records and control;
Managers are workers who leadership positions various levels.

The personnel of non-industrial divisions consists of employees employed in housing, communal, utility services, educational institutions, dispensaries, etc.

The criterion for assessing personnel management is the turnover of the workforce. There are some measures that can reduce turnover:

Effective recruitment procedures;
Analytical methods for evaluating work;
Use of techniques and methods of a balanced personnel policy;
The fullest possible use of labor potential;
Improving the system of staff development;
Improvement of working conditions, etc.

The main task of any entrepreneur is to maintain the quality and quantity of the labor force, since it is the most valuable commodity in the labor market.