home Ways to earn money Organization of mastering the production of new products. Organization of the processes of mastering the production of new products The process of creating and mastering the production of new goods

Organization of mastering the production of new products. Organization of the processes of mastering the production of new products The process of creating and mastering the production of new goods

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1. Organization of mastering the production of new products

1.1 Characteristics of the production development process

The development of production is the initial period of industrial production of new products, during which the achievement of the planned design technical and economic indicators is ensured (first of all, the design output of new products per unit of time and the project labor intensity and unit cost corresponding to this release). The allocation of this period is advisable only for the conditions of mass and serial types of production, which are characterized by the stability of the range of products manufactured by the enterprise for a certain time; v single production the development period is practically absent, since the renewal of the nomenclature is associated with the release of each new single product or a small batch.

During the development period, the design and technical refinement of the new product and the adaptation of the production itself to the production of new products continue. Therefore, one of characteristic features this period is the dynamism of technical and economic indicators of production.

During this period comes significant amount design and technological changes, which not only require adjustments to the technical documentation, but also changes in already mastered technological operations, technological equipment, and sometimes processes in general.

The introduction of changes leads to a stretching of the development period, an increase in costs. During the period of development, many workers, especially those employed in the main workshops of mass production enterprises, have to re-master technological operations, serviced equipment, technological equipment, i.e. to acquire professional skills in the changed production and technical conditions.

It takes a certain amount of time to develop rational labor practices.

In addition, the main characteristics of the development process - the duration of this period, the dynamism of costs - also depend to a large extent on the readiness of the enterprise to ensure the development of serial or mass production. With a high degree of readiness of special equipment and tooling for the start of a full-scale production, it is possible to significantly reduce the development period, to ensure a slight excess of the labor intensity of the first industrial products in comparison with the design labor intensity.

With a significant discrepancy between the level of technological equipment at the beginning of development and the level provided for ensuring the design production of products, the development period is delayed, there is a significant excess of labor intensity and cost of products in the first years of production in comparison with the design indicators. High level the readiness of fixed assets for the start of production requires significant capital investments, which in some cases may be excessively large. There is also a risk of abandoning some part of the technological equipment with an intensive flow of design changes during the equipment period. Therefore, for certain types products, depending on the types of production, the optimal volumes of equipment are usually set by the beginning of the development period.

1.2 Organizational and planned preparation of production

The organization of the production of new products requires only the creation of new technological processes and changes in production techniques, but also changes in the forms and methods of organizing labor and production, changes in the structure of personnel.

Organizational preparation of production is a set of works and processes aimed at developing a project for organizing in time and space the production process of manufacturing a new product, a system for organizing and remunerating labor, a logistics system, and a regulatory framework for intra-factory planning for products that are first put into production.

The development of new products is an integral stage of production preparation, during which the adjustment and development of the designed technological processes, forms of production organization, achievement of the planned volume of output, achievement of the planned technical and economic indicators of products are carried out.

V modern conditions preparation of production involves the participation of subdivisions of engineering enterprises in the introduction of new products in the field of operation. Manufacturing enterprises not only supply products, but also carry out preparation of product consumption and after-production service.

The consumer enterprise should be convinced of the effectiveness of new products, help him organize their correct use and disposal. Best of all, these tasks can be performed by an enterprise that has created a new product, therefore, it is necessary to prepare the sale of products, services and use of products by the consumer.

The implementation of pre-production requires the solution of a number of tasks: ensuring scientific, technical and industrial integration of work to create an organizational structure; development of special methods of planning and management.

Production preparation planning.

Proper coordination of design, technological and organizational solutions throughout the entire period of pre-production.

Planning tasks include the following:

Determining the deadlines for completing the development, guaranteeing the implementation of the plan within the deadlines;

Determining the scope of work;

Compliance with costs within the plan.

The implementation of tasks is carried out in plans. The implementation of the planned plans for the technical preparation of production is ensured by: rational organizational structure bodies involved in the technical preparation of production; planning system; regulatory framework.

The structure of the bodies of technical preparation of production depends on the complexity of the tasks to be solved, and therefore can be changed by the appropriate order of the head of the organization.

The planning system consists of three stages:

1) enlarged planning - a thematic plan for the future (order-order);

2) clarification of the thematic plan, its detailing (coordination and coordination of work with individual performers);

3) operational planning and management (clarification of work for the calendar year and segments of the year).

The choice and use of standards, enlarged or differentiated, depends on the planning stage. The most precise norms should be at the stage of operational planning.

Regulatory framework for planning work on the technical preparation of production:

· selection of planning and accounting units according to the stages of technical preparation of production (a set of documentation, layouts, details, technical processes, etc.);

standards of quantitative ratios that allow you to set the amount of work to perform either a stage or stage of work, or for a specific job;

Labor input standards for a station, stage or type of work. Such standards have been developed by industry institutes and are recommended as standard;

· cycle time standards per station, stage or type of work on the technical preparation of production.

Based on scientific and technical forecasts and target programs for the development of a certain area of new technology, taking into account the plans for the development of the industry and the enterprise, calendar plans-schedules preparation and development of new types of products.

For these purposes, various forms and methods of scheduling are currently used and matrix, line and network graphs are built. The matrix forms of the graphs are a table, where the lines of the left part of the table provide stages, stages, performers of work and planned results, and at the intersection of lines and columns they give the deadlines for the execution of the stage of the type of work for a specific object.

The use of line and network graphs is more widespread.

Linear use is when a small number of executions are involved in the development of an issue or problem and few events are controlled, and network use is in complex systems with a large number of performers and events.

The linear calendar schedule of technical preparation of production is usually built in such a way that the stages of design preparation of production are performed sequentially, and technological and planned preparation are performed in parallel. This is due to the fact that each stage of the design preparation of production must be completed by the agreement and approval of it by the customer, and only after that the next stage can be qualitatively developed.

Linear schedules of technical preparation of production have some disadvantages: difficulties in planning for operations; the inability to rebuild the schedule; indistinctly regulated interrelations of the performance of work by individual bodies and performers; the impossibility of a clear analysis and forecasting of the further progress of work. These shortcomings have led to the use of network diagrams, which have the following advantages:

clear regulation of the scope of work, their consistent implementation and the relationship of performers;

· visualization of the interconnection of different events and works and the possibility of quick revision of the schedule due to deviation from the planned lines;

the ability to take into account the dynamics of development and the opinions of different specialists;

· the use of probabilistic norms for solving a common problem.

Organization of mastering the production of new products

2.1 Terms of reference

production of a new product labor intensity

The enterprise plans to organize the production of a new product using its own and borrowed funds. Market research was carried out, which made it possible to focus on a certain value of the design price of the product Pr.i and to forecast the expected design sales volume q np . It is supposed to pursue a certain pricing policy in the production and sale of products, thereby affecting the expected sales volume in each year of production (values of the coefficient of elasticity of demand k 3 are set, while the expected sales volume responds to price changes in the interval ±∆ from the value of Pr.i ).

WHEN COMPLETING THE TASK, IT IS REQUIRED:

1. The duration of the period of mastering the production of a new product - t OCB.

2. For each j-y year product manufacturing:

a) the maximum possible annual output N max year. j;

b) the average labor intensity of a unit of production T cf. j .

II . Using given values k e, and ∆, justify for each year of production the planned price C pl and the expected planned sales volume q pl. j . For the planned production development option:

a) the average annual unit cost of production S cp . j .

b) the cost of annual output S year. j;

c) proceeds from the sale of products W year. j

d) profit from the production and sale of products P year. j;

e) the average annual number of key workers C cp . j;

f) the wage fund of the main workers FOT. j .

2) justify the tactics of repayment of borrowed funds.

III . Rate economic feasibility of mastering the production of a new product. Suggest possible directions for using the profit received in each year. Run a summary table of the main indicators reflecting the planned variant of mastering the production of a new product.

IV . Use graphic representation calculated indicators in the form of diagrams, graphs.

The data used to complete the job.

1. The new product is supposed to be produced within 5 years (t n = 5 years);

2. The design labor intensity of manufacturing a mastered product T osv = 120 n-h;

3. Average monthly output of steady production (project output) N months.

4. Capital costs to ensure the design output (project capital costs) K pr = 2 million rubles;

5. The intensity of reducing labor intensity during the development period (exponent b) depends on the availability factor k r and is calculated by the formula b = 0.6 – 0.5k r ;

6. Data used in the aggregated calculation of the cost of manufacturing the product:

- the cost of basic materials and components M = 565 rubles / piece;

- the average hourly wage rate of the main workers 1 hour = 12 rubles / hour;

– additional salary of the main workers α = 15%;

– unified social tax β = 35.6%;

– workshop indirect costs k c = 150%;

– overhead costs k on = 30%;

- non-manufacturing costs k vp = 5%.

Set by options:

1. Own capital investments of the enterprise by the beginning of production K c \u003d 1.2 million rubles;

2. Possible bank loan for the development of the production of the product K b = 0.4 million rubles;

3. Loan repayment period t to p =4.0 years;

4. Interest rate for credit rub. 5%/year;

5. The coefficient of the annual increase in the interest rate when the loan repayment period is exceeded k y =2.0;

6. Expected projected number of sales by year of product production q np: 1 year - 300 pcs/year, 2 year - 500 pcs/year, 3 year - 950 pcs/year, 4 year - 1200 pcs/year, 5 year - 1000 pieces / year;

7. The complexity of manufacturing the first product (initial complexity) T n =400 n-h.;

8. The average monthly output of products for the period of development N m ec =32 pieces/month;

9. Growth in the cost of the product for each percentage of underutilized capacity k p =0.2,%;

10. Demand elasticity coefficient k e =3.0%;

11. Price change interval ∆=36% .

12. The design price of the product C pr.i = 7.6 thousand rubles.

2.2 Settlement part

1. Determination of initial capital costs:

K n \u003d K s + K b \u003d 1.2 + 0.4 \u003d 1.6 (million rubles)

K c - own capital investments;

K b - a possible bank loan;

2. Determination of the readiness factor of fixed assets:

K g \u003d K n / K pr \u003d 1.6 / 2.0 \u003d 0.8

K pr - project capital costs;

The value of the coefficient is quite high, such a position of the enterprise will ensure obvious benefits by reducing the development period, i.e. already at the beginning of the development period, it will be possible to reach the level of production costs close to the design one.

3. Determination of the exponent b of the development curve:

b \u003d 0.6 - 0.5 * K g \u003d 0.6 - 0.5 * 0.8 \u003d 0.2;

4. Determination of the serial number of the product of mastered production:

T n - the complexity of manufacturing the first product;

Т osv - design labor intensity of manufacturing a mastered product;

N sv = = 1372 (ed.)

5. Duration of the development period:

t sv \u003d N sv / N months \u003d 1372/32 \u003d 43 (months) \u003d 3.5 (years)

N m ec - the average monthly output of products for the period of development;

6. Determination of the total labor intensity of products manufactured during the development period:

T sums \u003d (T n / (1-b)) (N osv 1-b - 1) \u003d (400 / 0.8) (1372 0.8 - 1) \u003d 161253 (n / h)

7. Construction of a schedule for the development of production (Fig. 1).

Definition of segment OE:

OE \u003d t sv (1 - N months / N sv) \u003d 43 (1 - 32 / 60) \u003d 20 (months) \u003d 1.7 (years)

According to the schedule, the value of N months is determined, which is necessary to calculate the average monthly output in each year of the development period. As a result, the serial number of the product for each of these years is established. The data is summarized in a table:

8. Determination of the labor intensity of the product by years of development:

T sum1 \u003d T n / 1-b (N osv max 1- b - 1) \u003d 400 / 0.8 (120 0.8 - 1) \u003d 22500 (n-h)

T cf1 \u003d T sum1 / N sv \u003d 22500 / 120 \u003d 188 (n-h)

T sum2 \u003d T n / 1-b (N osv max 1-b) \u003d 400 / 0.8 (468 0.8 - 121 0.8) \u003d 45000 (n-h)

T cf2 \u003d T sum2 / N osv \u003d 45000 / 348 \u003d 129 (n-h)

T sum3 \u003d T n / 1-b N osv max 1- b \u003d 400 / 0.8 (1020 0.8 - 469 0.8) \u003d 59000 (n-h)

T cf3 \u003d T sum3 / N osv \u003d 59000 / 552 \u003d 107 (n-h)

T sum4 \u003d T n / 1-b N osv max 1- b \u003d 400 / 0.8 (1717 0.8 - 1021 0.8) \u003d 65860 (n-h)

T cf4 \u003d T sum4 / N osv \u003d 65850 / 697 \u003d 94 (n-h)

T sum4 \u003d T n / 1-b N osv max 1- b \u003d 400 / 0.8 (2437 0.8 - 1718 0.8) \u003d 62500 (n-h)

T cf4 \u003d T sum4 / N sv \u003d 62500 / 720 \u003d 87 (n-h)

∑T sum \u003d 254850 (n-h)

9. Determining the error in the calculation of the total number of products planned for production during the development period (∂ 1) and the total labor intensity of these products (∂ 2):

∂ 1 \u003d │ ((N sv - ∑N max year) / N sv) │ 100%

∂ 1 = │ ((1372–2437) / 1372) │ 100% = 77.6%

∂ 2 \u003d │ ((T sum - ∑T sum) / T sum) │ 100%

∂ 2 = │ ((161253 - 254850) / 161253) │ 100% = 58%

10. Comparison of the maximum possible output N max year and projected sales volumes (Fig. 2). Formation of a plan for production and sales of products by years:

Production year	1	2	3	4	5
N max year	120	348	552	697	720
q sales	300	500	950	1200	1000

Rice. 2. Comparison of the maximum possible output N max year and projected sales volumes by years of production

Demand is favorable, twice the supply. It is possible to provide for a price increase of 36% (the limit value for the assignment option), while the possible sales volume will decrease by 60%

q sales = = 120 ed;

N sq. year1 = 120th edition;

q pr.1 = 120 ed.;

Ts square 1 \u003d 7.6 1.36 \u003d 10.34 thousand rubles.

Demand is good. You can increase the price, ensuring the balance of supply and demand. Permissible reduction in sales volume to the level of 350 items, i.e. · 100% = 30%.

This will happen when the price rises by = 15%

N sq. year1 = 348th edition;

q pr.1 = 348 ed.;

Ts square 1 \u003d 7.6 1.15 \u003d 8.74 thousand rubles.

Demand is good. Permissible (equilibrium) decrease in sales volume up to 552 items, i.e. for 398 pcs. (950–552), or by 100% = 40%. Price increase by = 20%.

N sq. year1 = 552 ed.;

q pr.1 = 552 ed.;

Ts square 1 \u003d 7.6 1.2 \u003d 9.12 thousand rubles.

Demand is good. Permissible (equilibrium) decrease in sales volume up to 697 items, i.e. for 505 pieces, 100% = 40%,

Price increase by = 20%.

N sq. year1 = 697 ed.;

q pr.1 = 697 ed.;

Ts square 1 \u003d 7.6 1.2 \u003d 9.12 thousand rubles.

Demand is good. Permissible (equilibrium) decrease in sales volume up to 720 items, i.e. for 280 pieces, 100% = 28%,

Price increase by = 14%.

N sq. year1 = 720 ed.;

q pr.1 = 720 ed.;

C square 1 \u003d 7.6 1.14 \u003d 8.66 thousand rubles.

Planned program of production and sales of products by years

11. Unit cost of production, cost of annual output, sales proceeds, profit by years of production.

The cost of a unit of production in any period of time during the development period:

M- the cost of basic materials and components, rub./ed;

Lj– expenses on the basic salary of the main workers, rub./ed;

to c, to op, to vn- shop, general production and non-production costs, respectively, %;

α –

β - unified social tax, %.

Value Lj, is calculated by the formula:

where 1 hour is the average hourly wage rate for the main workers, rubles per hour.

The cost of the enterprise for the manufacture of products in the j-th year:

S year j = S cf. j * N year j

N year j is the planned annual production volume in the j-th year, units/year;

Revenue from product sales:

W year j = C pl j q pl j

C pl j - selling price of the product, rub./ed;

q pl j - expected sales volume, ed/year;

The profit of the enterprise from the production and sale of products in the j-th year:

P year j = W year j – S year j

Required average annual headcount of key workers in year j:

F d - the actual annual fund of working time of one worker, h;

k in - the average coefficient of compliance with the norms;

The total wage fund of the main workers in the j-th year:

L j \u003d 188 12 \u003d 2256

S cf1 = = 8551 rub. = 8.6 thousand rubles.

S year1 = 8.6 * 120 = 1032 thousand rubles.

W year1 \u003d 10.34 * 120 \u003d 1240 thousand rubles.

Р year1 = 1240–1032 = 208 thousand rubles.

L 2 \u003d 129 12 \u003d 1548

S cf2 = = 6053.6 rub. = 6.05 thousand rubles.

S year2 = 6.05 * 348 = 2105.4 thousand rubles.

W year2 \u003d 8.74 * 348 \u003d 3041 thousand rubles.

P year2 = 3041 - 2105.4 = 935.6 thousand rubles.

L 3 \u003d 107 * 12 \u003d 1284

S av3 = = 6676.53 rub. = 6.7 thousand rubles.

S year3 \u003d 6.7 * 552 \u003d 3698.40 thousand rubles.

W year3 \u003d 9.12 * 552 \u003d 5034.24 thousand rubles.

R year3 = 5034.24 - 3698.40 = 1335.84 thousand rubles.

L 4 \u003d 94 12 \u003d 1128

S cf4 = = 4572.12 rubles. = 4.5 thousand rubles.

S year4 \u003d 4.5 * 697 \u003d 3136.5 thousand rubles.

W year4 \u003d 9.12 * 697 \u003d 6356.64 thousand rubles.

Р year4 = 6356.64 - 3136.5 = 3220.14 thousand rubles.

L 5 \u003d 87 12 \u003d 1044

S cf5 = = 4275.8 rub. = 4.3 thousand rubles.

S year5 \u003d 4.3 * 720 \u003d 3096 thousand rubles.

W year5 \u003d 8.66 * 720 \u003d 6235.2 thousand rubles.

R year5 = 6235.2 - 3096 = 3139.2 thousand rubles.

12. Tactics for the return of borrowed funds.

A bank loan of 400 thousand rubles, interest on the loan - 5%, can be paid according to the results of the first two years.

13. Average annual number of key workers by years of production.

14. Fund for wages of the main workers.

α – additional salary of the main workers, %;

\u003d 311328 rubles. = 311 thousand rubles.

conclusions

Indicators	1 year	2 year	3 year	4 year	5 year
N max year j	120	348	552	697	720
T cf j	188	129	107	94	87
S cf j	8,6	6,05	6,7	4,5	4,3
S year j	1032	2105,4	3698,4	3136,5	3096
W year j	1240	3041	5034,24	6356,64	6235,2
R year j	208	935,6	1335,84	3220,14	3139,2
WITH cf j	12	23	30	38	36
	311	620	815	7979,9	8644,3

The lowest costs of the enterprise for the manufacture of products (cost) in the 1st year (1032 thousand rubles). The highest costs of the enterprise for the manufacture of products (cost) in the 4th year (3967 thousand rubles).

The lowest revenue from the sale of products falls on the 1st (1240 thousand rubles) year. The highest revenue from the sale of products falls on the 4th year (6356.64 thousand rubles), the highest profit of the enterprise from the production and sale of products in the 4th year (3220.14 thousand rubles). The lowest profit of the enterprise from the production and sale of products falls on the 1st year (208 thousand rubles). The smallest required average annual number of basic workers in the 1st year (12 hours), the largest required average annual number of basic workers fall on the 4th year (38 hours).

The lowest total wage fund for the main workers in the 1st year (311 thousand rubles). The highest total wage fund for the main workers in the 5th year (8644.3 thousand rubles).

A characteristic feature of the period of development of production is the dynamics of technical and economic indicators of production, primarily labor, material and cost costs for the manufacture of products.

There is an excess of labor intensity and cost of products of the initial period in comparison with the final one.

A bank loan of 400 thousand rubles, interest on the loan -5%, (400x0.5 = 200 thousand rubles) can be paid based on the results of the first two years. (an agreement with the bank to repay the loan within 2 years).

This option of mastering the production of a new product should be considered economically feasible.

The profit of the first 2 years will be used to repay the loan and interest on it. In the future, profits can be directed to increasing the material and technical equipment of the enterprise, developing and introducing innovations.

Literature

1. Fatkhutdinov R.A. Organization of production. Textbook. M.: INFRA-M, 2000.

2. Organization of production at the enterprise. Textbook for technical and economic specialties. Edited by O.G. Turovets and B.Yu. Serbinovsky. Publishing house CENTER-MARCH, 2002.

3. Organization and planning of engineering production. Textbook. Edited by Yu.V. Skvortsova, L.A. Nekrasov. M.: " graduate School", 2003.

4. G.A. Kotekin, L.M. Tit. Organization of production. Tutorial. Minsk: I.P. "Ecoperspective", 1998.

5. L.A. Glagoleva Workshop on the course of organization, planning and management of the enterprise of the engineering industry. Tutorial. Moscow: Higher school, 1981.

An important stage of the cycle "Research - production" is the development of new products. The development of new products is manufacturing process, during which the necessary debugging of the technological process, organization and planning of production are carried out in order to release new products in a given volume and achieve the planned economic indicators. Products are considered mastered if they are produced in the prescribed volume and have the required technical and economic parameters. The term "mastered production" is used, as a rule, in relation to a specific enterprise. Products mastered at one enterprise, in the event of its transfer to another enterprise, also require development in relation to the features of the latter, i.e., remastering.

The start of development should be considered the release of an installation series, which is manufactured according to the serial production documentation in order to confirm the readiness of production for the production of products in specified volumes and with established requirements. There are technical, industrial and economic development.

Technical development is carried out in the process of creating a new product even in the pre-production period and is characterized by the achievement of technical parameters that are established for the product in technical conditions and in standards. Design technical indicators must be achieved in pilot production during preparation for the serial production of new products. Given the high requirements currently placed on product quality, it is not advisable to carry out technical development during mass production.

Production development is a production process during which the enterprise reaches the design volume (quantity) of new products. At the same time, the economic development of the production of the product is also carried out. It begins with the release of the first industrial series, but does not end with the production reaching the planned output in pieces. The end of economic development should be considered the achievement of the design level of economic indicators of new products, primarily labor intensity and cost of products. Theoretically, it can end earlier than production, but, as a rule, enterprises reach the planned level of economic indicators later than they reach the design level of product output.

Development of new products is a stage of the production process. Therefore, during the development period, the basic principles of organizing the production process operate: specialization, proportionality, parallelism, direct flow, continuity, rhythm, etc. They also operate during the period of expanded production and during the reduction of output and the removal of obsolete products from production. In addition to general principles, the production process during development is based on particular principles that serve as the basis for its organization and are weakly manifested during the period of expanded production. These principles are: integration of developers, producers and consumers; readiness of production for development; production flexibility; complexity of development.

The principle of integration reflects the need to combine the efforts of employees throughout the cycle "Research - production". The principle of readiness implies a comprehensive preparation of production. In order for the acceleration to take place at the planned pace and with minimal losses, the readiness of production must be comprehensive, that is, all elements production system must be constantly ready for the release of new products. Comprehensive readiness includes design, technological, organizational, economic, social, psychological, environmental and legal readiness.

The principle of flexibility requires that production be mobile and dynamic. It must quickly respond to changes in consumer demand and switch to the production of new products. The flexibility of production makes it possible, without great losses, to stop the production of obsolete products that do not meet the required technical and economic level, have lost competitiveness and lost demand, and makes it possible to avoid wasting resources.

The principle of completeness of efforts and actions means a rational combination of all sections of the process of creating and manufacturing a new product, including allied enterprises.

Ignoring the principles of organizing the accelerated development of new products inevitably leads to an increase in the periods of production and economic development, to an increase in production costs associated with the transition to the production of new machines, to loss of profit when selling obsolete products instead of new ones.

Market conditions predetermine the accelerated process of creating and mastering new products. All stages of the life cycle must be completed quickly, with minimal loss of funds and time, in order to get ahead of competitors in the struggle for the sales market.

Before the development of new products, technological preparation of production (TPP) is carried out, which is a set of interrelated processes that ensure the technological readiness of the enterprise for the production of products required quality at deadlines, production volume and costs. The content of the Chamber of Commerce and the scope of work depends on the type of production, design and purpose of the product. The work is regulated by state standards ESTPP, which determines the procedure for organizing and managing the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, provides for the development and widespread use of progressive technological processes, the use of unified technological equipment and equipment, means of mechanization and automation of production processes, engineering, technical and organizational and managerial work.
Mastering the production of new products called the production process of their manufacture, during which the necessary debugging of technology, organization and planning of production takes place in order to produce new products in a given volume, the required quality and achieve design economic indicators.
When determining the essence and content of the development of new products, one should proceed from the premise that development is a production process, the initial stage in the production of new products.
The essence of the process of development of new products reflects the deep connections and relationships that arise in the initial period of production of new product models.

The content of development is an ordered set of elements and phenomena that form the production process in this period.
Should distinguish between technical, industrial and economic development.
Under technical development refers to the production process during which production reaches the design level of technical indicators of new products.
The design technical parameters of the new model must be achieved in pilot production during the preparation of production for the serial, mass production of the new reduction.
However, technical mastery is sometimes carried out during mass production. As a result, the consumer receives products of poor quality that do not meet the specifications.
Industrial development begins with the release of the first serial samples and ends with the output of production at design capacity in terms of the number of cars produced. During this period, there is a re-equipment of production for an increasing volume of output.
New equipment is introduced, new complexes of special equipment are put into production, cooperative ties with suppliers of materials and components and with consumers of an increasing volume of products are being refined and strengthened.
The skills of performing operations by the main workers are consolidated, the technical and organizational knowledge and work experience of engineering and technical workers are replenished.
Economic development new products is characterized by a gradual decrease in the increased costs of labor, material and financial resources, caused by the development, reducing the cost of production, increasing labor productivity, profitability, production efficiency. The economic development ends when the production reaches the design level in terms of the main economic indicators. In practice, you can focus on the dynamics of the labor intensity and cost of the product.
Economic development, as well as production, begins with the release of the first products. Economic indicators reflect the state and development of the production process, prove the degree of readiness of the enterprise to start mastering a new model.
The higher the initial values of labor intensity, the cost of production, the steeper the development curve and, naturally, the longer the development period, the lower the quality of R&D, the worse the enterprise prepared for the transition to the production of a new model.

The development can be considered completed only when the production and economic indicators reached design level. The first indicator characterizing the dynamics of economic development should be considered the labor intensity of products. It gives an idea of the acquisition by the workers of the necessary skills, of the sufficient equipment of workplaces.
The indicator of the cost of new products convincingly characterizes the economic development. The achievement of the design value of costs indicates the completion of the development of the production of the model.
additional information on economic development gives an indicator of the profitability of new products.
The dynamics of the level of profitability during the development period should be monitored and analyzed.

There are two types of mastering the release of new products. First view- mastering the production of a research product (working off a product in a pilot production - VDV). Second view- development of industrial production of new products (industrial development). It consists in the consistent deployment of serial or mass production of new products. Types of development differ in goals, objectives, time and place.

6.1. The structure of the cycle of creation and development of new products. The life cycle of a product (product) and the place in it of scientific and technical preparation of production

One of the main factors for the success of an enterprise in a market environment is the continuous renewal of goods and production technology, in other words, the creation, development, testing in market conditions, the development of new products.

New products based on new ideas, research and technical advances ensure concrete success in the markets. The concept of the "R&D - production" cycle implies a close relationship between scientific research and their industrial development. The full range of work on the creation and development of new products is shown in Figure 6.1.

The place of scientific and technical preparation of production in the life cycle of goods is shown in fig. 6.2.

Rice. 6.1. A set of works on the creation and development of new products

Rice. 6.2. The life cycle of a product and the place in it of scientific and technical preparation of production

All work included in the pre-production system (SPS) is unthinkable without information support and economic development. Economic development should be carried out at each stage of the SPP. This is all the more important because with results that significantly exceed the initial estimates and require an increase in pre-planned costs, you can abandon the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a new product and prevent losses for the company.

Economic development and analysis are more important in the early stages of product development (R&D). It is at these stages that the foundations of the economy and efficiency of a new product are laid. The influence of the production preparation system on the formation of the final effect of the development, production and operation of a new product is shown in fig. 6.3.

Rice. 6.3. The influence of the production preparation system on the formation of the final effect of the development and use of a new product

Successful implementation of such a complex problem as the creation and development of a new product is impossible without using a systematic approach, which is based on a comprehensive solution of the work and tasks included in the problem, provides for goal setting, requires identifying the content of input and output information flows, establishing optimization criteria, forecasting, modeling.

Optimization Criteria systems for the creation and development of a new product are established depending on the goals and objectives of the company. In particular, they may be:

Technical level of the product;
- terms of creation and development;
- increase in production volumes;
- increase in the commodity nomenclature;
- reduction of costs in the preparation of production and in production;
- cost reduction in the operation of the product.

Approximate structuring of the problem of creation and development of new goods is shown in fig. 6.4.

Rice. 6.4. Approximate structuring of the problem of creating and developing new products

6.2. Reduction of terms of creation and development of new goods. Tasks and methods

In the ever-increasing instability of market conditions, the timing of the creation and development of new products is extremely important (and, as a rule, decisive) in the activities of the company. The delay in bringing a new product to the market compared to competitors makes the efforts and costs of its creation and development in vain, i.e. leads to irreparable losses, sometimes leading to bankruptcy.

Therefore, reducing the time for the creation and development of new products (NPP + TNPP + OP) is a central task, which is achieved by reducing the duration of the SPP stages and increasing the degree of their parallelism. The main tasks and methods of reducing the time of creation and development of new products are given in Table. 6.1.

Table 6.1

Tasks and methods of reducing the time of creation and development of new products

Main tasks reduction of terms creation and development new products	Methods	Content
1. Reducing the number of changes made after transfer of results from the previous link to the next	Engineering	Computer-aided design systems (CAD) Automated systems for technical preparation of production (ASTP)
2. Definition of a rational degree parallelism of phases, stages and stages of SPP	Planning and coordination	Planning and coordination Network planning system Modeling Automated control systems (ACS for the creation and development of new products)
3. Ensuring a minimum of time spent during performance of work and loss of time during the transfer results of work from the previous stage to the next	Organizational	- standardization; - unification; - typification of technological and organizational solutions; - timely production of fixed assets (equipment, tools, tooling); - mechanization and automation of work of production preparation services; - automation of normative economic and other calculations; - functional cost analysis and economic development; - preliminary testing of new products in pilot production; - application of GPS

6.3. Planning the creation and development of new products. Network planning and management

The process of creating and developing new products, like any other complex process, consisting of many stages and stages performed by various departments of the company, must be carefully coordinated and linked in time.

Requirements for planning and management systems:

Assessment of the current situation;
- forecasting the development of events;
- development of solutions and selection of the optimal variant of actions for the preparation of production;
- control of work performance, their coordination and regulation.

The production preparation schedule as an element of the planning and management system, and at the same time as a model of the cycle of creation and development of new goods, should reflect the work (stages, phases, etc.) that are essential in relation to the achievement of the final goals of work. He must also take into account the possible state of the complex of relevant works, the timing of their implementation, possible violations of these deadlines and the consequences of violations.

The simplest planning methods suggest the use of models such as ribbon charts (Fig. 6.5).

Rice. 6.5. Enlarged ROC Ribbon Chart

Line charts are still used today for relatively simple pre-production planning objects. However, they have a number of significant disadvantages:

They do not show the relationship of individual works, which makes it difficult to assess the significance of each individual work for the fulfillment of intermediate and final goals;
- do not reflect the dynamics of developments;
- do not allow to periodically make adjustments to the schedule due to changes in the timing of work;
- do not give clear points of combination and conjugation of adjacent stages;
- do not allow to apply a mathematically justified calculation of the implementation of the planned set of works;
- do not provide an opportunity to optimize the use of available resources and the timing of the development as a whole.

Network planning and management

Planning and managing a work package is a complex and usually controversial task.

Estimation of the time and cost parameters of the functioning of the system, carried out within the framework of this task, can be made by different methods. Among the existing ones, the method of network planning and management (SPM) has proven itself well.

The main planning document in the SPM system is a network schedule (network model or network), which is an information-dynamic model that reflects the relationships and results of all the work necessary to achieve ultimate goal development.

The simplest single-purpose network model for a small set of works is shown in Fig. 6.6.

Rice. 6.6. Example of a network diagram of a small set of works

The network model is depicted as a network graph (network) consisting of arrows and circles.

Arrows in the network depict individual works, and circles - events. Above the arrows indicate the expected time to complete the work.

The stages of developing and managing the progress of work using a network schedule have the following sequence of basic operations:

1) compiling a list of all actions and intermediate results (events) when performing a set of works and their graphical reflection;
2) an estimate of the time to complete each work, and then the calculation of the network schedule to determine the deadline for achieving the goal;
3) optimization of the calculated terms and necessary costs;
4) operational management of the progress of work through periodic monitoring and analysis of the information received on the implementation of tasks and the development of corrective decisions.

WORK is any processes (actions) leading to the achievement of certain results (events). The concept of "work" can have the following meanings:

a) real work - work that requires time and resources;
b) waiting - a process that requires only time (drying, aging, relaxation, etc.);
c) fictitious work, or dependence, - an image of a logical connection between works (depicted by a dotted arrow, over which no time is put down or zero is put down).

EVENTS (except the initial one) are the results of the work performed. An event is not a process and has no duration. The occurrence of an event corresponds to the moment when work begins or ends (the moment a certain state of the system is formed).

An event in a network model can have the following values:

a) initiating event - the beginning of the implementation of a set of works;
b) the final event - the achievement of the final goal of the work package;
c) an intermediate event or simply an event - the result of one or more of the works included in it;
d) boundary event - an event that is common to two or more primary or private networks.

The event for jobs can have the following values:

1) the initial event immediately followed by the given activity;
2) the end event, which is immediately preceded by this work.

A PATH is any sequence of activities in the network in which the end event of each activity in this sequence coincides with the start event of the activity following it.

The path (L) from the initial to the final event is called complete.

The path from the source to the given intermediate event is called the path preceding this event.

The path connecting any two events i and j, none of which is the initial or final one, is called the path between these events.

Network model parameters

The main parameters of the network model include:

a) critical path
b) time reserves of events;
c) time reserves of tracks and works.

Critical path - the longest path of the network diagram (L cr.).

Changing the duration of any activity on the critical path changes the timing of the end event accordingly.

When planning a set of works, the critical path allows you to find the time of occurrence of the final event. In the process of managing the progress of a set of works, the attention of managers is focused on the main direction - on the work of the critical path. This allows the most efficient and effective control limited number work that affects the development time, as well as better use of available resources.

Event slack- this is such a period of time for which the onset of this event can be delayed without violating the deadlines for completing the complex of works as a whole. The event time reserve is defined as the difference between the late T pi and early T pi dates of the event:

Late of the allowed dates T pi is such a period of occurrence of the event, exceeding which will cause a similar delay in the onset of the final event, that is, if the event occurred at the time T pi , it fell into the critical zone and subsequent activities should be under the same control as the activities of the critical path.

Early possible date the occurrence of the event T pi is the time required to complete all the work preceding this event. This time is found by choosing the maximum value from the duration of all paths leading to this event.

The rule for determining T p and T p for any network event:

T p and T p of the event are determined by the maximum of the paths L max passing through this event, and T p is equal to the duration of the maximum of the paths preceding this event, and T p is the difference between the duration of the critical path Lcr and the maximum of the paths following the given event , that is

;

where C and - initial event;
With z - the final event.

Zero slack events. For these events, the allowable period is the shortest expected. The initial (C i) and final (C s) events also have zero slack.

Thus, the simplest and most convenient way to identify the critical path is to determine all successive events with zero slack.

Time reserve of tracks and works

Full reserve travel time R( L i) is the difference between the critical path length t( L cr) and the length of the considered path t( L i):

R(L i) = t(L cr) - t(L i).

It shows by how much the duration of all activities belonging to the path can be increased in total. L i, that is, the maximum allowable increase in the duration of this path. The full reserve of travel time can be distributed between separate works that are on this path.

Total slack of running time R nij is the maximum period of time by which the duration of this activity can be increased without changing the duration of the critical path:

where tij- duration of work;
ij - start and end event of this job;
T ni and T pi are the late and early dates for the completion of events j and i, respectively.

Dependent running time slack

Since the reserve of travel time L i can be used to increase the cycle of work on this path, we can say that any of the work of the path L i on its section, which does not coincide with the critical path, has a reserve of time. But this reserve has a peculiarity:

if we use it partially or entirely to increase the cycle t(i, j) of some work (i, j), then the reserve of time for the rest of the work decreases accordingly L i. Therefore, such a reserve of time of the path on which it is located is called the dependent reserve of operating time (i, j) and is denoted by .

Independent running time reserve

Individual jobs, in addition to the dependent slack, may also have an independent slack, denoted by . It is formed when the work cycles (i, j) are less than the difference between the earliest possible date for the completion of the event j immediately following this work and the latest possible date for the completion of the immediately preceding event i:

The free running time reserve () is the difference between the early dates of the occurrence of events i and j, minus the duration of work t(i, j):

Free slack of work is the maximum period of time by which you can increase the duration or delay its start without changing the early dates of subsequent activities, provided that the start event of this activity occurred at its early date.

Possibilities for shifting deadlines the beginning and end of each work is determined using the early and late dates of the occurrence of events between which this work is performed:

Early start date;
- late deadline start of work ;
- early completion date ;
- Late completion date.

Analysis and optimization of the network model

The initially developed network model is usually not the best in terms of work completion time and resource use. Therefore, the original network model is analyzed and optimized by one of its parameters.

The analysis allows assessing the feasibility of the model structure, determining the degree of complexity of each work, loading the work performers at all stages of the work package.

The relative difficulty of meeting the deadlines for performing work on non-critical tracks is characterized by the work intensity factor:

where is the duration of the maximum path passing through this work;
- the duration of the segment of this path, coinciding with the critical path;
is the length of the critical path.

The higher the tension coefficient, the more difficult it is to complete the work on time.

Using the concept of "travel time slack", it can be defined as follows:

In this case, it must be borne in mind that the reserve time R(L i) of the path L i can be distributed between individual jobs located on the specified path, only within the dependent time reserves of these jobs.

The value of the tension coefficient y various works in the network lies within 0Ј<1.

For all jobs, the critical path is equal to one. The value of the tension coefficient helps, when setting the planned deadlines for the execution of work, to assess how freely you can dispose of the available time reserves. This coefficient gives the performers of the work an idea of the degree of urgency of the work and allows you to determine the order of their execution, if they are not determined by the technological connections of the work.

To analyze the network model, the coefficient of freedom (i, j) is used, which shows the degree of freedom or independence of work cycles that have a free time reserve, and also shows how many times it is possible to increase the duration of work t(i, j) without affecting the completion time all events and other network activities:

In this case (i, j)>1 always. If (i, j)Ј 1, then this indicates that the job (i, j) has no independent reserve time.

Optimization of network models according to one of its parameters can be carried out by a graphical or analytical method. When solving the problem of optimizing a network model, one usually calculates the minimum duration of a set of works under restrictions on the resources used.

The optimization of the network model, carried out by the analytical method, lies in the fact that it is based on the pattern in which the execution time of any work (t) is directly proportional to its volume (Q) and inversely proportional to the number of performers (m) employed in this work:

The time required to complete the entire complex of works is defined as the sum of the durations of the constituent works:

However, the total time calculated in this way will not be minimal, even if the number of performers corresponds to the complexity of the stages.

The minimum time for a complex of sequentially performed works and other types of fragments of network models can be found by the method of conditionally equivalent labor intensity.

Conditionally equivalent labor intensity is understood as such a value of labor costs at which the number of performers of an equivalent specialty is distributed among the constituent works, ensures the shortest time for their execution.

The conditionally equivalent labor intensity is determined by the formula:

where is the complexity of the previous and subsequent work.

The minimum time for the execution of work will be ensured with the following distribution of workers by stages:

, ,

where - total working at certain stages.

Graphical method of network model optimization - "time-cost"

The "time-cost" method is to establish the optimal ratio between the duration and cost of work.

The determination of the costs and resources required to perform each work is made after the development of the network schedule.

Thus, material and labor resources planned based on overall structure a network created by predicting temporal estimates.

Rice. 6.7. time-spend chart

To build time-cost graphs (Fig. 6.7), for each work, the following are set:

The minimum possible cash costs for the performance of work (provided that the work is completed in normal time);
- the minimum possible time to complete the work at the maximum monetary cost.

When determining the first pair of estimates, the emphasis is on maximizing cost reduction, and when determining the second, on maximizing time reduction.

It is possible to approximately determine the amount of additional costs necessary to reduce the time for completing the work, or to solve the inverse problem, using a graph with an approximating straight line. The amount of additional cash costs required to complete the work in the reduced time will be

For each type of work, its own schedule is calculated and built, characterized by the slope of the approximating straight line.

Using a linear "cost-time" relationship for each type of work, you can calculate the coefficient of increase in costs per unit of time:

The economic efficiency of the implementation of SPM is determined primarily by the possibility of reducing the overall cycle of work and reducing costs due to more rational use labor, material and financial resources.

Reducing the duration of the complex of works provides a reduction in the payback period of investments, an earlier launch of the product on the market, which contributes to the competitive success of the company.