An example of a schedule for the design of a plant. Work production schedule. Schedules as part of a construction management project
Almost all people perceive information “drawn” rather than “listened to” better. And it is even better if this information is presented in images, rather than a series of numbers and indicators. Imagine a stranger talking about his dog. He does not describe her appearance and pedigree, does not specify her color and age, etc. The imagination of each listener will draw its own image. And when we already imagine a handsome mastiff, it turns out that we were told about a lovely pug. In this situation, we will laugh, but when faced with something similar at the enterprise, it will no longer be laughing.
Therefore, in production, everyone is trying to visualize as much as possible. One of the most important documents, especially in construction, is the work schedule. We can safely say that the whole project without this schedule - Lost time... Since it contains all the adopted engineering and technical solutions, as well as optimized terms.
What is a scheduling plan?
The very title of this document gives an idea of its importance and significance. The work schedule is a table that displays all of their scope and deadlines. In addition, the graph clearly shows the sequence of work execution, tied to specific dates (or simply the duration of the performance of various types of work - for standard projects). Most often, this document also contains information about the resources required at each stage of construction: basic materials, equipment and personnel.
The ability to draw up a work schedule is one of the most important skills of managers at different levels. The more accurate and detailed the schedule is, the better all the planned work will be carried out. Despite the fact that construction is considered the "native" branch of the work schedule, the leaders of all directions will not be hurt by the knowledge of the principles
Where to begin
Any work can be broken down into small tasks. The simplest example is preparing a salad with fresh vegetables. It would seem that it is easier? But even this elementary task can be divided into a sequence of actions. First, purchase all the ingredients, then wash, chop and mix, season with sauce. Moreover, all actions can be broken in time (there are breaks in work), or they can be done sequentially, without breaks in time. In addition, all this can be done by one person, or maybe a whole team of chefs. So, there is a sequence of actions. It remains to calculate the execution time of each stage and determine how much and what kind of personnel is needed for this work. And the work schedule is almost ready for us.
Regardless of the industry, with the plan, you first need to identify the scope of work: break the whole process into components. Moreover, the criteria can be not only technological differences, but also the number of employees, and the necessary mechanisms and devices, etc.
Deadlines
After dividing everything into a sequence of actions, you can start calculating the timing of the work. For production and construction, there are norms and standards according to which specific terms are calculated for a given amount of work. For mental work, you cannot calculate the deadline for completing work by the formula. But a manager with extensive experience, who has information about his staff, can quite clearly set the time frame for solving the task.
Knowing the timing of each type of work, we can begin to determine the time required for the implementation of the entire process. It should be remembered that some tasks can be solved in parallel, and certain processes require technological breaks.
Resource calculation
Of course, the staff is the most important element of the process. The work schedule in construction involves determining the number of performers, the specialization of workers and their qualifications. At this stage, we calculate the number and composition of teams and draw up a calendar plan for their employment at the facility.
Next, we turn to the definition necessary equipment, mechanisms and devices. In manufacturing industries, there are also regulations for this. And, finally, the last, but no less important, is the calculation of the materials required for the work.
Calculation of delivery times for materials
All this information will allow you to combine the work schedule with the schedule for the supply of materials and equipment. Consistency and continuity are two basic principles of planning. Optimizing the schedule towards reducing the time may not give the desired result, since the work will be idle due to a lack of materials (or, conversely, the construction site will be literally packed with them, and therefore it will take a lot of time to find the right one at the moment).
Force majeure increases the terms of work
Another important detail - when drawing up a work plan, it is necessary to provide possible risks... For construction, it can be anything from bad weather to heavy traffic on the roads. Given the force majeure circumstances, it is necessary to slightly increase the execution time certain types works. Most often, this affects the duration of the execution of their entire volume.
Regardless, planners shouldn't be chasing time minimization. After all, when the work is disrupted, the general contractor will have to pay a penalty to both the customer and related contractors.
Automation of plotting
Until a few years ago, the calendar was compiled by hand. The specialists calculated all the terms and the need for personnel and materials, and then visualized it with the help. For small volumes of work, this is not a difficult task. It is another matter if we are talking about a serious contractor conducting several objects at the same time.
Programmers are developing a variety of auxiliary programs designed to automatically calculate and build a work schedule. Sample schedule calculated using Microsoft Office Project 2010 Professional, for example, is easily found on the Internet. However, not every company will agree to spend additional funds on installing software and training staff to work with it. In addition, each specialized program has its own disadvantages. One does not take into account the possibility of shift work, the other, without writing macros, is not consistent with the calculation of materials, for example, etc.
Therefore, most of the specialists involved in planning have learned how to build a work schedule in Excel.
This program has many advantages:
- It's free. In the sense that Excel is part of the standard MS Office package, which is unconditionally installed on almost every computer.
- It's simple. Having minimal knowledge about calculating formulas and linking sheets to each other, you can do planning.
- It is visual. All calculations and the result are displayed on one sheet. And the changes are immediately displayed on the chart.
Planning is considered important effective management projects. The timetable, the main planning element, visually represents the time frame of execution, sequence, degree of importance and other characteristics of the work.
A competently drawn up calendar schedule allows you to effectively plan and implement a project due to the coordination of actions of the performers, adherence to deadlines.
Main types calendar charts
Depending on the scope and scale of projects, the following types of calendar schedules are distinguished:
- The summary table displays the priority of project tasks, start and completion dates, the duration of each stage.
- The object graph shows the deadlines for each stage of the plan, broken down by day or month.
- The work schedule is prepared for a short time in the process of project implementation, and is an element of operational management.
- Time schedules (hourly or per minute) are usually prepared by the developers of technical plans. Focused on standard external factors, such schedules in the process of project implementation require numerous amendments.
Scheduling levels
Scheduling uses a scheduling system for scheduling. Usually 4 levels of charts are used. ( project manager)
Level 1 timetable:
The first level includes general, non-detailed project plans. The enlarged plans are developed first of all when a new project is launched. Data for charts is collected during negotiations with the customer, often he has his own key indicators by project dates, stages and ultimate goal... By collecting this data, you can form a general roadmap. Only important key events are entered into it. The roadmap is updated depending on the total duration of the project, if the duration of your project is five years, then the schedule of the first level should be updated once a year. If there are many key milestones in the roadmap, then it is necessary to determine the update period in such a way that at least one key event falls into it. The roadmap can be developed by both the Customer and the Contractor, but in general this responsibility lies with the Customer.
Calendar schedule2nd level:
After the roadmap for the project is agreed and approved, the stage of detailing begins to certain stages. Basically, the second level schedule is an appendix to the contract between the Customer and the Contractor. The development of a second-level schedule is also the responsibility of the Customer, and is submitted for approval to the Contractor, often the stage schedule is developed by the Contractor based on his resource capabilities. In the plan of the second level, special detailing is not needed, it is enough to observe the sequence of the project implementation and, in general, to determine the scope of work on the project. It is updated along with the roadmap.
Calendar schedule3rd level:
After the conclusion of the contract, the Contractor prepares a detailed work schedule for the project with a more detailed description of the work within the stage. Those. general stages second level graphics are detailed by type of work. The duration of the work is from 2 weeks to a month, depending on the total duration of the project. If the plan is less than a year, then this is where the detailing ends. Although it all depends on the agreement with the Customer.
Calendar schedule4th level
Indicated as weekly-daily scheduling. Updating the plan every day, two, a week, depending on the needs of the control. The most time consuming, costly and accurate method of project control. The updated information from the graph of the fourth level rises up the hierarchy, and based on this information, all upper graphs are updated. Changes at this level can lead to a recalculation of the timing of the entire plan and to a renegotiation of the timing of implementation up to road map.
The procedure for developing a calendar schedule
The creation of a calendar schedule contains the following steps:
- Preparation of a detailed list of all the necessary tasks for the project, determination of their scope.
- Development of the SDR, that is, the visual representation of the plan in the form of hierarchical interconnected blocks.
- The choice of methods, technologies used in the implementation of the plan. Calculation of the complexity of the implementation of project tasks.
- Determination of the composition of the project teams. Development of a network schedule that visually represents the sequence of execution of all tasks.
- Preparation of data on the duration and the possibility of parallel work - the development of a Gantt chart.
- Comparison of the estimated duration of work with the standard, making appropriate adjustments.
- Development of schedules of resource requirements (personnel, equipment, materials).
- Calculation of labor costs.
Typically, the project manager develops the timetable, in consultation with the experts involved if necessary.
Scheduling software
The use of special programs allows you to quickly respond to deviations that arise during the implementation of projects.
One of the most popular universal project scheduling tools is Microsoft program Project. Using MS Project allows you to build a Gantt Chart, assign the required resources to tasks, determine the time frame for the project and its budget. The graph made in Project visually displays the workload of personnel with certain tasks.
Primavera scheduling software is used mainly in large-scale projects with increased complexity, in particular in the engineering and construction industries.
On the basis of the calendar schedule, a schedule of the construction process is drawn up with a clear detailing of the work and performers, with a focus on the capacity of the construction organization, the standard construction time, taking into account the observance of safety rules and the technological sequence of work.
For any construction, you can build a large number of admissible schedules, but the main task of scheduling is to draw up an optimal work schedule according to the accepted criterion for assessing its optimality.
When developing, the following requirements are imposed on the scheduling plans:
1. Compliance with the standard deadlines for the construction of individual structures or complexes and the facility as a whole.
2. Correspondence of the sequence of construction of individual structures (complexes) to the projected sequence of their commissioning.
3. Linking, calendar dates for the performance of certain types of work with climatic, hydrological, hydrogeological and other conditions construction site and with the projected ways of performing work.
4. Providing a wide front of work with the parallel execution of their different types.
5. Ensuring uniform loading of construction machines, mechanisms and equipment at the facility.
6. Ensuring a uniform demand for labor force by profession and in general at the facility.
7. Ensuring a uniform demand for building materials, products, energy resources, etc.
The initial data for drawing up a work schedule are:
1. The established volumes by type of work and by their nomenclature.
2. Accepted Methods production of works, types and brands of machines and mechanisms intended for use.
3. The established features of the work performance in connection with the conditions of the construction area (climate, geology, flooding, etc.)
4. The established norms for the production of workers and the need for labor (in man-days)
5. Establishing the performance of the selected machines and determining the need for them (machine-shifts).
To build a schedule for the production of work, you must:
1 - make a list of all works and combine them into sequential technological processes(cycles);
2 - determine the scope of these works in the appropriate units of measurement;
3 - determine the labor intensity (in man-days) of work by dividing the volume of work by the standard output.
The name (list) of works (Appendix E) is made up in the technological sequence of their implementation. In this case, the works are grouped according to their types and periods of execution. This is done to keep the calendar concise and easier to read.
The main construction machines (column 5, appendix E) are planned based on the number of machine shifts required to complete all work on the object (columns 6, 7, appendix E). On the basis of these data, schedules of the construction demand for machines are drawn up, indicating the start and end dates of the work of each mechanism.
The total duration of construction of facilities is determined by the formula:
T = T p + T about + T s, (38)
where T is the total construction period, days; T p - the period of preparatory work, days; T about - the duration of the main period, days; T s - the duration of the final period, days.
The duration of execution is determined individual works for structures (column 10).
The number of workers per shift (column 12) is determined in accordance with the labor intensity and duration of work.
The number of workers per shift can be found by the formula (column 12):
According to the duration of the operation of the leading machine T fur, the volume of V stars of work entrusted to the link, and the planned shift of work m, the quantitative composition of each link is determined (column 13):
NS zv = V zv / T fur s (39)
The quantitative composition of the brigade N br =
The number of workers by profession and category:
N br = N br * d,
where d is the proportion of labor costs by profession and category in the total labor intensity of work.
The number of workers is taken to be equal to the composition of the link per shift. If the work does not fit into the scheduled time, then the number of workers per shift (staff, foremen) is taken as a multiple of the number of members of the link (the number of links is increased by two to three or more times), but not more than the average daily number of workers for one-shift work or half for two-shift work. (N Wed).
The duration of work can be increased by 10-15% against the calculated one, i.e. the coefficient of use of the shift time is 0.9-0.85.
For mechanized work, take the number of machines (column 7). The duration of mechanized work (column 10) is determined by the dependence:
T fur (40)
where M is the number of machine shifts; K - accepted number of cars; С - accepted shift of work.
If the duration of the work is known, then the number of machines is determined as follows (column 7):
Determination of machine productivity - actual and normal (columns 8 and 9).
The standard performance will be:
Actual performance will be:
The required productivity of machines in technologically related operations should be the same or different, but more than 10-15%.
The product of the standard performance of machines by their number must correspond to the required performance.
For work performed manually or using machines in auxiliary operations, the duration of work (column 10) is determined by the formula:
where Tch is the labor intensity of the work; B - the number of workers per shift.
Completing the work schedule. In accordance with the accepted technological and organizational sequence, lines are drawn against the corresponding work. The length of the line in millimeters (taking into account the scale) must correspond to the duration of work (column 10) with the addition of the number of non-working days for this period.
Above the line, indicate the number of workers per day, and below it, the number of working days. The graph "Schedule of work" should cover the entire calendar period of construction. It is allowed to take the duration of all months for 30 days.
The first line is written: "Preparatory work". The volumes and resources are not indicated, but in the work graph, a line is drawn from the start of the construction period to the start date of the main period.
Development of a schedule for the movement of machines and workers on the construction site. On the basis of the calendar plan (on the right side of it), a schedule of movement of workers by profession is drawn up. One should strive to ensure that the quantitative composition of workers with a certain profession remains constant throughout the entire period of construction. If this cannot be achieved, then the best option is such when the "peaks" and "troughs" in the schedule of workers' movement do not exceed 10-15%.
Scheduling the movement of workers is caused by the need to calculate the area of temporary structures (changing rooms, a canteen, rooms for heating workers, etc.).
Under the column "Schedule of work" of the calendar plan, the time axis is drawn in the same scale and the axis of the number of workers in the accepted scale is drawn perpendicular to it. Then, the time of the beginning and the end of the work and the number of workers are transferred from the work schedule, superimposing them sequentially from the beginning of construction to the end (Figure 16).
The quality of the construction of the schedule is assessed by the coefficient of uneven movement of workers:
Kn = Nmax / Ncp< 1,5,
where Nmax - maximum amount workers per shift at construction, people; Ncp - the number of workers equal to W / T; W is the sum of labor costs (column 4); T is the duration of construction according to the calendar plan, days.
If there are sharp drops on the graph of the movement of workers or K n does not satisfy the boundary conditions, then the graph is corrected.
Figure 16 - Schedule of movement of workers:
Before adjustment; ---------- after adjustment.
Scheduling the use of machines. In the column "Average daily number of machines" of Table 5, the start and end dates of work from the "Work Schedule" of the calendar plan are transferred, recording the number of machines above the line, and below the line - the number of working days for the calendar period of work performance.
Schedule (schedule) - one of the main documents in the composition of the PIC and PPR. In the calendar plans, based on the volume of construction and installation work and the adopted organizational and technological solutions, the sequence and timing of construction, as well as the necessary material and technical and labor resources... The timing of construction is established as a result of the rational coordination of the performance of certain types of work, accounting for the composition and quantity of basic resources, as well as specific features construction of the facility.
Based on the schedule, they monitor the progress of work and coordinate the activities of the performers. The terms of work, calculated in the calendar plan, are used as starting points for the development of more detailed planning documents: monthly and weekly-daily schedules, shift tasks.
Schedules are drawn up for the construction of the entire facility or for the construction of individual structures included in this facility. The sequence and timing of work according to local schedules should be linked to the general schedule for the construction of the facility. The initial data for the development of schedules as part of the PPR are: schedules as part of the POS, the standard or directive duration of construction, technological maps for road construction work, working drawings and estimates, data on possible performers of work (areas of senior foremen, foremen, foremen), the composition of the teams and the productivity they achieved, information on the available means of mechanization and the possibilities of obtaining the necessary material resources.
The work schedule consists of two parts - calculated and graphical, therefore such plans are often called schedules (Fig. 3.3).
Rice. 3.3. Schedule for the production of work on the arrangement of road pavements and sidewalks
The development of a calendar plan begins with the establishment of a list of works (column I), performed in a certain technological and organizational sequence. The works should, if possible, be combined and enlarged to make the schedule more compact and convenient. However, it is impossible to combine the work performed by different performers, and in the complex of work performed by one detachment or team, it is necessary to highlight the part that opens the work front for the next performer.
Then, according to the working drawings and estimate documentation, the scope of work is determined (columns 2, 3). The complexity of the work (column 4) and the cost of computer time (columns 5, 6) are calculated according to the current planning and production standards. In urban road organizations, planning norms are widely used, drawn up for enlarged complexes of interrelated works.
The duration of work (column 7) is established, starting with the main road construction work, the rhythm of which determines the course of the entire construction. This can be done if the methods of work were previously determined and the means of their mechanization were selected. The number of shifts (column 8) is determined depending on the adopted work technology, the season, the availability of equipment, workers, etc. In this case, it is necessary to strive to use the main construction machines not in one, but in two shifts.
Depending on the labor intensity and duration of the work, the number of workers required to work during the shift and the composition of the brigade are determined (column 9). When calculating the composition of the brigade, it is assumed that the transition from one seizure to another should not cause changes in the numerical and qualification composition of the brigade. The complex of works entrusted to the brigade should provide for the organization of the uninterrupted operation of the leading machines at all technologically related operations.
This article discusses scheduling for a contract for construction and installation work between the Customer and the Contractor. It means that project documentation has already been developed, it probably already has a schedule - see the construction organization project (PIC), but this schedule is not always suitable for the implementation of the project (for example, the actual delivery time of equipment is not taken into account, etc.).
The construction of an object very often has a long duration (sometimes several years), the beginning of the production of some works depends on the completion of others, therefore, to control the timely completion of individual stages of construction and the commissioning of the object on time, a calendar schedule for the production of works is drawn up.
An example of scheduling the construction of a residential building
The schedule is tied to real numbers and dates, so you need to know the exact date of the start of construction. In the construction organization project (PIC) there is a section for the duration of construction - we take the duration from there. For example 12 months. We break the sheet so that all 12 months fit.Then we take estimate documentation, count the number of estimates. How many estimates there are so many lines. We enter the name of the work for which the estimate was drawn up (for example, "general construction work" or "heating of a residential building", taking into account the sequence of works. For each type of work, we also enter the estimated cost and labor intensity.
To determine the sequence of each type of work, you need to think. It is better to carry out the laying of external networks and other earthworks when the soil is not frozen. Planting of perennial grasses, shrubs and trees at the end of the construction site and in the warm season. Asphalt concrete pavement until frost. Finishing work in winter depends on heating. If the heating is from gas boilers, then the gas network must be completed.
It is also necessary to indicate the dates of the commissioning works (commissioning) in the schedule. The time of their implementation depends on the completion of the installation of equipment, networks and systems requiring commissioning, usually this is the end of construction.
The last month is conditionally allotted for the commissioning of the facility in the schedule. This is the time to eliminate deficiencies, complete all work, remove temporary buildings and structures, conduct an acceptance commission, etc.
Duration of individual stages of work in the schedule.
To determine the duration of the stage, you need to know the complexity. Labor intensity is the amount of labor time spent on the production of a unit of output. For example: manual soil excavation with a volume of 400 m3, labor input of 500 people. - days. The duration of the stage (days) is equal to the labor intensity / number of people. This means that 1 person will dig 400 m3 of soil for 500 days, and 10 people for 50 days, and 50 people for 10 days.The amount of labor input for the schedule is taken from the corresponding estimate. Here, too, you need to think, if work with great laboriousness is performed on the chart in 2 days, then this is not entirely correct. And vice versa, work with a small laboriousness on the graph shows it takes 8 months and, having counted, it turns out that 0.5 excavator performs it - this is also not entirely true.
The cost of individual stages of work in the schedule.
The contract between the Customer and the Contractor usually provides for penalties for failure to meet the deadlines for the work under the contract, the annex to which is the work schedule. For each stage, the schedule shows the cost, start date and end date of work. The amount of the fine is calculated depending on the number of days of delay and the cost of this stage of work (the calculation of the amount of the fine is carried out in accordance with the contract).Sample work schedule
