Natural community lake description for children. The natural community of a reservoir is a collection of various living organisms that live together in any part of the reservoir.
"Living water"
Completed by: Urmanov A.A.
Lazovsky nature reserve named after L.G. Kaplanov
Natural community- a set of plants, animals, microorganisms adapted to the conditions of life in a certain area, influencing each other and on environment... In the natural community, the circulation of substances is carried out and maintained. The number of species in a community depends on climatic conditions and the type of plant community. By their origin, communities are natural or can be created by man (artificial). Usually a natural community is called a biogeocenosis. The concept of biogeocenosis, introduced by V.N.Sukachev (1940), became widespread mainly in domestic literature. Abroad, especially in English-speaking countries, the term "ecosystem" is often used in a similar meaning, although the latter is more polysemantic and is also used in relation to artificial complexes of organisms and abiotic components (aquarium, spacecraft) and to individual parts of the biogeocenosis (eg, rotting stump in the forest with all the organisms inhabiting it). Ecosystems can have arbitrary boundaries (from a drop of water to the biosphere as a whole), while a biogeocenosis always occupies a certain territory. Further in our work we will use both of these concepts as equivalent.
So, biogeocenosis is a stable community of plants, animals and microorganisms that are in constant interaction with the components of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. This community receives the energy of the Sun, minerals of the soil and gases of the atmosphere, water, and heat, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products of organisms are released from it. The main functions of biogeocenosis are the accumulation and redistribution of energy and the circulation of substances.
Biogeocenosis is an integral self-regulating and self-sustaining system. It includes the following mandatory components: inorganic (carbon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts) and organic matter (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.);
autotrophic organisms - producers of organic substances;
heterotrophic organisms - consumers of ready-made organic substances of plant origin - consumers (consumers of the first order) and animal (consumers of the second and next orders) origin.
Heterotrophic organisms include destroyers - decomposers, or destructors, which decompose the remains of dead plants and animals, turning them into simple mineral compounds.
Speaking of biocenoses, only interconnected living organisms that live in a given area are considered. Biocenoses are characterized by species diversity, i.e. the number of species of living organisms that form it;
population density, i.e. the number of individuals of a given species per unit area or per unit volume (for aquatic and soil organisms);
biomass - the total amount of animal organic matter, expressed in mass units. Biomass is formed by binding solar energy. The efficiency with which plants assimilate solar energy is not the same in different biocenoses. The total production of photosynthesis is called primary production.
Plant biomass is used by first-order consumers - herbivorous animals - as a source of energy and material to create biomass; and it is used extremely selectively, which reduces the intensity of the interspecific struggle for existence and contributes to the preservation of natural resources. Herbivorous animals, in turn, serve as a source of energy and material for second-order consumers - predators, etc.
The largest number biomass is formed in the tropics and in the temperate zone, very little - in the tundra and the ocean.
Organisms that make up biogeocenoses are influenced by non-living
nature - abiotic factors, as well as from living nature - biotic influences.
Biocenoses are holistic, self-regulating biological systems, which include living organisms that live on the same territory.
The energy of sunlight is assimilated by plants, which are subsequently used by animals as food.
Food connections.
Biogeocenoses are very complex. They always have many parallel and intricately intertwined food chains, and the total number of species is often measured in hundreds or even thousands. Almost always different types feed on several different objects and themselves serve as food for several members of the ecosystem. The result is a complex network of food connections.
Development and change of communities
The change of natural communities can take place under the influence of biotic, abiotic factors and humans. The change of communities under the influence of the vital activity of organisms lasts for hundreds and thousands of years. Plants play the main role in these processes. An example of a change in a community under the influence of the vital activity of organisms is the process of overgrowth of water bodies. Most of the lakes are gradually shallowing and decreasing in size. At the bottom of the reservoir, over time, the remains of aquatic and coastal plants and animals, soil particles, washed off the slopes, accumulate. A thick layer of silt gradually forms at the bottom. As the lake grows shallow, its shores are overgrown with reeds and reeds, then sedges. Organic residues accumulate even faster and form peaty deposits. Many plants and animals are being replaced by species whose representatives are more adapted to life in new conditions. Over time, a different community is formed on the site of the lake - a swamp. But the change of communities does not stop there. In the swamp, shrubs and trees that are unpretentious to the soil can appear, and ultimately the swamp can be replaced by a forest.
Thus, the change of communities occurs because, as a result of changes in the species composition of communities of plants, animals, fungi, microorganisms, the habitat gradually changes and conditions are created that are favorable for the habitation of other species.
Change of communities under the influence of human activities. If the change of communities under the influence of the vital activity of the organisms themselves is a gradual and long-term process, covering a period of tens, hundreds and even thousands of years, then the change of communities caused by human activity occurs quickly, over several years.
So if sewage, fertilizers from the fields get into reservoirs, household waste, then oxygen dissolved in water is spent on their oxidation. As a result, the species diversity decreases, various aquatic plants (swimming salvinia, amphibian mountaineer) are replaced by duckweed, algae - blue-green, "water bloom" occurs. Valuable commercial fish are replaced by those of little value, mollusks and many species of insects disappear. A rich aquatic ecosystem turns into a decaying reservoir ecosystem.
If the human impact that caused the change of communities ceases, then, as a rule, a natural process of self-healing begins. Plants continue to play a leading role in it. So, after the cessation of grazing, tall grasses appear in the pastures, typical forest plants in the forest, the lake is cleared of the dominance of unicellular algae and blue-green algae, fish, mollusks, and crustaceans reappear in it.
If the species and trophic structures are simplified so much that the process of self-restoration can no longer take place, then a person is again forced to intervene in this natural community, but now for good purposes: grasses are sown on pastures, new trees are planted in the forest, reservoirs are cleaned and fry are released there. fish.
The community is capable of self-healing only with partial violations. Therefore the influence economic activity a person should not exceed the threshold, after which the processes of self-regulation cannot be carried out.
Change of communities under the influence of abiotic factors. The development and replacement of communities has been and are being greatly influenced by sharp climate changes, fluctuations in solar activity, mountain building processes, and volcanic eruptions. These factors are called abiotic - factors of inanimate nature. They disrupt the stability of the habitat of living organisms.
So, having considered the concept general concept biogeocenosis (natural community) and existing within them food ties Let us consider as a natural community a fresh water body, which exist in abundance on the territory of our region.
Any natural body of water, such as a lake or pond, with its plant and animal population is a separate biogeocenosis. This natural system, like other biogeocenoses, is capable of self-regulation and continuous self-renewal. Plants and animals inhabiting the reservoir are unevenly distributed in it. Each species lives in the conditions to which it is adapted. The most varied and favorable conditions for life are created in the coastal zone.
Here the water is warmer, as it is warmed up by the sun's rays. It is sufficiently oxygenated. The abundance of light penetrating to the bottom ensures the development of many higher plants. Small algae are also numerous. Most animals live in the coastal zone. Some are adapted to life on aquatic plants, others actively swim in the water column (fish, predatory swimming beetles and water bugs). Many are found at the bottom (barley, toothless, larvae of some insects - caddis flies, dragonflies, mayflies, a number of worms, etc.). Even the surface film of water serves as a habitat for species specially adapted to it. In quiet backwaters, you can see predatory water striders running on the surface of the water and swirling beetles quickly swimming in circles. The abundance of food and other favorable conditions attract fish to the coastal zone.
In the deep bottom parts of the reservoir, where sunlight penetrates poorly, life is poorer and more monotonous. Photosynthetic plants cannot exist here. The lower layers of water remain cold due to poor mixing. Here, the water contains little oxygen.
Special conditions are also created in the thickness, the waters of open areas of the reservoir. It is inhabited by a mass of the smallest plant and animal organisms, which are concentrated in the upper, more warmed up and well-illuminated layers of water. Various microscopic algae develop here; algae and bacteria feed on numerous protozoa - ciliates, as well as rotifers and crustaceans. This whole complex of small organisms suspended in water is called plankton. Plankton plays a very important role in the circulation of substances and in the life of a reservoir.
2. Food connections and stability of the pond biogeocenosis.
Consider how the system of the inhabitants of the reservoir exists and how it is maintained. The power supply chain consists of several successive links. For example, protozoa feed on plant debris and bacteria developing on them, which are eaten by small crustaceans. Crustaceans, in turn, serve as food for fish, and the latter can be eaten by predatory fish. Almost all species eat more than one type of food, but use different food items. Food chains intricately intertwined. An important general conclusion follows from this: if any member of the biogeocenosis falls out, then the system is not disturbed, since other food sources are used. The greater the species diversity, the more stable the system.
Family competition "Living Water" Theoretical round.
Completed by: Larina T.I.
Lazovsky nature reserve named after L.G. Kaplanov
Vladivostok
Natural community - a set of plants, animals, microorganisms, adapted to the conditions of life in a certain area, influencing each other and the environment. In the natural community, the circulation of substances is carried out and maintained. The number of species in a community depends on climatic conditions and the type of plant community. By their origin, communities are natural or can be created by man (artificial). Usually a natural community is called a biogeocenosis. The concept of biogeocenosis, introduced by V.N.Sukachev (1940), became widespread mainly in domestic literature. Abroad, especially in English-speaking countries, the term "ecosystem" is often used in a similar meaning, although the latter is more polysemantic and is also used in relation to artificial complexes of organisms and abiotic components (aquarium, spacecraft) and to individual parts of the biogeocenosis (eg, rotting stump in the forest with all the organisms inhabiting it). Ecosystems can have arbitrary boundaries (from a drop of water to the biosphere as a whole), while a biogeocenosis always occupies a certain territory. Further in our work we will use both of these concepts as equivalent.
So, biogeocenosis is a stable community of plants, animals and microorganisms that are in constant interaction with the components of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. This community receives the energy of the Sun, minerals of the soil and gases of the atmosphere, water, and heat, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products of organisms are released from it. The main functions of biogeocenosis are the accumulation and redistribution of energy and the circulation of substances.
Biogeocenosis is an integral self-regulating and self-sustaining system. It includes the following mandatory components: inorganic (carbon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts) and organic matter (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.);
autotrophic organisms - producers of organic substances;
heterotrophic organisms - consumers of ready-made organic substances of plant origin - consumers (consumers of the first order) and animal (consumers of the second and next orders) origin.
Heterotrophic organisms include destroyers - decomposers, or destructors, which decompose the remains of dead plants and animals, turning them into simple mineral compounds.
Speaking of biocenoses, only interconnected living organisms that live in a given area are considered. Biocenoses are characterized by species diversity, i.e. the number of species of living organisms that form it;
population density, i.e. the number of individuals of a given species per unit area or per unit volume (for aquatic and soil organisms);
biomass - the total amount of animal organic matter, expressed in mass units. Biomass is formed by binding solar energy. The efficiency with which plants assimilate solar energy is not the same in different biocenoses. The total production of photosynthesis is called primary production.
Plant biomass is used by first-order consumers - herbivorous animals - as a source of energy and material to create biomass; and it is used extremely selectively, which reduces the intensity of the interspecific struggle for existence and contributes to the preservation of natural resources. Herbivorous animals, in turn, serve as a source of energy and material for second-order consumers - predators, etc.
The largest amount of biomass is formed in the tropics and in the temperate zone, very little in the tundra and the ocean.
Organisms that make up biogeocenoses are influenced by non-living
nature - abiotic factors, as well as from living nature - biotic influences.
Biocenoses are holistic, self-regulating biological systems, which include living organisms that live on the same territory.
The energy of sunlight is assimilated by plants, which are subsequently used by animals as food.
Food connections.
Biogeocenoses are very complex. They always have many parallel and intricately intertwined food chains, and the total number of species is often measured in hundreds or even thousands. Almost always, different species feed on several different objects and themselves serve as food for several members of the ecosystem. The result is a complex network of food connections.
Development and change communities
The change of natural communities can take place under the influence of biotic, abiotic factors and humans. The change of communities under the influence of the vital activity of organisms lasts for hundreds and thousands of years. Plants play the main role in these processes. An example of a change in a community under the influence of the vital activity of organisms is the process of overgrowth of water bodies. Most of the lakes are gradually shallowing and decreasing in size. At the bottom of the reservoir, over time, the remains of aquatic and coastal plants and animals, soil particles, washed off the slopes, accumulate. A thick layer of silt gradually forms at the bottom. As the lake grows shallow, its shores are overgrown with reeds and reeds, then sedges. Organic residues accumulate even faster and form peaty deposits. Many plants and animals are being replaced by species whose representatives are more adapted to life in new conditions. Over time, a different community is formed on the site of the lake - a swamp. But the change of communities does not stop there. In the swamp, shrubs and trees that are unpretentious to the soil can appear, and ultimately the swamp can be replaced by a forest.
Thus, the change of communities occurs because, as a result of changes in the species composition of communities of plants, animals, fungi, microorganisms, the habitat gradually changes and conditions are created that are favorable for the habitation of other species.
Change of communities under the influence of human activities. If the change of communities under the influence of the vital activity of the organisms themselves is a gradual and long-term process, covering a period of tens, hundreds and even thousands of years, then the change of communities caused by human activity occurs quickly, over several years.
So if sewage, fertilizers from fields, household waste get into reservoirs, then oxygen dissolved in water is spent on their oxidation. As a result, the species diversity decreases, various aquatic plants (swimming salvinia, amphibian mountaineer) are replaced by duckweed, algae - blue-green, "water bloom" occurs. Valuable commercial fish are replaced by those of little value, mollusks and many species of insects disappear. A rich aquatic ecosystem turns into a decaying reservoir ecosystem.
If the human impact that caused the change of communities ceases, then, as a rule, a natural process of self-healing begins. Plants continue to play a leading role in it. So, after the cessation of grazing, tall grasses appear in the pastures, typical forest plants in the forest, the lake is cleared of the dominance of unicellular algae and blue-green algae, fish, mollusks, and crustaceans reappear in it.
If the species and trophic structures are simplified so much that the process of self-restoration can no longer take place, then a person is again forced to intervene in this natural community, but now for good purposes: grasses are sown on pastures, new trees are planted in the forest, reservoirs are cleaned and fry are released there. fish.
The community is capable of self-healing only with partial violations. Therefore, the influence of human economic activity should not exceed the threshold, after which the processes of self-regulation cannot be carried out.
Change of communities under the influence of abiotic factors. The development and replacement of communities has been and are being greatly influenced by sharp climate changes, fluctuations in solar activity, mountain building processes, and volcanic eruptions. These factors are called abiotic - factors of inanimate nature. They disrupt the stability of the habitat of living organisms.
So, having considered the concept of the general concept of biogeocenosis (natural community) and the food connections existing within them, let us consider a fresh water body as a natural community, which exist in abundance on the territory of our region.
Any natural body of water, such as a lake or pond, with its plant and animal population is a separate biogeocenosis. This natural system, like other biogeocenoses, is capable of self-regulation and continuous self-renewal. Plants and animals inhabiting the reservoir are unevenly distributed in it. Each species lives in the conditions to which it is adapted. The most varied and favorable conditions for life are created in the coastal zone.
Here the water is warmer, as it is warmed up by the sun's rays. It is sufficiently oxygenated. The abundance of light penetrating to the bottom ensures the development of many higher plants. Small algae are also numerous. Most animals live in the coastal zone. Some are adapted to life on aquatic plants, others actively swim in the water column (fish, predatory swimming beetles and water bugs). Many are found at the bottom (barley, toothless, larvae of some insects - caddis flies, dragonflies, mayflies, a number of worms, etc.). Even the surface film of water serves as a habitat for species specially adapted to it. In quiet backwaters, you can see predatory water striders running on the surface of the water and swirling beetles quickly swimming in circles. The abundance of food and other favorable conditions attract fish to the coastal zone.
In the deep bottom parts of the reservoir, where sunlight penetrates poorly, life is poorer and more monotonous. Photosynthetic plants cannot exist here. The lower layers of water remain cold due to poor mixing. Here, the water contains little oxygen.
Special conditions are created in the water column of open areas of the reservoir. It is inhabited by a mass of the smallest plant and animal organisms, which are concentrated in the upper, more warmed up and well-illuminated layers of water. Various microscopic algae develop here; algae and bacteria feed on numerous protozoa - ciliates, as well as rotifers and crustaceans. This whole complex of small organisms suspended in water is called plankton. Plankton plays a very important role in the circulation of substances and in the life of a reservoir.
2. Food connections and stability of the pond biogeocenosis.
Consider how the system of the inhabitants of the reservoir exists and how it is maintained. The power supply chain consists of several successive links. For example, protozoa feed on plant debris and bacteria developing on them, which are eaten by small crustaceans. Crustaceans, in turn, serve as food for fish, and the latter can be eaten by predatory fish. Almost all species eat more than one type of food, but use different food items. Food chains are intricately intertwined. An important general conclusion follows from this: if any member of the biogeocenosis falls out, then the system is not disturbed, since other food sources are used. The greater the species diversity, the more stable the system.
Bibliography
Questions of the geography of the Amur region: Lower Amur region, Nature. - Khabarovsk, 1970.
The change natural environment Amur-Komsomolsk TPK under the influence of economic activity. - Vladivostok, 2004.
Use and protection of natural resources in the Khabarovsk Territory. - Vladivostok, 2004.
Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources: Amur-Komsomolsk TPK. - Vladivostok, 2006.
Nature management of the Russian Far East and North-East Asia. - Khabarovsk, 2007.
Resource-ecological research in the Amur region. - Vladivostok, 2003.
Sokhina N.N., Schlotgauer S.D., Seledets V.P. Protected natural areas of the Far East. - Vladivostok, 2005.
Ecological and economic aspects of the development of new areas. - Vladivostok, 2000.
G.V. Stadnitsky, A.I. Rodionov. "Ecology".
Zhukov A.I., Mongayt I.L., Rodziller I.D. Methods of industrial waste water treatment M .: Stroyizdat.
Methods for the Protection of Inland Waters from Pollution and Depletion, Ed. I.K. Gavich. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1985.
"Ecology, health and nature management in Russia" / Under. ed. V.F. Protasova - M. 1995
Vaschenko M.A., Zhadan P.M. Impact of pollution marine environment for reproduction
marine benthic invertebrates // Biol. seas. 1995. T. 21, No. 6. S. 369-377.
Ogorodnikova A.A., Veideman E.L., Silina E.I., Nigmatulina L.V. Impact
coastal pollution sources on the bioresources of the Peter the Great Gulf
(Sea of Japan) // Ecology of nekton and plankton of the Far Eastern seas and
dynamics of climatic and oceanological conditions: Ed. TINRO. 1997.Vol. 122.S. 430-
Long-term conservation program and rational use natural resources of Primorsky Krai until 2005. Environmental program. Part 2. Vladivostok: Dalnauka. 1992.276s.
Environmental safety: domestic and Foreign experience in the activities of parliaments and regions (by the "government hour" of the 256th session of the Federation Council) Series: Development of Russia - №17 (384), 2009
Environmental risks of Russian-Chinese cross-border cooperation: from “brown” plans to “green” strategy. Research of the Program for Greening Markets and Investments WWF / Ed. Evgeny Simonov, Evgeny Schwartz and Lada Progunova.
Moscow-Vladivostok-Harbin: WWF, 2010
Where does Cupid flow ?. Edited by Ph.D. S. A. Podolsky. M .: World Wildlife Fund (WWF) - Russia, 2006 - 72 p.
V.V. Bogatov Combined concept of river ecosystems functioning // Bulletin of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 1995 №3 Art. 51-61
Note.
When compiling a list of references, I would like to note that it does not contain links to Internet resources. We do not pretend that we did not use its capabilities and that the work was written by us exclusively on processing printed material. No, it's just that most of the articles listed in the bibliography, as well as books, were actually found by us on the Internet, and when writing this work, we just used their electronic (often scanned, copies), which had all the requisites of the print edition. Most actively in this regard, we used the site of the World Wildlife Fund - WWW.WWF.RU.
Lesson type. Study and primary consolidation of new knowledge and methods of activity.
Target: acquaintance with the natural community - the lake, its flora and fauna.
Tasks:
- to acquaint with natural and artificial reservoirs;
- to form an idea of students about the lakes of our Motherland and their inhabitants;
- to form the ability to competently work with information: to retell close to the text, without breaking logic, to highlight connections between phenomena, to formulate conclusions and generalize;
- develop students' creative vision, imagination, memory;
- develop cognitive interest, the ability to reason, analyze;
- foster respect for the natural community "Lake".
Equipment: textbook, map, illustrations of plants and animals - inhabitants of lakes; workbook, numbers from 1 to 4 for group work, cards with additional information.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment. Relaxation
Application ... Slide 1.
- I propose to work in the lesson today under the motto: "With a little luck, great success begins." Since today you will share the new knowledge gained on your own. You will teach each other, give each other new knowledge
- In order for you to have a good mood, I suggest you listen to the music "In the world of animals". (Music video)
II. Updating basic knowledge. Blitz survey
- What parts are nature divided into? ( alive and inanimate)
- What shells of our planet do you know? ( The air shell is the atmosphere. The water shell is the hydrosphere. The stone shell is the lithosphere.)
- In what shell do living organisms live? ( On the border of all three shells - in the biosphere.)
- The biosphere is the living shell of the Earth, where life is widespread.
- Who supports life in the biosphere? ( In the biosphere, living organisms are interconnected and cannot exist without each other.)
- Let's remember what a natural community is? ( A natural community is a unity of living and inanimate nature, which develops in certain environmental conditions.)
- What parts does the community consist of? ( Air, water, soil, producers, consumers, destroyers.)
- What "professions" of living organisms are necessary for the circulation in the community to be closed? ( We need "producers" ("breadwinners") - these are plants, consumers ("eaters") are animals, destroyers ("scavengers") are mushrooms, worms, microbes and others.)
- What is an artificial community? ( A human-made community.)
- Is it easy to create an artificial community? What is needed for this? ( It is difficult, knowledge is needed.)
III. Statement of the topic of the lesson
- Tell me, without what substance it is difficult to imagine our life.
Application ... Slide 2.
- Read the expression: "Mother is water, the queen of everything." What substance is this proverb about?
- Of course, we are talking about water. Water is familiar to you. She is so familiar and everyday!
- What natural communities exist? ( Forest, meadow, field, lake, swamp, river (reservoirs).)
- We spoke earlier about what natural communities? (About the forest, meadow.)
- Can you formulate the topic of today's lesson? (Lesson topic - Lake - a natural community.)
Application ... Slide 3.
IV. Staging learning task
- What would you like to know on this topic? ( Students' answers.)
Application ... Slide 4.
- Before you questions and topics that I propose to consider today in the lesson.
- What is called a lake?
- The lakes of our Motherland are their origin.
- Fauna and flora of lakes.
- The main wealth of lakes. How are lakes different from other bodies of water?
- Types of lakes. Why are some lakes fresh and some salty?
- Famous lakes in the world.
- Benefits and protection of lakes. Rules of conduct on the water.
- Artificial communities of reservoirs.
V. Learning new material (work in groups - "Zigzag" strategy)
1. Independent work with text
1st group (study text)
The world of our lakes is great and diverse. Some, like the Caspian Sea-Lake, are remnants of an ancient ocean. It is the largest lake in the world, therefore it is also called the sea. In the Caspian Sea-lake, the water is salty. About 130 rivers flow into it, and the main one is the Volga. The Caspian Sea has always been famous for its valuable species of fish; oil production is carried out here. Others, like our northern lakes - Ladoga, Onega, Lake Seliger are the remnants of a melted glacier, that is, of glacial origin. Still others have arisen as a result of water filling in depressions on the ground, such as Lake Baikal. Hence the name, what a lake is, is a natural body of water that fills a depression in the land with water and is not connected with the sea and the ocean.
Lakes are located in depressions. River water flows into the basins and remains there. Some lakes do not flow out of water, they are called endless. The lakes gradually become salty and even bitter-salty, as salts accumulate in them, coming from river waters and atmospheric precipitation. Water flows out of other lakes. These are flowing or wastewater lakes, into which rivers flow into and out of which, the water in them is fresh. The main wealth of lakes is fresh water, which is so necessary for man.
The most beautiful lake of the Russian Plain is Seliger. If you look at the map, you can see what a bizarre shape the Valdai Upland gives it! It resembles an outlandish creature with a small head on a long neck and a huge tail. Almost all the shores of the Seliger are covered with luxurious pine and deciduous forests. In summer, shallow waters are overgrown with reeds, reeds, water lilies, and then there is a space for birds and fish: there will be enough food for everyone. The lake has long attracted people with its fish wealth and fresh water. People willingly settled on its banks, the found sites of primitive people told about this.
Group 2 (study text)
The deepest lake in the world is Baikal. It is the most beautiful on our planet. Baikal is one of the most ancient lakes in the world: it is 25 million years old. More than three hundred rivers and streams flow into Baikal, and one river flows out - the Angara. Baikal has a very stormy disposition: the height of the waves during a storm reaches more than four meters. An interesting phenomenon is observed only on Baikal - the Baikal gloss, when in calm weather on the surface of the lake one can observe how the shores, coastal stones, mountains, and forest are reflected. Compared to other bodies of water, Baikal and its shores are home to the largest number of animals and plants. And very many of them can be found only here. Baikal contains the largest number of mysteries that scientists cannot solve, for example, why it was named Baikal; how the real sea animal got here - the seal.
Lake Ladoga is the largest in Europe. From it flows a short but full-flowing river - the Neva, on the banks of which the city of St. Petersburg stands. During the Great Patriotic War, fascist troops surrounded Leningrad. The inhabitants of the city suffered from cold and disease, starved. Only in winter, when Lake Ladoga froze over, the Road of Life was established. Caravans of trucks with medicines and food broke through to besieged Leningrad, and on the way back they took out the wounded and sick, as well as children. The city withstood this war thanks to the Ladoga "Road of Life".
Tyumen region is the land of hundreds of thousands of lakes. Their exact number has not yet been determined. As we move to the north of the region, the number of lakes increases.
3rd group (study text)
Many different plants live in the lakes. Plants are diverse in their position in the reservoir. Some of them are entirely under water; others are submerged in water only with their lower part; there are those that float on the surface; some plants grow along the banks of the reservoir, where the soil is very damp. Standing water promotes silt formation at the bottom, which is a good soil for plants, and many animals use plants for shelter and food. Plants benefit not only animals, but also the lake itself, releasing a large amount of oxygen. Alder and willow grow on the banks of the lakes, which are part of flora lakes.
Algae and aquatic flowering plants - telocephalus, hornwort, watercolors, reeds, reeds, water lilies and egg capsules - are the inhabitants of our reservoirs. The most beautiful plants are a white water lily and a yellow egg capsule. The white water lily is a rare and very delicate plant. Like the yellow egg capsule, it can only grow in clean water. The plant dies when its flowers and leaves are torn. The lakes are sometimes covered with a green carpet - this is the smallest flowering plant in the world - duckweed, it is listed in the Guinness Book of Records. She has no leaves. It consists of a plate and a spine submerged in water. Duckweed plays an important role in the life of the reservoir. It vigorously absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen abundantly. Duckweed purifies the water of stagnant reservoirs from many harmful substances, is food for the inhabitants of the pond.
4th group (study text)
The smallest living organisms (daphnia, cyclops), aquatic insects (water striders, swimming beetles), mollusks and, of course, fish (roach, perch, carp, pike.), Crayfish settle in the lake. Molluscs, fish, insects eat plants, and they themselves are food for other inhabitants of the lake, including birds and predatory animals. If you observe life in the lake, you can see how a strange creature with a large head, six legs and a long belly grabbed a small bug and ate it. This is a dragonfly larva - a terrible predator, a thunderstorm of tadpoles and fry! It turns out that this airy creature spends the first part of its life in water, like mosquito larvae - bloodworms.
On the reservoirs you can often meet cute ducks, majestic swans, important geese. Ducks, sandpipers, gulls find convenient places on the shore of the lake or in the reeds and, without interfering with each other, build nests and hatch chicks.
Mammals live in coastal waters - muskrats, beavers, water rats, otters. Rarely, but real "living fossils" with valuable fur - desman - are found in lakes. Scientists believe that this type of animal has existed for thirty million years. As herbivorous muskrats and beavers, they lead a semi-aquatic lifestyle. But in contrast to them, the desman is an insectivorous animal that lives only in remote, untouched by man places, near small rivers and lakes in the European part of the forest zone. They are under protection, the recovery of the desman population is very slow.
Vi. Fizminutka
- Before you go to the groups, we will spend a physical minute.
1. Warm up for attention.
- I will name the colors: red is the main stance, yellow is three claps, green is three steps.
2. Ophthalmic simulator. (The arrows indicate the trajectories along which the students' gaze moves. This activity is accompanied by verses.)
Application ... Slide 5.
In order not to get tired, we need to draw a plus
Oh, we have a lot of worries: we will walk along the red oval.
To develop a little vigilance, we will walk along the blue path.
We are not standing still, we will run through the eight.
Vii. Learning new material (work in groups - Zigzag strategy) - continued.
2. Working with text, composing questions, transferring information
3. Additional Information teachers (work with the map)
Application ... Slides 6-13.
- Lakes are unevenly distributed. There are especially many of them in the north - in the tundra and in the forest zone. To the south, in the steppe and in the desert, lakes are less and less common. Among the largest and most famous Great Lakes in the world (Lake Upper, Huron, Michigan, Erie and Ontario) - in North America, Victoria and Tanganyika - in Africa, Ladoga and Onega - in Europe, the drying Aral Sea - in Asia, Lake Eyre - in Australia.
- At home, you need to work with the map and write down the names of the famous lakes in the world in a notebook.
4. Working with the textbook. Rule formulation
- I propose to formulate the rules of behavior on the water. ( Students' answers.)
- Check your answers against the textbook on page 55.
VIII. Homework information
Application ... Slide 14
- Did you receive information about artificial communities of reservoirs?
Application ... Slide 15
- This will be yours homework... P. textbook 49-55 short retelling, pp. 50, 54 - questions and tasks. Write down the names of the famous lakes in the world in a notebook.
IX. Control and self-control (test)
Application ... Slides 16-22
- Our lesson is coming to an end, we will conduct a test on the knowledge gained.
1. Water shell:
a) atmosphere;
b) hydrosphere;
c) lithosphere.
2. Which lake is the cleanest and deepest?
a) Baikal;
b) Elton;
c) Onega.
3. What is the lake of glacial origin?
a) Caspian;
b) Baikal;
c) Onega.
4. On the shore of which lake is St. Petersburg?
a) Ladoga;
b) Victoria;
c) Caspian.
5. What plant is included in the Guinness Book of Records?
a) duckweed;
b) egg capsule;
c) cattail.
6. What mammals of lakes are called "living fossils"?
a) muskrat;
b) otters;
c) desman.
7. What is the name of the beaver's dwelling?
a) burrow;
b) lair;
c) hut.
- Let's check the results for the key.
Application ... Slide 23
1.b; 2. a; 3. in; 4. a; 5. a; 6. in; 7.c.
Topic: A body of water is a natural community.Target: Form students' ideas about the life of a freshwater reservoir. To acquaint with the flora and fauna of fresh water bodies, the role of man.
Develop the cognitive interest of students, teach to reason and draw conclusions.
I. Organizational moment
II. Testing knowledge and skills
What is a community?
What community have we already met?
Why is the forest called a natural community? Your answer
confirm with examples.
(A forest is a natural community, because plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms living in the forest are closely related to each other. For example, plants that die in the fall, during the winter, with the participation of bacteria, rot. And new ones grow in their place)
Here is a test. You are given 2 minutes to complete it.
Test "Forest - natural community"
^ 1. A forest is called a natural community because ...
a) a variety of plants grow next to each other in the forest;
b) all the inhabitants of the forest live together, are closely related
by yourself;
c) the entire forest - from the tops of the trees to the ground - is inhabited by animals.
^ 2. In the forest, plants form tiers:
a) upper - mosses and lichens, middle - trees, lower - shrubs;
b) upper - trees, middle - herbaceous plants, lower -
shrubs;
v) upper - trees, middle - shrubs, lower- herbs,
mosses and lichens.
^ 3.The trees are inhabited ...
a) squirrels, woodpeckers, nutcrackers;
b) mice, hares, bears;
c) moles, moose, worms.
4.In the forest litter live ...
a) hedgehogs, moles, shrews;
b) bacteria, insects and their larvae;
c) ladybugs, bark beetles, forest mice.
^ 5.Edible mushrooms include ...
a) fly agarics, wax talkers, bile mushrooms;
b) raincoats, powder, red mushrooms;
v) chanterelles, mushrooms, boletus.
^ 6. The orderlies of the forest are called ...
a) woodpecker, wolf;
b) bees, wild boars, jays;
c) ground beetles, grasshoppers, bark beetles.
7. Design a food chain appropriate for the forest community.
Answers.
b; 2. in; 3 a; 4 b; 5 in; 6 a
III Learning new material
Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Look at the screen
(film screening)
What do you think will be discussed today in the lesson? How did you guess?
- Water is quietly splashing,
Duckweed, lilies, cattail,
And the egg-capsule and the reed.
There is a toothless, a pond snail,
The water strider is running.
Life boils violently everywhere.
It… ( fresh water).
You and I know that reservoirs are divided by origin into
two groups. Which?
As you already understood, today we will focus on fresh water bodies.
We need to answer the question: is the body of water a community?
What types of freshwater bodies do you know?
(River, lake, stream, pond, canal, reservoir)
What body of water is shown on the slide? Justify your answer.
(I think this is a lake because the body of water is surrounded by forest and has a lot of plants.)
Could it be a pond or a river?
OK! Convinced. This is a forest lake. Let's see how life goes on in this lake.
What can you say about the surface of the lake?
This is a duckweed plant. Find its description. What have you learned about him?
What other plants are you familiar with? (Cattail, reed, reed.)
Take a close look at these herbs.
What other plants can you name?
(Lilies are white and yellow.)
These are not accurate names. The plants are called water lily and egg capsule. What have you learned about them?
(The water lily is popularly called the white water lily, it needs
protection. The egg capsule grows not only in lakes and ponds, but also in
rivers, it also needs to be protected.)
Look closely at this flower. Where could you see him?
In the village of Staronizhesteblievskaya, next to the road, there is a pond where people grow lotuses.
Unlike ordinary water lilies, this lotus has a thousand-year history of using not only flowers, but also all parts of the plant. In Asia, lotus leaves and stems are eaten as an additive to salads, rhizomes are used in China as medicine which boosts immunity, lotus seed heads are boiled and added to main dishes throughout India, and the seeds are gnawed fresh and dried and even cooked like popcorn in Cambodia. It is believed that the use of any part of this plant gives harmony and wisdom.
Where do you think the roots of the water lilies are?
(The roots of egg pods and water lilies are at the bottom of the reservoir, and wide leaves float on the surface).
On the shores of the reservoir, a series of (slide show), This medicinal plant is remembered for the fact that its seeds are thorns that cling to clothing.
^
Trailer, ostryuchka, dogs, bident, scrofulous grass
the people call the three-part succession. The first three names, apparently, are given for the ability of its serrated achenes to cling to animal hair and human clothing. The name scrofulous herb speaks for itself. It has long been considered the most effective remedy for scrofula.
Arrowhead (slide show) can be recognized by the leaves. They look like arrows with large, wide tips; the plant reaches a height of one meter.
Why does the lake water have a greenish tint?
^ The smallest algae float in the water column, thanks to them, the water in the lake has a green tint.
What do you think is the role of plants in a pond?
(Plants are food and home for animals.)
What else?
In our classroom? (Produce oxygen.)
^ IV Fizminutka
Let's continue our conversation, try to guess the riddles:
Crawls on the contrary, backwards,
Claws are missing under the water. (Cancer.)
Parents and children have all clothes made of coins. (Fishes.)
At the bottom, where it is quiet and dark, lies a mustached log. (Som.)
It wags its tail, toothy, and does not bark. (Pike.)
Who has eyes on the horns, and the house on the back? (Snail.)
A blue airplane landed on a white dandelion. (Dragonfly.)
The variegated mallard catches frogs, walks waddle-stumbling. (Duck.)
Who are these riddles talking about?
- The fauna of the reservoir is rich and varied. Get to know
closer to him in the textbook. What kind of animals are we
have not been named yet?
(Heron, beaver, water strider bug, crucian carp, swimming beetle, bivalve molluscs, tadpoles, pond snail, coil.)
Read by yourself in the textbook page 195 about animals
reservoir. What have you learned about water strider bugs, crayfish, molluscs, pond snails, coils? (Answers of children.)
What predators live in water bodies?
Who are tadpoles?
(Tadpoles are baby frogs and toads that are born from eggs and at first look very similar to small fish)
we just won't be in time.
A variety of living organisms live in fresh water bodies. Prove that they are related.
(For example, plants release oxygen into the water, whichanimals breathe. Animals feed on the plants of the reservoir. Crucian carp feeds on plants and insect larvae, andpike - crucian carp.)
How do all the inhabitants of the reservoir live?
What conclusion can be drawn from this?
But man interferes with the life of this community. What does this lead to? Read about this in the tutorial on page 196.
What troubles did man bring to the reservoir?
(The capture of fish has led to an increase in the number of sick fish. The destruction of bivalve molluscs has made the water cloudy, which threatened the existence of many plants and animals.)
What should be done so that the ecological balance in the community is not disturbed?
(It is necessary to protect rare plants (kugoby and water lily), do not catch crayfish orderlies, filter mollusks, do not kill tadpoles and frogs- there will be manymosquitoes and midges.)
Well done! I think this is exactly what you will do in reality. Read the article at home
V. Consolidation of what has been learned
And at the end of the lesson, make up the food chains that have developed in the reservoir. (Cross-checking in pairs.)
A collective check is organized.
Vi. Lesson summary
Grading.
Vii. Homework
P. 191-200.
Answer the "Test yourself" questions.
Complete tasks 2.4.
Prepare an answer to the question "Should swamps be protected?"
Family competition "Living Water" Theoretical round.
Completed by: Larina T.I.
Lazovsky nature reserve named after L.G. Kaplanov
Vladivostok
Natural community - a set of plants, animals, microorganisms, adapted to the conditions of life in a certain area, influencing each other and the environment. In the natural community, the circulation of substances is carried out and maintained. The number of species in a community depends on climatic conditions and the type of plant community. By their origin, communities are natural or can be created by man (artificial). Usually a natural community is called a biogeocenosis. The concept of biogeocenosis, introduced by V.N.Sukachev (1940), became widespread mainly in domestic literature. Abroad, especially in English-speaking countries, the term "ecosystem" is often used in a similar meaning, although the latter is more polysemantic and is also used in relation to artificial complexes of organisms and abiotic components (aquarium, spacecraft) and to individual parts of the biogeocenosis (eg, rotting stump in the forest with all the organisms inhabiting it). Ecosystems can have arbitrary boundaries (from a drop of water to the biosphere as a whole), while a biogeocenosis always occupies a certain territory. Further in our work we will use both of these concepts as equivalent.
So, biogeocenosis is a stable community of plants, animals and microorganisms that are in constant interaction with the components of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. This community receives the energy of the Sun, minerals of the soil and gases of the atmosphere, water, and heat, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products of organisms are released from it. The main functions of biogeocenosis are the accumulation and redistribution of energy and the circulation of substances.
Biogeocenosis is an integral self-regulating and self-sustaining system. It includes the following mandatory components: inorganic (carbon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts) and organic matter (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.);
autotrophic organisms - producers of organic substances;
heterotrophic organisms - consumers of ready-made organic substances of plant origin - consumers (consumers of the first order) and animal (consumers of the second and next orders) origin.
Heterotrophic organisms include destroyers - decomposers, or destructors, which decompose the remains of dead plants and animals, turning them into simple mineral compounds.
Speaking of biocenoses, only interconnected living organisms that live in a given area are considered. Biocenoses are characterized by species diversity, i.e. the number of species of living organisms that form it;
population density, i.e. the number of individuals of a given species per unit area or per unit volume (for aquatic and soil organisms);
biomass - the total amount of animal organic matter, expressed in mass units. Biomass is formed by binding solar energy. The efficiency with which plants assimilate solar energy is not the same in different biocenoses. The total production of photosynthesis is called primary production.
Plant biomass is used by first-order consumers - herbivorous animals - as a source of energy and material to create biomass; and it is used extremely selectively, which reduces the intensity of the interspecific struggle for existence and contributes to the preservation of natural resources. Herbivorous animals, in turn, serve as a source of energy and material for second-order consumers - predators, etc.
The largest amount of biomass is formed in the tropics and in the temperate zone, very little in the tundra and the ocean.
Organisms that make up biogeocenoses are influenced by non-living
nature - abiotic factors, as well as from living nature - biotic influences.
Biocenoses are holistic, self-regulating biological systems, which include living organisms that live on the same territory.
The energy of sunlight is assimilated by plants, which are subsequently used by animals as food.
Food connections.
Biogeocenoses are very complex. They always have many parallel and intricately intertwined food chains, and the total number of species is often measured in hundreds or even thousands. Almost always, different species feed on several different objects and themselves serve as food for several members of the ecosystem. The result is a complex network of food connections.
