home Remote work and freelance Entrepreneurship and competition in the Russian economy. Report: Entrepreneurship in Russia The role of entrepreneurship in the Russian economy

Entrepreneurship and competition in the Russian economy. Report: Entrepreneurship in Russia The role of entrepreneurship in the Russian economy

Ministry of Education Russian Federation.

St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering.

Department of Economic Theory.

Abstract on the topic:

"Entrepreneurship in the modern Russian economy"

I've done the work:

Student gr. MAS-3

Akopyan R.A.

Job accepted:

Zhdanov Zh.Zh.

Saint Petersburg

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..3

1. The essence of entrepreneurship………………………………………………...5

2. Types of entrepreneurship…………………………………………………...6

3. Forms of entrepreneurship………………………………………………..11

4. Problems and prospects for the development of entrepreneurship………………...16

5. Causes of problems……………………………………………...18

6. Ways to solve the problems of entrepreneurship…………………………………20

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………24

List of literature used……………………………………………..25

Introduction. The practice of world business has proved that entrepreneurship occupies a very important place in the national economy of any state. After all, it largely determines the rate of economic growth, the structure and quality of the gross national product, forming 40-50 percent of it. But it's not just about quantitative indicators - this factor is inherently an immanent element of the market infrastructure. A harmoniously developing state simply needs to come to such a market economy that a high level of entrepreneurship development is a necessary component in it. Previously, in Russia, a clear preference was given to the concentration of production - socialist megalomania, but now, when our economy is trying to follow the Western path, it cannot be denied that the success of this path is, to a greater extent, possible thanks to the development of entrepreneurship. In our country, entrepreneurship not only does not receive sufficient assistance from the state, but often finds itself in tough opposition to bureaucratic structures and in overcoming the existing structure of the economy, a feature of which is the predominance of large enterprises. Entrepreneurial initiative is stifled by legislative barriers and exposure to various arbitrary acts. The assessment of the real state of affairs in the field of entrepreneurship in Russia is very difficult due to the scarce nature and low reliability of information about the activities of Russian enterprises. Therefore, in relation to entrepreneurship, a reliable statistical monitoring system is needed, thanks to which it will be possible to draw up a clear program for supporting and developing entrepreneurship, because the experience of world development shows that in an economic crisis, a policy focused on assisting and promoting the development of entrepreneurship gives tangible results in achieving balanced economic growth. Small business as a component modern production in many ways contributes to maintaining a competitive tone in the economy, creates a natural social support for a social structure organized on the basis of the market, and also forms a new social stratum of entrepreneurs. All this led to the choice of the topic of the abstract, as the most relevant.

Essence of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is one of the most important components of the economy. In the market economy countries, entrepreneurship has become widespread and constitutes the vast majority of all forms of organizations. Over the past ten years, millions of entrepreneurs and owners have appeared in Russia. In connection with privatization, only a part of organizations and enterprises remained with the state, while the rest were transferred to private ownership. The main part of Russian entrepreneurship is small and medium-sized businesses.

The main task of the entrepreneur is the management of the enterprise, which includes the rational use of resources, the organization of the process on an innovative basis and economic risk, as well as responsibility for the final results of their activities. The social nature of entrepreneurship means not only the activities of the agents involved in it, but also the presence in the public economy of certain conditions that allow the implementation of the functional features inherent in entrepreneurship. The totality of these conditions constitutes an entrepreneurial environment, the most important elements of which are economic freedom and self-interest. Economic freedom is a defining feature of the business environment. For an entrepreneur, the presence of economic freedom is not only the opportunity to engage in one or another type of activity and have equal access to resources and markets, but also the moral and ethical sanctioning of entrepreneurial activity.

Personal interest is the driving motive of entrepreneurship, therefore, providing conditions for appropriating the results obtained, extracting and accumulating income is a defining condition for the entrepreneurial environment.

Types of entrepreneurship

Depending on the content and direction of entrepreneurial activity, the object of capital investment and obtaining specific results, the relationship of entrepreneurial activity with the main stages of the reproduction process, the following types of entrepreneurship are distinguished:

production,

commercial trade,

Financial and credit,

Mediation,

Insurance.

Manufacturing entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is called production if the entrepreneur himself directly, using tools and objects of labor as factors, produces products, goods, services, works, information, spiritual values for subsequent sale (sale) to consumers, buyers, trade organizations.

Industrial business includes the production of industrial and agricultural products for industrial purposes, consumer goods, construction work, transportation of goods and passengers, communication services, utilities and household services, production of information, knowledge, publication of books, magazines, newspapers. In the broad sense of the word, industrial entrepreneurship is the creation of any useful product that consumers need, which has the ability to be sold or exchanged for other goods.

In Russia, industrial entrepreneurship is the most risky occupation, since the structural restructuring of the economy did not provide the necessary conditions for the development of industrial entrepreneurship. The existing risk of non-sale of manufactured products, chronic non-payments, numerous taxes, fees and duties are a brake on the development of industrial entrepreneurship. Also, the development of the manufacturing business in Russia is constrained by the inaccessibility of some resources, the lack of internal incentives and the low level of qualifications of novice businessmen, the fear of difficulties, the availability of more accessible and easier sources of income.

Meanwhile, it is production entrepreneurship that is necessary for all of us: in the long run, it will be able to ensure stable success for a novice businessman. So, those who gravitate toward a promising, sustainable business should turn their attention to industrial entrepreneurship.

Commercial (trade) entrepreneurship.

The manufacturing business is closely related to the circulation business. After all, the produced goods must be sold or exchanged for other goods. Commercial and commercial entrepreneurship is developing at a high pace, as the main second type of Russian entrepreneurship.

The principle of organizing commercial entrepreneurship is somewhat different from the production one, since the entrepreneur acts directly as a merchant, merchant, selling finished goods purchased by him from other persons to the consumer (buyer). A feature of commercial entrepreneurship is direct economic ties with wholesale and retail consumers of goods, works, services.

Commercial entrepreneurship covers all activities that are directly related to the exchange of goods for money, money for goods or goods for goods. Although the basis commercial enterprise constitute commodity-money purchase and sale transactions, it involves almost the same factors and resources as in manufacturing business, but on a smaller scale.

To successfully engage in trading business, it is necessary to thoroughly know the unsatisfied demand of consumers, to respond quickly by offering appropriate products or their analogues. Commercial entrepreneurship is more mobile, changeable, as it is directly connected with specific consumers. It is believed that for the development of trade entrepreneurship there must be at least two basic conditions: a relatively stable demand for traded goods (therefore good knowledge of the market is necessary) and a lower purchase price of goods from manufacturers, which allows merchants to recover trade costs and receive the necessary profit. Trade entrepreneurship is associated with a relatively high level of risk, especially when organizing trade in manufactured durable goods.

Financial and credit entrepreneurship.

Financial entrepreneurship is a special form of commercial entrepreneurship in which currency values, national money (Russian ruble) and securities (shares, bonds, etc.) sold by the entrepreneur to the buyer or provided to him on credit act as the subject of sale and purchase. This means not only and not so much the sale and purchase of foreign currency for rubles, although this is also a financial transaction, but an unforeseen range of operations covering the whole variety of sale and exchange of money, other types Money, securities for other money, foreign currency, securities.

As a result of studying this chapter, the student should:

know

the content and functions of entrepreneurial activity;
factors that determine the direction of entrepreneurial activity;
the specifics of the emergence and distinctive features of Russian entrepreneurship;
the content and role of competition in the modern economy;
the specifics of the formation and state of competition in the Russian economy;

be able to

analyze the behavioral characteristics of business entities in the Russian economy;
creatively apply the main provisions of the theory of entrepreneurship to solve practical problems in the field of entrepreneurial activity;
use the theory of competition to create incentives for innovative behavior of business entities;

own

skills to search for data characterizing the state of entrepreneurship and competition in the national economy;
skills in analyzing the factors of entrepreneurship and the state of competition.

The economic nature of entrepreneurship and its features

Entrepreneurship is a historical phenomenon. Its existence is inextricably linked with the market economy, which is the starting point for the existence of entrepreneurship. It is in this economy that entrepreneurship identifies itself as a special type of economic behavior, expressed in the desire to gain profit through the implementation of market operations, i.e. in the process of exchange. The role of exchange is important for understanding not only the genesis of entrepreneurship, but also its specifics. First, the exchange stimulates the search for new opportunities, giving entrepreneurship the character of initiative. Secondly, it is in the process of exchange that the entrepreneur sees a source of benefit, which serves as a motive and at the same time as an assessment of his initiative. Thirdly, when faced with similar persons in the process of exchange, the entrepreneur perceives his activity as competitive.

However, the exchange is condition, but not the cause of entrepreneurship. Genuine cause its origin is private property. On the one hand, it created the opportunity to conduct separate production and formed private interest, on the other hand, it created the opportunity for individuals to appropriate the results of entrepreneurship, acting as a condition for the realization of private interest. At the same time, the role of exchange is that it creates conditions for the emergence and realization of private interests. Moreover, the exchange turns into a generator of genuine entrepreneurship only when production for exchange becomes the main function of economic entities.

The fact that entrepreneurship is a way of extracting economic benefits through market exchange is an extremely important circumstance for understanding the specifics of entrepreneurship. The thing is that the market exchange is carried out to the mutual benefit of its participants. This means that entrepreneurship should not be associated with deception and violence, but with the extraction of benefits through the satisfaction of social needs. Thus, speaking of nature of entrepreneurship it should be emphasized that, firstly, it is a consequence and result of the development of exchange and market economy and, secondly, it is a type of economic behavior that is subordinated to the achievement of selfish goals through the realization of public interests.

The economic content of entrepreneurship is revealed through the analysis of its characteristics: competitiveness, initiative, commercial risk, economic responsibility, combination production factors and innovation.

Competitiveness. Competitiveness is a defining feature of entrepreneurship. The emergence of rivalry is not only natural, but also corresponding to the nature of entrepreneurial behavior, for which the confrontation of interests is a meaningful moment. The competition among entrepreneurs has a number of features: it is coercive; has a restrictive effect on the development of rivals; accompanied by a vital selection among the participants.

The forced nature of competition is that none of the entrepreneurs can avoid entering into competition with others, even if he does not want to. This sign forms a strictly defined type of consciousness among rivals: the elimination of rivals is a condition for one's own survival.

Restrictive effect on the capabilities of rivals important for understanding the essence of market rivalry. The presence of other entrepreneurs in the market limits the possibilities of each of them. Therefore, the point is not in the rules that govern their activities, and not in the severity of these rules, but in the nature of market competition: to interfere with each other (even without taking action to do so) in achieving goals. The essence of the conflict between entrepreneurs lies in the fact that the advantageous position of one is achieved at the expense of infringing on the capabilities of the other. The meaning of the restrictive effect of competition is that no entrepreneur has and cannot have freedom of action.

Vital selection mechanism among entrepreneurs is triggered through the action of forced participation in entrepreneurial competition. It always favors those entrepreneurs who meet the requirements of competition set by the market, and tightens the conditions for survival for those whose parameters are below the level set by it. Such rivalry is not limited to the ranking of rivals, but is accompanied by their negative selection, i.e. forced elimination of losers. Therefore, competitiveness among entrepreneurs is a conscious desire to limit the ability of rivals to survive. This desire is a defining principle of entrepreneurial behavior.

Entrepreneurial initiative. The constant search for new opportunities for profit is the hallmark of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurial initiative has purely economic roots and is expressed in the desire to realize the opportunities provided by market exchange. Therefore, the causes that give rise to it are rooted in the specifics of the exchange, namely, in its inherent uncertainty, which is due to the incompleteness and uneven distribution of information among the participants in the exchange. The presence of market uncertainty, on the one hand, it forces one to take the initiative in order to reduce uncertainty, and on the other hand, it initiates actions based on assumptions about the existence of advantages. But the goal of proactive behavior is the same - to transform market uncertainty to their own benefit.

Commercial risk and economic responsibility. The reality surrounding the entrepreneur is presented in the form of market uncertainty beyond his control. Inextricably linked with the properties of the market (changes in market conditions, prices, consumer preferences, etc.), this uncertainty is exacerbated by the activity of the entrepreneur himself, expressed in the unpredictable reaction of the market to his initiatives. For an entrepreneur, the essence of the problem of market uncertainty lies in the uncertainty of the outcome (result) of his initiatives. Therefore, any decision made under conditions of uncertainty is associated with a risk for him, which is expressed in the possibility of losses.

Business risk is measured uncertainty. Measured in the sense that the entrepreneur knows the distribution of likely outcomes based on past experience or a priori calculations. When an entrepreneurial initiative does not go beyond the areas, techniques and methods of doing business already known to practice, the entrepreneur faces a risk. When such an initiative carries undertakings unknown to practice, the entrepreneur will have to deal with uncertainty.

The entrepreneur's risk taking is not related to the propensity to take risks, but to his desire to turn market uncertainty in his favor. Exactly receiving remuneration acts as a decisive factor that encourages the entrepreneur to take risks, and the amount of risk he takes on directly depends on the size of the probable reward. In addition, commercial risk is a measured risk also because it is always based on a sober calculation and taking into account possible negative consequences. The economic responsibility that accompanies the risk puts before the entrepreneur the task of mastering the risk and managing it. The contradiction that arises between the motivated desire for risk and the desire to reduce its degree is resolved by creating risk management systems.

Combination of factors of production and innovation. The search for the best options is associated with a combination of factors of production, the purpose of which is to increase the return (profitability) from each resource. One form of increasing the efficiency of resources is to move them to markets where their opportunity value is higher and they will generate more income. Such activity is called arbitration and is easily found in the field of trade and exchange activities. Another, more complex in content, way to improve the efficiency of resource use is combination based on the principle of substitution of factors of production. Its essence is to find the most rational combination of production factors by replacing one factor with another. By varying the factors of production, the entrepreneur not only ensures the transition to a more efficient use of the resource, but also, by creating new technologies, ensures progress in production.

Thus, combination can become a tool changing the way you do business, when market uncertainty is opposed to a systematically working organization. Innovation, which has now become a symbol of entrepreneurship, as an element is always present in it. On the one hand, this is due to the competitive nature of entrepreneurial activity, forcing innovation: whoever does not improve, he perishes. On the other hand, operating under conditions of uncertainty requires the entrepreneur to be constantly inventive and creative.

Innovation as a form of manifestation of entrepreneurial initiative is caused by the desire not to create something new, but to benefit from this "new". An inventor is not an innovator. He becomes such only when he realizes himself as an entrepreneur, i.e. as a person fighting for better business results.

Innovation as a sign of entrepreneurship is the commercially successful implementation of an entrepreneurial idea, regardless of the form of its expression. The meaning of innovation is that it brings additional income. Considering entrepreneurship from these positions, the search for a new source of profit is not just one of the forms of innovative activity, but the essence of entrepreneurial innovation.

The internal motivation of an entrepreneur for innovation is due, firstly, to the fact that it, allowing you to change the market situation in a direction that is beneficial for you, is the best a way to protect against market uncertainty. Secondly, by facilitating the withdrawal of an entrepreneur from competition through innovation, innovation - way to acquire sustainable competitive advantage. Thirdly, and most importantly, for the entrepreneur, any method that brings additional benefits will be innovative, regardless of the consequences that its application will cause for public welfare.

Identify different approaches to the concept of entrepreneurship in modern economics; determine the characteristics of entrepreneurship as a factor of production; describe the consequences of entrepreneurship in production activities; analyze the historical experience of the development of entrepreneurship in Russia and formulate the main features of entrepreneurship at the present stage;

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Course work

in the discipline "Microeconomics"

on the topic of: " Entrepreneurship in Russia: problems and development prospects»

Introduction…………………………………………………………………....

Chapter 1. The essence and role of entrepreneurship in the economy…………

1.1. The origin and development of entrepreneurship………….

1.2. The essence of entrepreneurship as a factor of production……..

1.3. Types and forms of entrepreneurship………………………

1.4. Functions of Entrepreneurship…………………………………

Chapter 2. Problems and prospects for the development of entrepreneurship

In Russia…………………………………………………………….

2.1. The main problems of entrepreneurship development in Russia……

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………

List of used literature……………………………………...

Introduction

Entrepreneurship in the modern economic system is one of the primary elements, the basic structures on which the market is built. Taking into account the peculiarities of the historical past of Russia, we can say that entrepreneurship is currently being established, certain “rules of the game” are being adopted by the parties. And in this regard, we can say that Russian entrepreneurship is following the path of development of Western countries, where entrepreneurship in its current form has been formed for several centuries. At the same time, it is impossible not to take into account the specific features of Russia (geographical, socio-economic, political, personnel, etc.), which are reflected, among other things, in the development of the business industry.

Moreover, it is important to note that modern world with its high speeds and modern technologies characterized by constant changes in the business environment. In this regard, the analysis of the current state of affairs in the business sector and the analysis of the main trends in the development of the industry are of high relevance. Such studies based on specific theoretical basis, allow you to choose relevant points of influence in order to give an additional impetus to the development of entrepreneurship, which ultimately aims to increase the welfare of citizens of the Russian Federation.

The purpose of this course work is to analyze the methodological foundations and approaches to the concept of entrepreneurship and its consequences, as well as assess the current state of affairs in the field of entrepreneurship, problems and development trends.

In accordance with the goal, the tasks of the work are formulated:

identify different approaches to the concept of entrepreneurship in modern economics;
determine the characteristics of entrepreneurship as a factor of production;
describe the consequences of entrepreneurship in production activities;
analyze the historical experience of the development of entrepreneurship in Russia and formulate the main features of entrepreneurship at the present stage;
consider the main problems of entrepreneurship;
explore current trends in the development of entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation.

The object of this course work is entrepreneurship as an economic category.

The subject of this course work are various aspects of entrepreneurial activity: from theoretical and methodological to practical.

This course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, the first consists of five paragraphs, the second is subdivided into three paragraphs, and a conclusion.

Chapter 1. The essence and role of entrepreneurship in the economy

1.1 Origin and development of entrepreneurship

To consider this issue, it is necessary to make a short digression into history and study how scientists perceived entrepreneurship and what they meant by this concept.

The history of entrepreneurship dates back to the Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages, the term "entrepreneur" was used in several senses. First of all, they included persons engaged in foreign trade. Already at that time, merchants, merchants, artisans, missionaries were beginning entrepreneurs. For the first time, the scientific definition of the word "entrepreneur" appeared in the works of the English economist Richard Cantillon. Under the entrepreneur, he understood a person acting at risk, due to the fact that merchants, farmers, artisans and other small proprietors buy at a certain price and sell at an unknown price. With the gradual development of capitalism, the desire for wealth led to the desire for unlimited profits. The actions of entrepreneurs assumed a professional and civilized character.

In Russia, the first signs of entrepreneurship appeared in Kievan Rus- in the form of trade and in the form of crafts. Industrial production in Kievan Rus was at the stage of handicraft. A handicraft workshop is a small independent enterprise, and an artisan is a small entrepreneur. Small merchants and merchants can be considered the first entrepreneurs in Russia.The organizers of parades, booths and performances, as well as the leaders of large industrial or construction projects, were also considered entrepreneurs.Often, entrepreneurs, being the owners of the means of production, also worked in their own factories or plants. Some of the work required the unification of a significant number of people. Thus, the builders of the city walls of the towers worked in large teams, the bridgemen - the stackers of wooden pavements, the vicious craftsmen who made the battering rams. These works were carried out by artels, at the head of which, naturally, were enterprising people.

Thus, at the stage of industrial production in Kievan Rus, there were quite complex economic relations that required the allocation of entrepreneurs-organizers and significant funds and capital.

The greatest development of entrepreneurship falls on the reign of Peter I When manufactories are being created all over Russia, the mining, weapons, cloth, and linen industries are booming. The true goal of Peter's reforms is not to eliminate the economic backwardness, not to raise the well-being of the people, but to make Russia a strong state. Textile manufactories were organized "so as not to buy a foreign uniform" in order to supply the fleet with sails; mining plants - to provide the army with weapons. And the manufactories that would grow out of the crafts, like the crafts themselves, would prepare products for the market, for popular consumption. For government needs, foreign experience was required, new technology, i.e. artificial "introduction" of manufactories.

The further development of entrepreneurship was held back by the existence of serfdom. But the same feudal system provided the conditions for the forced, administrative "introduction" of manufactories, especially since it was possible to use the traditions of state entrepreneurship. A serious incentive for the development of entrepreneurship was the reform of 1861. With the abolition of serfdom, the construction of railways, the reorganization of heavy industry, and the revival of joint-stock activities began. Foreign capital contributed to the development and reorganization of industry.

In the class structure of Russia until the XVIII century. there was no class of entrepreneurs that would correspond to the third class of Western Europe. Entrepreneurs did not separate themselves from other classes into a separate group (Morozov was a boyar, the Stroganovs were peasants). Peter I, contributing to the development of industry and trade, did not consider that this required a special estate, moreover, he did not see the connection between the political rights and freedoms of such an estate and the development of trade and industry. The attitude towards the class of entrepreneurs begins to change under Catherine II, who was an ardent supporter of the market economy.

By the time serfdom was abolished in Russia, the process of primitive accumulation of capital had come to an end. This was manifested in the drop in merchant profits. With the development of transport, and, consequently, trade relations, the difference in prices for goods in different cities disappears. A powerful layer of merchant peasants appears, who compete with merchants, knocking down prices. The production of commodities now yields a higher profit than trade, and merchants' capital is being transferred to industry.

In the 1990s century in Russia, the industrial base of entrepreneurship has already developed in detail. At the beginning XX century, entrepreneurship was already a mass phenomenon in Russia. The entrepreneur was formed as an owner, although the influence of foreign capital and the state remained significant.

During this period, the labor market was formed, the joint-stock form of entrepreneurship developed, private joint-stock banks were opened: Commercial, Land and others. Back to top XX century in the Russian economy, two-thirds of all industrial output was produced by enterprises of collective forms of ownership - joint-stock, share, and only a third accounted for individual farms. In the first half of the XIX century. enterprises existed in Russia as handicrafts, i.e. simple commodity production, but by the middle of the century relatively large establishments began to emerge, and thus the transition to the stage of capitalist production took place. Investments in cotton production, trade and credit were especially profitable. The process of monopolization of firms began.

Unfortunately, in Russia after the end of the First World War and at the end of two revolutions - February and October - a course was taken to eliminate market economic ties. All were nationalized large enterprises, the means of production and the property of all private entrepreneurs were expropriated.

Some revival in entrepreneurial activity was introduced by the new economic policy - NEP (1921-1926). However, since the end of the 1920s, entrepreneurship was curtailed again, and only in the 1990s did its revival begin in Russia. From the moment when private property and entrepreneurial activity were restored in their rights, the development of joint-stock companies, partnerships, and other forms of enterprises began.

Speaking about the modern, third stage in the development of entrepreneurship (from the 70s of the last century to the present day), there are five characteristic trends:

- the creation of public organizations and support funds, which allows not only not to fade small businesses, but also to maintain their active positions in the regional economy;

- development of the basic elements of the information support system for small businesses at the regional level, including the necessary hardware and software, organizational solutions, databases;

- improvement of the legislative and regulatory framework in the field of state support for small business;

- implementation of innovative processes in small business;

- implementation of measures for lending to small businesses.

1.2 The essence of entrepreneurship as a factor of production

Entrepreneurship is an essential attribute of a market economy. Although the history of entrepreneurship goes back centuries, its modern understanding was formed during the formation and development of capitalism, in which free enterprise serves as the basis and source of prosperity.What is meant by the terms "entrepreneur" and "entrepreneurship"?

These concepts were first used by the English economist of the late XVII - early XVIII century Richard Cantillon. In his opinion, an entrepreneur is a person acting in conditions of risk. R. Cantillon considered the source of wealth to be land and labor, which determine the real value of economic goods.

As we can see, entrepreneurship is a concept that has many interpretations. A variety of disciplines study it: economics, history, psychology and sociology.

The market economy has changed the understanding of the factors used in production. If earlier labor, land and capital were used, today the ability to entrepreneurship comes to the fore. Today, entrepreneurship, as a type of activity, occupies an important place in the life of society. But it is quite difficult to accurately determine its content, since it is closely related to economic, financial activities, business administration and other areas of the market economy system.

The object of entrepreneurship is the implementation of the most efficient combination of factors of production in order to maximize income. Creating all sorts of new ways of combining economic resources is the main task of the entrepreneur and distinguishes him from the ordinary business executive.

The key concept of entrepreneurship as a factor of production is entrepreneurial ability. And its essence lies in the most efficient use of other factors of production. But just like any specialist in his field, an entrepreneur goes through stages of development: a) an entrepreneur b) a manager c) an investor d) a leader.

The first stage - entrepreneurship - is the moment of choice of activity. It is determined most often by past experience, acquired skills, education and other opportunities that a person has already had to implement in one form or another. At this stage the main task is the search for your client, attracting and closing the first deals. Most often, the entrepreneur performs all the work at the first stage on his own or with the involvement of a small number of assistants. The most difficult task of the first stage is managing your time and attention. It is important to correctly prioritize in order to ensure the growth and development of activities.

The second stage is the entrepreneur-manager. This is the stage of growth and scaling of the company. Increasing turnover requires more productivity. Here, the business must acquire a structure that will develop further. At this moment, the main task is to organize effective management, set goals and objectives correctly. Not every entrepreneur can successfully move to this stage. The main reason is that management is a completely different qualification that requires special knowledge, experience and even talent. To solve this problem, you have to turn to professional managers.

Successful development of the second stage allows the entrepreneur to accumulate free own funds that can be used to generate additional income. At this stage, the entrepreneur already acts as an investor. He chooses the field of activity, attracts the necessary specialists. Or invest in someone else's idea. Previous experience tells the investor where it is better to invest, to whom to entrust management and development, what strategy to choose. At this stage, the entrepreneur may not participate in direct management. But he cannot refuse to control the effectiveness of invested funds.

The last stage in an entrepreneur's career is leadership. If earlier emerging problems were solved by focusing on their own experience and the experience of other market participants, now the entrepreneur is becoming a “pioneer” in his business area. And he himself sets the direction of movement for others. Leadership is manifested through the management of people, and everything else becomes a tool for achieving goals. To do this, you need to ask yourself questions of a qualitatively new level: how to help the team develop? How to maximize your potential? how to make others happier? In a word, the basis in the form of profit or turnover is no longer enough. This is where “higher” motives and intentions come into play.

The reward for the services of an entrepreneur is profit. In economic theory, there are several approaches to determining the sources of profit generation.

Thus, entrepreneurial income (economic profit) consists of two parts:

1) the normal profit of the entrepreneur, which is part of the internal (opportunity) costs, which is the minimum income necessary to continue the operation of the company in the chosen field of activity;

2) the net income of the entrepreneur - the part of the profit remaining at the disposal of the entrepreneur after the payment of interest on the loan.

Based on the above, we can conclude that an entrepreneur at different levels of development, occupies different points in the production process. From the direct executor, continuing with organizational functions, and ending with strategic planning and ideological content of all activities.

Business entities can be both individuals and associations of partners. Individuals become business entities, usually through the organization of a sole proprietorship or family business. Such entrepreneurs can limit themselves to the cost of their own labor or use hired labor. The most important features of entrepreneurship, in my opinion, include:

1) autonomy and independence of economic entities. Any entrepreneur is free to make a decision on a particular issue, of course, within the framework of legal norms;

2) economic interest. The main goal of entrepreneurship is to obtain the maximum possible profit. At the same time, pursuing his purely personal interests in obtaining a high income, the entrepreneur also contributes to the achievement of the public interest;

3) economic risk and responsibility. With any of the most verified calculations, uncertainty and risk remain.

These signs of entrepreneurship are interconnected and act simultaneously.

Taking into account the above signs: we can say that entrepreneurship is a set of original views and approaches to decision-making that are implemented in economic life. The main role, in this case, is played by the personality of the entrepreneur.Entrepreneurial ability is usually considered as a factor of production. special kind human resource, which consists in the ability to most effectively use all other factors of production.Entrepreneurship is not only an occupation, but also a mindset, a property of nature.

1.3. Types and forms of entrepreneurship

The whole variety of entrepreneurship can be classified according to various criteria: by type or purpose, forms of ownership, number of owners, organizational-legal and organizational-economic forms, the degree of use of hired labor, etc.Russian feature in legislative regulation individual entrepreneurial activity is that entrepreneurship can be carried out both without the formation of a legal entity, and with the formation of such. aapppppppppppp

In the first case, a citizen (individual) is registered asindividual entrepreneur. Individual entrepreneurs are persons who carry out commercial activities on the basis of their property, directly manage it and bear full property responsibility for its results. 133313313

In the second case, carrying out entrepreneurial activities after obtaining the statuslegal entity(by registering a private enterprise), the entrepreneur performs all actions on behalf of this legal entity (and no longer on his own behalf). 64 Private entrepreneurial activity can be carried out both on an individual and collective basis. 77383838388383

Collective entrepreneurial activity is represented in Russian legislation by a wide variety of forms. It is carried out by commercial organizations that pursue profit as the main goal of their activities. These include: 4994400

The practice of Russian management shows that the most common forms of entrepreneurial activity at present are such as: individual entrepreneurial activity without forming a legal entity, private enterprise, limited liability company, joint-stock company.ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooool

In market economy countries, individual entrepreneurs make up the overwhelming share among all forms of business organization, although their share in turnover is not so significant. Sole proprietorship is the simplest form of entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, its prevalence is due not only to the simplicity of organization and design, but also due to a number of its advantages - strong motivation, efficiency and flexibility. An example of distribution by size and form of entrepreneurship is shown in Figure 1.

Fig 1. Diagram distribution of small and medium-sized enterprises by size and forms of entrepreneurship

Being a sole proprietor, an individual entrepreneur assigns all the income received, which in itself is a powerful incentive for initiative activity. In addition, direct involvement in management activities not only brings personal satisfaction, but also helps to strengthen the position in society. All this creates powerful incentives for entrepreneurial endeavors. C9939988

Individual entrepreneurs are closest to the market demand. Working directly with consumers and suppliers, they are able to quickly respond to the most insignificant fluctuations in the market. By carrying out production on a small scale, they can quickly reorient it to produce more competitive products. Efficiency and flexibility are the most important advantages of an individual form of entrepreneurial activity.

However, it also has a number of disadvantages. First, an individual entrepreneur is unable to organize large production because his financial resources are limited. Secondly, the implementation of different functions by one person - managerial, supply, financial, marketing and personnel - reduces the effectiveness of management as a whole, as a result of excessive load, and for reasons of lack of knowledge And yet the most significant drawback of the individual form of entrepreneurship is the full economic responsibility of the entrepreneur. She seems to make him a hostage of her "case". After all, in legal relation the entrepreneur is liable not only with the assets of the enterprise, but also with all his property, and in the event of an unfavorable outcome of affairs, he may lose it. The risk is very high, and this holds back the innovative possibilities of the individual entrepreneur. Yshschtssch0ts93888387774

The problems of limited resources and high risk facing the individual entrepreneur can be overcome to a certain extent through the organization of a partnership. 57757579994004

A partnership (partnership) is a closed-type association with limited number participants carrying out joint activities on the basis of shared ownership and directly involved in management.

Some of the characteristics of a partnership include:

Fixed composition of participants; s8849499490009487

Equity participation in the enterprise; 74894030874746urvy

Participants are personally liable. 949857576

In organizational terms, a partnership, although it requires an agreement between its participants, remains a fairly simple form of business organization. Meanwhile, while maintaining the advantages of an individual entrepreneur, this form provides much greater opportunities for attracting resources due to the expansion of the circle of participants. A wider property base makes it possible to expand the possibilities of attracting credit sources, which are now guaranteed by the property of all participants. A partnership is, in fact, a specific form of risk sharing. To a large extent, the stability of the enterprise itself is increased, the existence of which is now not so much connected with the personality of the owner, since the shares can be transferred to other persons in the event of one of the participants leaving the business.

However, partnerships are not without drawbacks. Firstly, the division of management functions among the participants of the partnership creates difficulties in the form of the possible emergence of conflicts both on the basis of competition between the participants and the struggle for leadership. Secondly, the partnership still retains the excessive responsibility of the participants, moreover, to a large extent now due to other people's mistakes. All this makes this form organization of entrepreneurial activity is quite vulnerable. It is no coincidence that it is the least common.

Corporation - an association based on equity participation in the capital, the legal rights and obligations of which are separated from the rights and obligations of its participants. The corporate form of business organization took shape at the end of X I X century and was due to qualitative shifts in the productive forces of society. It was precisely the form that, on the one hand, expanded the base for attracting financial resources, ensuring the mobilization of capital, and on the other hand, limited the level of risk that has increased enormously due to large-scale financial investments. 04095575664yovrpa

The main economic feature of the corporate form is that it acts as a complete form of separation of ownership from management and is economically and legally isolated in relation to its founders and participants, which fundamentally distinguishes it from sole proprietorships and partnerships. Separation of ownership and management provided corporations with those undeniable advantages, which determined its leading role in the economy. Firstly, the limitation of property liability made it possible to attract wide sections of the population to investing, ensuring a fairly fast in terms of time and significant in terms of centralization of capital. Secondly, the isolation of the management function of the function from ownership has led to the extraordinary stability of the corporation as an economic entity that exists independently of its founders and participants. Thirdly, unhindered, in the conditions of a developed securities market, movement equity participation through the purchase and sale of shares gives another significant advantage - liquidity, i.e. the ability to turn the invested funds into cash, which is extremely attractive to the broad masses of potential investors. 98oworarpap

Of course, like any other form, the corporation is also not without its drawbacks. First of all, these are organizational difficulties that arise during the execution and registration of this form, the overcoming of which requires significant efforts and funds. A significant drawback of the corporate form of organization is the excessive tax burden that arises in connection with double taxation - first of the corporation's profits, and then of dividends paid to shareholders. Openness requirements in the form of mandatory publication of annual reports on financial condition not only make the corporation more vulnerable to competitors, but also orient managers towards achieving short-term goals in order to satisfy the requirements of shareholders and attract investors. 009875566rurvpppp

However, the most difficult issue for the corporate form is the relationship between shareholders and managers. Although a corporation is legally owned by shareholders, they are rarely involved in managing it. Most often, their managerial influence is limited to the election of the governing bodies of the corporation and participation in the development of a business strategy. Real power is concentrated in the hands of managers who manage the corporation on a daily basis. This problem can be mitigated through both legislative and economic instruments. In the first case, in the form of mechanisms for controlling the activities of managers, and in the second, forms of material incentives as a way to force managers to work in the interests of shareholders. One thing is clear, the more dispersed the share capital is, the more likely becomes the possibility of abuse by managers. 5988prg46keyor

Entrepreneurial activity in a modern market economy is characterized by a significant variety of not only organizational and legal forms, but also of various types. Types of entrepreneurial activity can be distinguished according to certain criteria.

By the nature of the activity, entrepreneurship can be:

production (associated with the creation of goods); vorark89
scientific and technical (development of new types of equipment and technologies);
trade and intermediary (purchase, sale, resale); 8a7a6tp
service (provision of household services); 948k77ara7
banking (provision of banking services); 848k6arr
insurance (provision of services for life insurance, property, transactions, etc.); apovp68vaee
management (provision of management services); 9877atuogran
advisory (providing advice on organizational, economic, legal and other issues); 9877t
marketing (provision of market research services); shvgan747
other. 75889900torap

2. By size (depending on the number of employees, or the annual turnover of the company), entrepreneurship is divided into:

small; zsch94nrag
the average; ovuga664664839w
large. 9ka877peoys

3. According to the form of ownership, entrepreneurship can be:

private; 092546rrp5
state; 8366vpvpk
mixed. 8376yooyorv

The above classification is of course not exhaustive - in economic practice, a wide variety of types of entrepreneurial activity can take place.Shua4ek67888rpapvpryov

1.4. Entrepreneurial Functions

In a developed market economy, entrepreneurship as an integrated set of entrepreneurial organizations (companies, firms), individual entrepreneurs, as well as complex associations of entrepreneurial organizations performs the following functions: general economic, creative search (innovative), resource, social, organizational. Some scholars believe that entrepreneurship also has a political function, which, as a rule, is carried out by associations (unions) of entrepreneurs.

The more efficiently business organizations function, the more significant are the receipts of their funds to the budgets of various levels and to state non-budgetary social funds. At the same time, the development of entrepreneurship provides an increase in the number of jobs, a reduction in unemployment, an increase in the level of social position hired workers.

Consequently, the essence of entrepreneurship is most comprehensively manifested in the combination of all its inherent functions, which are objectively characteristic of civilized entrepreneurship, but largely depend on the business entities themselves, on the system of state support and regulation of entrepreneurship.

Chapter 2. Problems and prospects for the development of entrepreneurship in Russia

2.1. The main problems of entrepreneurship development in Russia

The main task set by the Government of the Russian Federation in last years, is ansupport and active participation in the development of entrepreneurship. Focusing on world experience, Russian officials often raise the question that small business can and should make a more significant contribution to the development of the country's economy. but private business in Russia very often faces a number of difficulties, in connection with which its development is not as fast as it could be. Among the main problems in the business sphere today are the following:

1) Imperfect legislation:

Instability of the legislative base - there is a constant change in the rules of enterprises. Entrepreneurs have to constantly independently monitor all changes, accumulate and analyze all information about the current version of laws at any given time;

Significant legislative gaps:

Internal inconsistency of laws.

Lack of legal guarantees of equality of all forms of ownership and protection of private property;

The unfinished process of buying and selling;

Lack of proper land legislation;

Failure to comply with existing laws. Example: the provided tax incentives for scientific organizations and benefits for graduate students and doctors have not been put into effect in the prescribed manner. The system of accreditation of scientific organizations and attestation, also provided for by law, does not work.

2) Imperfection of taxation, complexity of tax and accounting reporting.

The imperfection of the tax system has a negative impact on the development of entrepreneurship. This forces entrepreneurs to look for ways to evade taxes, which ultimately harms the budget. The list of tax incentives is extremely limited, and their positive impact on the development of small businesses is minimal. The procedure for taxation statutory RF “On the Simplified System of Taxation, Accounting and Reporting for Small Business Entities”, applies only to a small proportion of small enterprises. Entrepreneurs suffer from the monopoly of tax inspectorates on information, especially by-laws, internal instructions and explanatory documents, which are practically inaccessible to taxpayers. In the current situation, when taxation is regulated by several hundred legal acts and instructive documents, employees of the fiscal authorities can interpret all the ambiguities and ambiguities of legislative provisions in favor of the budget.

3) Imperfection of the financial and credit system.

A very significant problem for business is the lack of financial resources, both own and borrowed, to expand activities. According to experts, only a small part of the existing need for loans for small businesses is satisfied today. It is especially difficult to get a loan for a start-up entrepreneur.The problem of lending is one of the most acute problems in the development of small enterprises. They are most often denied loans, citing frequent changes in the refinancing percentage, increased risk, as well as a high need for loans, and if they provide a loan, then at a high interest rate.

4) Unstable political environment

The political situation in Russia, which is very far from stability, also does not have the best effect on small business, the investment activity of entrepreneurs and does not allow strategic planning at the micro level. There is no doubt that it is political instability that is the main obstacle to the inflow of foreign capital into the Russian economy, including into the sphere of small business. It can be argued that many problems in the development of small business are generated precisely by the shortcomings of the state economic policy, which determines the main parameters of the macroeconomic environment.

5) Lack of systems of state and public support for small businesses.

In a market economy, the interests of the state and an individual enterprise often conflict.One of the factors causing numerous complaints from entrepreneurs is excessive state regulation of business activity - the so-called administrative barriers.. Administrative barriers are associated with the abuse of representatives of the executive branch, with their excess of their powers in regulating the activities of economic entities on behalf of the state.The state support system is neutral to any concepts of small business development. Within the framework of four federal targeted programs (during 1994-2001), target parameters for the development of small business were set and never achieved. None of these federal target programs has been fully funded, the level of funding for entrepreneurship support programs is very low.Thus, it can be argued that in all areas of state regulation the situation is far from the goals declared in federal laws; its specific components do not fit into the control restrictions established by law.

2.2. Prospects for the development of entrepreneurship in Russia

Entrepreneurship in Russia is currently undergoing major changes,moreover, they are located in different planes: organizational, resource, managerial. change like external conditions business, as well as the self-awareness of entrepreneurs and their understanding of the current situation and prospects for business development.

Based on studies conducted by ANO "NISIPP" 1 the following results were obtained: as of January 1, 2014, the number of registered small enterprises in Russia as a whole increased by 3.3% compared to January 1, 2013, the average number of employees in small enterprises increased by 2.8%, and the share of employees of small enterprises in general average headcount employed reached the level of 23.6%. The volume of turnover of small enterprises increased by 5.8%, the growth of investments in fixed assets in small enterprises amounted to 5.5%. Dynamics of the main indicators of the activity of small enterprises in the whole of the Russian Federation in 2008-2013 shown in Figure 2.

Fig 2. Dynamics of the main indicators of the activity of small enterprises
in general for the Russian Federation in 2008-2013.

To date, the following trends can be distinguished in the development of entrepreneurship in Russia:

State support for small and medium businesses.

To date, support for small and medium-sized businesses is one of the most important tasks of the state. Its implementation can be carried out through a one-time grant for opening own business, through targeted subsidies to small businesses or through a system of guarantee funds in each individual region. On January 1, 2008, the Federal Law dated July 24, 2007 No. 209-FZ "On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation" came into force 2 . One of the key innovations established in the Federal Law is a fundamentally new approach to the criteria for identifying small and medium-sized businesses.

According to experts, the creation of numerous small business support programs can unite not only the efforts of the authorities at the departmental level, but also cover regional structures. Therefore, this tactic can and should lead to the formation of a sustainable business climate in the country. Competent financial support of small business is a necessary factor for its development and prosperity.

In most cases, government financial support for small businesses is aimed at newcomers who are going through a start-up period.From the annual Message for 2014 of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly follows: “The idea has already been repeatedly voiced, which I, of course, support: all regions of the country can provide two-year tax holidays for new small enterprises operating in the industrial, social, and scientific fields. Probably, not all governors applaud, but I want to tell you that tomorrow it will pay off with additional revenues to the treasury of regions and municipalities. These are new enterprises, they simply do not yet exist, which means that there are no and will not be shortfalls in budget revenues. And vice versa: if we create conditions for such enterprises, such incomes will appear.

In addition, it is necessary to provide for small enterprises and individual entrepreneurs the opportunity to pay taxes and insurance premiums on the principle of "one window". These are different payments. You just need to bring them to one place and so that you can pay at the same time.” 3

Improving the professional qualifications of entrepreneurs.

Many modern entrepreneurs today are faced with the need to improve their intellectual level, develop new qualities and skills, since their previous knowledge is not enough for the successful development of the company in a highly competitive and changeable environment. external environment. Doing business in modern conditions requires from the entrepreneur not only general knowledge about the products or services being sold, but also specific management skills in organizing business processes, financial accounting of companies, understanding the basics of psychology and taking them into account in assessing the behavior of consumers, partners’ employees, competitors.

Accordingly, the practice of many managers includes regular attendance of educational programs and trainings, as well as the involvement of consulting companies. Those companies that actively use such tools, as a rule, win in the competition in the future, thus justifying the costs of such events.

The desire to move certain types of activities outside the company.

Currently, outsourcing has great prospects, which allow transferring individual production functions (often auxiliary) to third-party specialists or companies. The classic examples of outsourcing are hiring a third-party specialist for accounting or entering into an agreement with a company for the maintenance of computer equipment. The attractiveness of outsourcing is that the external service provider is able to provide cost savings, higher levels of service through specialization, cheaper labor, or economies of scale. According to a joint study by Marketvisio and Orange Business Services conducted in 2012, 37% of large Russian companies at that time already used at least one of the outsourcing areas - this is the transfer of functions in the IT field. 4 It is also noted that in such a large company as LUKOIL, the transfer of many processes to outsourcing began in the 2000s. At one time, such business processes as transport services-logistics, IT-services, accounting service were brought into an independent structure. 5 .

We see common prospects in the development of diversification of the production functions of the business. Today you can meet micro-companies with a large turnover, in which only management is a permanent staff. At the same time, they have a broad functional business structure.

Entrepreneurship training the new kind entrepreneurship

At present, the educational component focused on the business community is developing quite actively. A variety of advanced training courses, trainings, seminars and master classes are regularly held, aimed at developing the qualities and skills that are important for successful entrepreneurship.The most striking examples include the creation of the All-Russian public organization"SUPPORT OF RUSSIA" 6 . The OPORA RUSSIA organization is a platform for effective professional dialogue between owners and managers of small and medium-sized businesses and representatives of federal executive authorities, regional authorities and municipalities, regulatory authorities, infrastructure for supporting small and medium-sized businesses, as well as representatives of the expert community. With the direct participation of OPORA RUSSIA, a number of federal laws were developed and adopted: on the protection of competition, on the development of small and medium-sized businesses, on the abolition of cash registers for UTII payers, on preferential privatization for small businesses, etc. anti-plagiarism

Another good example was the Megaplan project, founded by Mikhail Ukolov (MESI graduate) -young entrepreneur, director and co-founderproject to create software for business management www.megaplan.ru 7

Active introduction of new Internet technologies.

Internet technologies in business are understood as e-commerce or e-business. Currently, e-commerce, including e-banking, is successfully developing all over the world. It is carried out in a fundamentally new environment - informational in nature, the global computer network Internet.The use of personal computers and Internet technologies has inevitably led to the possibility of building a completely digital market space, in which the places for making transactions are gradually shifting from traditional markets to more comfortable for the consumer - in the home or office. Electronic transactions can now be carried out between virtual representative offices of organizations around the world, electronic cash flows can pass securely between international bank accounts and transactions can be completed via email.Anti-plagiarism Anti-plagiarism Anti-plagiarism Anti-plagiarism

Conclusion

Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that entrepreneurship in Russia today is going through an extremely important stage in its development. It is noted that business is gradually moving away from the complex legacy of the 90s, increasingly moving into a civilized framework, new trends are emerging related to modern technologies, the active use of Internet resources and the emergence of new business formats.

As part of the development of a number of positive trends and minimization of possible risks that an increase in the entrepreneurial activity of citizens may entail, it is advisable to focus on the following points: anti-plagiarism

Development of the legislative base. Legislation has been actively changing lately, but often these or those changes are multidirectional and do not fit into the general concept (for example, the adoption of programs for the development of small businesses and the simultaneous increase in taxes for individual entrepreneurs). It is important to have a common strategic direction within the framework of the legal regulation of this area. Anti-plagiarism
Development of communication networks within the business community. In this regard, it is important to move away from the persistent perception of competitors as a "negative character that needs to be fought." Much more effective, on the contrary, are the instruments of interaction and cooperation with potential opponents.
Further dissemination of the educational component. Moreover, it is important to involve in this process not only modern youth planning to open a business, which easily accepts the new “rules of the game”, but also experienced entrepreneurs who lack the knowledge and skills to act in a changing environment.

Small business provides the necessary mobility in market conditions, creates deep specialization and cooperation, without which its high efficiency is unthinkable. It is able not only to quickly fill the niches that are formed in the consumer sphere, but also to pay off relatively quickly. And also to create an atmosphere of competition and the environment of entrepreneurship, without which a market economy is impossible.apapprvvpaarisissisisis

Although enterprises, as well as the state, still have a large number of problems open, and a rather difficult economic situation still persists, the economy is still being reformed, which contributes to the development of a new model of socio-economic development that has a market orientation. In modern state policy, attention is increasingly focused on the dominance of the private sector, the liberalization of almost all sectors of the economy and the activation of market regulators, the localization of hotbeds of crisis, focus on effective demand, that is, the creation of favorable conditions for the rapid rise of industry.Pprprshkk8orplnkepchmaasirpnknnnkn

It is important to understand that modern entrepreneurship is a whole philosophy, lifestyle, a set of qualities and even principles. And most importantly - the driving force of the individual, which manifests itself in self-development, new ideas, determination and the ability to bring them to life, as well as the willingness to take responsibility.

List of used literature

Regulations

Federal Law On the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises in the Russian Federation dated July 24, 2007 N 209-FZ (as amended on December 28, 2013)
Federal Law On the Protection of the Rights of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs in the Exercise of State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control dated December 26, 2008 N 294-FZ (as amended on 10/14/2014)

Monographs, textbooks and teaching aids

Abdikeev N.M. - Internet technologies in the knowledge economy. Textbook. Vulture of UMO universities of Russia. M.: Infra-M, Series: Higher education, 2012. - 448 p.: hardcover, ISBN 978-5-16-003767-7, Volume: 1.
Alekseev V.V., Matveeva L.D. , Kabanova E.E.; History of Entrepreneurship in Russia: Textbook / Publisher - Ufa: Ufimsk. state Academy of Economics and Service, 2009. - 134 p.
Baronin S.A., Reznik S.D., et al.; Fundamentals of entrepreneurial activity: content of activity, qualities and competence, prof. career..: Uch. settlement / Ed. prof. Reznik S.D. - 2nd ed. - M.: INFRA-M, 2012-222s.: 60x90 1/16. (IN).
Gorfinkel V.Ya., Polyak G.B., Shvandar V.A.;Entrepreneurship: textbook. Publisher - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2011 - 581 p.
Kruglova N. Yu. Fundamentals business (entrepreneurship): textbook / N.Yu. Kruglov. – M.: KNORUS, 2010. – 544 p.
Lapusta M. G., Porshnev A.G., Starostin Yu.L.; Entrepreneurship: Textbook / Ed. Lapusty M. G. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - (Series "Higher Education") [Text] / - Moscow: Publishing House"INFRA-M", 2002. - 520 p.
Okeanova Z.K. Fundamentals of economic theory [Text]: Textbook /: Publishing House "FORUM"; Moscow: INFRA-M Publishing House, 4th ed., revised. and additional - M.: 2008. - 652 p.
Poletaev V.E. Business in Russia: innovations and modernization project: Monograph. – M.: INFRA-M, 2013. – 624 p.

Scientific research materials

Gribov V.D. Methodological foundations for the formation and development of entrepreneurial structures in the context of the transition to the market” - a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Economics.

Publications in periodicals

Business newspaper "Opora Rossii". Issue #73, February 2013.

Internet resources

http://www.nisse.ru - National Institute for System Research of Entrepreneurship Problems
http://www.rg.ru/2007/07/31/biznes-doc.html - Federal Law of July 24, 2007 N 209-FZ "On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation"
Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly
http://www.crn.ru/news/detail.php?ID=67718-Orange Business Services press office
http://www.eae-consult.ru/ru/experts/2274/smi/2285/index.htmlThe relevance of logistics outsourcing
http://opora.ru - Information portal of the all-Russian public organization "Support of Russia"
https://www.megaplan.ru - Big educational project for business "Megaplan"

1 http://www.nisse.ru/work/projects/monitorings/small-business/small-business_50.html

2 http://base.garant.ru/12154854/

3 http://www.kremlin.ru/news/19825

4 http://www.crn.ru/news/detail.php?ID=67718

5 http://www.eae-consult.ru/i/upload_img/files/)/1/2285_1346068460_CHebanova__Statya_AKTUALNOST_LOGISTICHESKOGO_AUTSORSINGA_DLYA_KRUPNIH_KOMPANIY___(1).pdf

6 http://opora.ru

7 https://www.megaplan.ru

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Entrepreneurship as a form of socio-economic activity plays an indispensable role both in social development and in economic dynamics. At the same time, the interactions between the business sector (which is understood as a set of entrepreneurs as individuals, as well as legal entities - enterprises headed by entrepreneurs and owners), the economy as a whole and society are quite complex. In essence, we can talk about the special mission of the business sector in the economy and society and about the factors that slow down or accelerate its implementation in a particular period. Let us consider the functional components of this mission and the problems associated with the implementation of the mission of entrepreneurship during the formation and development of the Russian market economy.

Let us consider the main components of the functional role of entrepreneurship in the economy.

1. The main function of entrepreneurship in the economy is that entrepreneurs form a kind of "vanguard" of the economy: they consciously accept, and sometimes even provoke, the risk that arises in connection with the creation of a new local economic situation. This situation is created by the entrepreneur himself, acquiring and at his own risk combining and organizing resources with the expectation of receiving income in the future from the sale of goods or the provision of services. The success of an entrepreneur, therefore, depends on his personal insight and enterprise. If an unsatisfied demand is discovered, or at least the possibility of its formation, then the entrepreneur must be the first to be on the site of this socio-economic "incident" and take all measures to ensure that this demand is created, and then satisfied. Therefore, entrepreneurial activity allows you to constantly relieve the tension that arises due to local imbalances in supply and demand in the economy. Briefly, this part of the mission of entrepreneurship can be expressed as follows: the entrepreneur is the scout of the future.

2. An entrepreneur is easier than anyone else to catch not only the emerging demand, but also the emerging supply, especially new technologies, products, ways of organizing production and distribution of products. The main part of the innovation economy in the developed countries of the world is based on the business sector. Large corporations that produce mass products, as a rule, cannot afford to react to "weak innovation signals" and rebuild the existing structure of production. This function of entrepreneurship can be briefly expressed as follows: an entrepreneur is an innovative leader.

3. Large enterprises specializing in the production of mass products operate, as a rule, within the same market sector. The intersectoral space should be filled with entrepreneurs who can quickly concentrate resources on the "white spots" of the market map. With a low level of entrepreneurship development in the country, intersectoral gaps will either remain sources of deficit or will be filled with imported goods. Therefore, the functioning of entrepreneurship ensures the integrity of the economy and counteracts its fragmentation. Thus, the business sector is a structure that links various subject sectors of the market.

4. Large enterprises are poorly adapted for the production of goods for individual and "small-scale" demand. Only mobile entrepreneurial firms can generally solve the problem of developing the market for individual products, taking into account the demographic, national, regional, sociocultural and other characteristics of consumers. Entrepreneurship is the only economic force that can ensure the stable creation of individualized goods and the satisfaction of individual demand.

5. The fight against the power of the oligarchs in Russia is complicated by the fact that, in fact, the oligarch does not depend on anyone or anything. At the other pole - the pole of hired labor - are employees of private enterprises and civil servants, who depend mainly on their immediate superiors, the employer. And only an entrepreneur is directly dependent on the market, on consumers, whom he cannot force to use his products or services, but can only convince. Therefore, it is through entrepreneurship that true economic democracy is realized. Consequently, the entrepreneur is the bearer of the foundations of economic democracy.

6. Firms led by entrepreneurs, as a rule, implement low-cost technologies, have the opportunity, due to the foreseeable size of production, to reduce unproductive costs. Entrepreneurs voluntarily take on a high workload and are ready to work in difficult

conditions to which other workers would not agree. Therefore, labor productivity in the most efficient parts of the business sector can significantly exceed this indicator in the most efficient large enterprises. The entrepreneur is a potential leader in reducing costs and increasing productivity.

7. Financing of the business sector is based on own capital or equivalent capital. Sometimes an entrepreneur, when creating his own business, uses his personal savings, the money of friends and acquaintances, and directly, bypassing financial and credit intermediaries, transforms them into investments in the sector of production of goods and provision of services. Thus, the business sector can potentially become a source of mutual trust, which is so lacking in our country. If, however, it is possible to achieve mutual trust in the business sector, trust between the state and the population will ultimately be ensured. Entrepreneurship - effective method involvement of personal savings in the investment process and creation of a favorable business climate.

8. Entrepreneurs, as the most mobile and motivated part of economic agents, have proven themselves as pioneers of the most effective directions foreign economic activity. The paths to foreign markets, laid at the beginning of economic reforms by entrepreneurs, over time, are trying to master large enterprises, although with obviously less success. An entrepreneur is a leader in the development of foreign markets.

9. Flexibility, adaptability and mobility in small and many medium-sized enterprises remain elusive for large enterprises in both industry and agriculture. Entrepreneurial enterprises in the city, farms in the countryside should serve as models of market behavior in the economy. At the same time, the joint and sometimes competitive functioning of large and small enterprises also has the opposite effect - large enterprises are more successful in mastering market behavior. Entrepreneurial enterprises can and should become models of market behavior for large companies.

10. Entrepreneurship should play an important role in solving the problem of the rise of Russian science. There are two key points here. The first is the commercialization of R&D, giving market qualities to the processes of disseminating the results of scientific and applied research. This role could be performed by specialized small business enterprises. The second point is the use of R&D results for the needs of small enterprises themselves. Low-energy production technologies, effective marketing solutions, methods of managing small and dispersed teams, and much more could be the subject of cooperation between the business sector and research teams. Entrepreneurial potential is a means and stimulus for the revival of Russian science.

As a result, we can conclude that the modern economy cannot maintain integrity and competitiveness without effective development entrepreneurship. It should be expected that in the XXI century. "entrepreneurial economy" will replace the "managerial economy".

The Russian economy is still in transition. This is a transition that began in the late 1980s from an administrative-command (planned) economy to a market economy. Now the situation in Russia is designated as a mixed type economic system, as well as in China, France, the USA, etc. In such a system there is a place for both private and state entrepreneurship.

About business transformations

Since the formation of a market economy and entrepreneurial activity as its main component, entrepreneurship in Russia has experienced many transformations. Some of them were caused by a natural course market evolution, part (and quite significant) - confusion in the legislation of the post-totalitarian state, which has long and densely destroyed the merchant and landowner classes.

By the beginning of the 2000s, they managed to figure out how it works, generations of new economists learned, they were able to defeat the total racket (except for the bureaucratic one), and the entrepreneur from the nouveau riche or caricatured “new Russian” turned into a person who is busy with business.

Unfortunately, business activity (especially in the post-Soviet space) does not imply stability and tranquility. Business is a very stressful occupation, and the larger it is, the more active, flexible, and resilient an entrepreneur should be.

Entrepreneurship is an independent active activity, the purpose of which is the production and offer to the market of such products that are in demand and bring profit to the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur spends his resources (time, effort, money) on this activity and takes responsibility (moral, material, social).

Entrepreneur is key actor in the picture of a market economy. Other subjects of entrepreneurial activity - the consumer, the state, the employee - are also significant players in the market field, but without the decision of the entrepreneur to start a business (enter the game), the enterprise will not take place and such a form of relations as market will not start.

Over its history, entrepreneurship in Russia has experienced a huge number of changes, and if changes related to market conditions, production equipment, marketing innovations are natural components of entrepreneurial life, then the transformations associated with the influence of state policy on the economy did not always contribute to the flourishing and promotion of entrepreneurship.

What kind of species, industries and organizational and legal forms were not born and did not sink into oblivion in the process of the formation of entrepreneurship in Russia.

Merchant factories, handicraft and manufacturing enterprises that appeared after the reforms of 1861; trusts, concerns and syndicates that developed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries; in the period from 1917 to the beginning of the 1920s. - the transformation of private enterprise into a state one, and the national economy into a single factory, a super-syndicate; concessions, private traders and "nepmen" of the NEP period; "Shadows" - entrepreneurs in an illegal position, from the late 20s to the second half of the 80s.

And finally, since the 1980s, another “new” period in the history of entrepreneurship in Russia begins with joint ventures, private entrepreneurs, PBOYULs, individual entrepreneurs, as well as trading houses, corporations and holdings.

As for small and medium-sized businesses, one can trace its ups and downs in a historical context, as well as observe the reasons for such a “wave” in the development of this type of entrepreneurship.

Small business development in Russia

The start of entrepreneurship was for small businesses. The more the market economy developed, the more business people themselves discovered new forms of business organization. And by the beginning of the twentieth century, the race of monopolies began to promote and suppress small and medium-sized businesses.

After the nationalization of all enterprises and resources by the revolutionary authorities, the introduction of a rigid administrative-command system, only small businesses in one form or another managed to stay afloat. With the introduction of the new economic policy, private business has been able to work legitimately again, making a worthy competition to state-owned enterprises.

After the abolition of the NEP, capitalist manifestations in the country of a bright communist future became completely inappropriate, and “private trader and owner” turned into curse words. Once again, though not legal, but solid ground for small private businesses, but already "in the shadows" has appeared.

The entrepreneurial spirit and commercial experience of many citizens turned out to be stronger than fear of the law. And the difficulties of the state economy have made private traders quite competitive in the domestic market of goods and services.

With the decline of the administrative-command method of management, the revival of entrepreneurship in Russia began. Private property and business activities were not only officially allowed, but over time began to receive support from the authorities.

Cooperatives, small ones, and in successful cases of attracting foreign capital, and joint ventures will appear again. A private entrepreneur, a businessman, a business person began to be called prestigious, which fueled the interest in doing business among many. Over time, the most enterprising and active began to expand their business, turning firms into companies, corporations, holdings and concerns, and again ousting small businesses from the market.

Competition in sole proprietorship

Today, the Federal Antimonopoly Service monitors compliance with the rules of fair competition in the markets, mergers and acquisitions of companies, and does not allow the establishment of monopolies. The government regulates the activities of businesses of various forms of organization. For small businesses, some preferences are even created in the field of taxation and lending, i.e. there is special state support, but still it is still difficult to be an individual entrepreneur in Russia.

Changes in legislation (labor, tax) are declared by the state authorities as improving and facilitating the climate for the work of individual entrepreneurs. But in essence, the state remains the “main” dominating entrepreneur. Obeying changes in laws, one often has to change the conditions of one's work, and it is not so easy for a small enterprise with limited means of turnover to do this. And it turns out that it is almost impossible to build a well-established, stable mechanism for doing business. An individual entrepreneur, like no one else, must monitor market trends, monitor demand, improve his product, make it better and more competitive - this is his main task. And all the time and energy are taken away by attempts to comply with new laws: either the area needs to be increased by a meter, or diplomas for employees to get somewhere ...

Another famous stone, and not even underwater, is corruption. And very often an individual entrepreneur finds himself in a situation (administrative barriers to entering the market, additional financial and time costs, etc.), where a bribe makes his life easier for him. “Pay whoever needs it and work calmly” - this rule has been firmly entrenched in our heads over the years of “wild capitalism”, it has not lost its relevance, and now, obviously, bribery is already enshrined in our gene set.

IP difficulties

A modern entrepreneur in Russia does not face racketeering, as in the dashing 90s, but another, no less gangster threat has appeared - raiding. When it comes to large companies, the media talk about it, high-profile litigation is underway, it is very difficult for small businesses to even open a criminal case on raider seizure.

But the biggest difficulty, in my opinion, is the unpreparedness of a person who creates his own business to run it as a process. We can know our business perfectly, do excellent work for which we are willing to pay, but entrepreneurship is different. This is a set of personal qualities, what we call a commercial streak, entrepreneurial spirit, plus flexibility, stress resistance and a willingness to learn, as they say, "on the go." These qualities are given to someone by nature, if not, they can be brought up in oneself, built up.

In any case, 50-70% of individual entrepreneurs closed with the sacramental “business did not go, burned out” is the result of a discrepancy between the personal qualities of the “businessman” and the expected results. It won't be easy, especially at the beginning of the journey. Either you are ready to improve, and not only in your profession, but in the ability to maintain your business mechanism, or simply remain an employee. Running a business, even a very small one, is also a profession. If you turn on, strain, then you can master it.

We hope that Russia will not return to a situation where politics controls the economy. This means that the time will come when the mechanism of interaction between the state and individual entrepreneurs will be perfected, established and stabilized. And if you were able to cope with the current difficulties, then after the end of the transition economy it will be much easier.

A. Goncharuk, [email protected]

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