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System analysis in management. System analysis in management in the study of complex. Socio-psychological aspects of human resource management

The processes taking place in a civilized society make the enterprise an increasingly complex system, as the interests of personnel and product consumers, the economic, political and environmental environment become more complex, the mutual influence of scientific and technological progress and the socio-spiritual sphere increases. For this reason, the processes of enterprise management become more complicated. The importance of system-analytical activity, which ensures integrity in the development of an enterprise as a system, is growing. Not only in the activities of the manager, managerial functions are replaced by an intellectual role, but the tendency of intellectualization is characteristic of the team as a whole. modern enterprise.

Thus, the purpose of this work is to study system analysis in modern management. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Determine the essence of system analysis and highlight its main principles;

consider the enterprise as a purposeful system;

explore the target approach to the formation of an enterprise as a system.

The set goal and objectives determined the structure of the work, which consists of 3 points, sequentially revealing the topic of the work. The information base of the study was the materials teaching aids on system analysis, as well as materials found on the Internet. The methods of logical and system analysis and synthesis are applied in the work.

1. The concept of system analysis and its basic principles

At present, system analysis is a widely used methodological tool in the field of analysis, design and improvement of various economic systems, including enterprises.

System analysis is defined by:

As a set of rules for solving complex problems;

As a complex normative methodology for the analysis and synthesis of complex systems;

As ways to explore complex choice problems under uncertainty;

As a normative methodology for solving complex problems in the face of changing external influences, based on a systematic approach;

As a scientific and applied direction, providing, on the basis of a systematic approach, the solution of poorly structured problems in the presence of significant uncertainty.

Systems are the object of system analysis.

Systems analysis is based on a systematic approach to problem solving, which, in the case of complex large-scale systems, is the only guarantee of a decision that is close to optimal.

The essence of the system approach lies in solving particular problems that are subject to solving problems common to the entire system as a whole.

The system approach has the following distinctive features:

as a result of its adoption, it is possible to solve problems from new points of view;

requires a generalized understanding of the object of study, which is defined as a system;

the process of development, structure and functioning of the system is considered in conjunction;

dynamic understanding of the object, assuming that we are talking about a developing system that changes its state, structure and behavior in the process of development;

research is subject to the definition of a common goal;

understanding the research process itself as a system is the most important distinguishing feature.

In order for a system analysis to give the expected effect when solving specific problems, it is necessary to ensure compliance with certain principles that stem primarily from a systematic approach.

1. The principle of generality of systems. System definition, selection, description of its inputs and outputs should be carried out in such a way that minor deviations at the inputs do not lead to significant changes in the behavior of the system.

2. The principle of "black box" (simulation). Two systems that have the same inputs and outputs, functions and behavior are considered the same regardless of how the input and output transformation process takes place.

3. Principle of target relativity. When describing the goal, it is not necessary (sometimes meaningless) to describe it in all its details. It is much easier to create several models of the system under study, depending on the types of problems that need to be solved.

4. The principle of a single criterion. The main criterion for each particular task should be the efficiency of the system as a whole.

5. The principle of the correct formulation of the problem. It is necessary to determine as accurately as possible the essence of the problem in all its depth, as well as the purpose of the solution and the evaluation criteria.

6. The principle of system orientation. When breaking down (decomposing) a general problem, a task into components, it is necessary to consistently ensure the continuity of essential links between the components in order to constantly see the system as a whole.

2. The enterprise as a purposeful system

Among the systems created by people, one can single out a special category of so-called purposeful systems. These are systems that contain people as their components. From the point of view of the analysis of goals, such systems are particularly complex objects.

Before the First World War, any enterprise was considered only in one way - as a mechanism that provides profit to its owner. Like any other mechanism, it was built on the principle that it was assumed that there were no regularities in the functioning and development of an enterprise. Because of this, the attitude towards the employees of the enterprise was like parts of a mechanism without taking into account their needs, interests, desires, capabilities, patterns of their own, human existence.

After World War I, many social, political, economic processes that took place in society, forced to look at the enterprise with new eyes. The realization came that it is more of an organism than a mechanism, that is, such an object, such a system that has its own laws of development. Such, for example, as growth, survival, the presence of complementary organs, the need for intellectual governing body. It was a period when the managerial layer at enterprises intensively grew and developed - management.

And, finally, the processes of a number of recent decades, especially after the Second World War, have led the world to the concept of an enterprise as an organization in the broad social sense of the word, i.e., a voluntary association of owners and employees who are carriers of individual goals. Therefore, the goal of a modern enterprise cannot be reduced to maximizing profit; the goal of a modern enterprise is the sum of the goals of all its employees, owners, consumers and all other subjects of society somehow connected with it.

To distinguish the goals of human-containing systems from any other, all systems should be divided into two classes - mechanical and organic systems. Mechanical systems can be built largely at the whim of their creators; they have properties set once and for all from outside and have no goals of their own. And organic systems, by analogy with living, biological organisms, have the ability to consciously change, to self-development. Such systems create the organs they lack, the means to achieve their goals. If the management of the enterprise creates conditions for its development, then such an enterprise is able to survive in modern economic conditions and achieve some success. This is a consequence of the fact that the enterprise becomes an open system by reflecting the surrounding world, its changing ideas, values and interests for the purposes of its employees. If you try to build an enterprise according to the laws of functioning of mechanisms, then such an enterprise cannot become anything more than a mechanism doomed to die in the conditions of the modern market, becoming a closed system, unviable and degrading.

The idea that the main goal of an employee is only to receive the maximum salary, that it is the material incentive that is the main motive of his labor activity. Special studies have shown that the needs of a modern worker, which underlie his goals, are multifaceted and multifaceted. In civilized societies, it is not material incentives that come to the fore, but spiritual, psychological, and moral motives. Indeed, modern man feels the need for self-realization, creativity, freedom, public recognition, in a reliable future and, of course, in good financial security. Only such a firm will be fully stable and prosperous, where the most important human and professional needs of its employees will be satisfied.

However, the goals of the firm as a whole cannot be reduced only to the goals of its employees or to the goals of its owners. In fact, the goals of the enterprise should be a harmonious combination - a system of four categories of goals: the goals of its employees, the goals of its owners, the goals of consumers of its products and the goals of society as a whole.

Among all the goals of the company, it is necessary to single out the core, basic goal, which will be the leading incentive for the company's activities; it should play not only an organizing and integrating role, but also an inspiring, propagandistic function. Such a goal is the mission of the company, its purpose for consumers. Naturally, it is publicly announced, advertised, and, most importantly, brought to the consciousness of every employee of the enterprise, prompting him to actively serve for the benefit of the consumer. It is clear that profit maximization cannot serve as the mission of the enterprise, since it is only its internal goal, while the mission is a goal that goes beyond the enterprise. For example, McDonald's mission is to provide fast, quality customer service with a standard set of products. It is clear that the mission of a fashionable restaurant differs significantly from it, because. focused on other customer needs .

All other goals of the enterprise should be a means of realizing its mission. Such means include the marketing service, production, recruitment and training of personnel, research and development, and much more. Naturally, the company's mission can be effectively implemented only when all the means used for this are connected into a single harmonious system. Moreover, each of the means, in turn, is also a system, consists of different components. For example, production consists of interconnected shops, departments, services. Each workshop is also a system that includes machines, equipment, maintenance personnel and much more. It can be concluded that the set of means intended to achieve some goal, for example, the mission of the company, or any other goal, is a system that contains many subsystems, as if “nested” into each other, resembling the design of a “matryoshka doll” ". At the same time, any of these systems has a duality, being both a goal and a means: on the one hand, the integral quality, the role of this system is the goal for which the components of the system are intended as means, and on the other hand, this system itself is a means to achieve a higher level goal. For example, the production of motors is a goal for workers in the engine shop, but a means for the enterprise as a whole.

The method of system analysis aimed at ensuring the unity of the chosen goal and the means to achieve it is the construction of a “tree of goals”. The essential advantage of this method lies in the organic unity of analysis and synthesis. Experience shows that organizations often use mainly analysis in the narrow sense of the word, the division of tasks, problem situations into component parts. The situation is much worse with synthesis, which requires dialectical thinking, a certain philosophical culture. At the same time, management requires a synthetic, systematic approach, since management is an activity that is primarily aimed at uniting, at synthesizing the interests of people. The application of the “tree of goals” method serves to connect analytical and synthetic work in the process of creating a management decision. The very process of dividing the general goal into subgoals serves as a way to combine them, since not only individual components are revealed, but also the relationship between them, the connection with the main goal. Although the tree of goals reflects the structures of systems far from completely, and cannot replace the entire set of system analysis procedures, at the same time, it helps to visually express the “target” approach to organizing a modern enterprise, which is especially important in a dynamic environment that constantly influencing the goals of the enterprise.

3. Target approach to the formation of an enterprise as a system

So, if an enterprise operates in a relatively stable market situation and produces fairly simple and familiar products, then its goals are simple - to maintain or increase the volume of these products. These goals correspond to the shop form of enterprise organization with a linear management structure.

In a dynamic environment, an enterprise with rapidly changing products uses matrix structures. The uncertainty of the environment forces enterprises to create flexible structures - “search” divisions, “venture” (risk) firms.

At first glance, there is such a “chain” of cause-and-effect relationships that are taken into account when creating an enterprise: needs environment- goals of the enterprise - structure of the enterprise. However, in reality, the process of creating an enterprise structure is based on more complex dependencies.

So, for the design of any system, for example, a company, the needs are first determined to satisfy which it was created. At first, this project should be strictly idealized, that is, the most preferable goals, ideals are outlined, and a proposal is made that there are means to achieve them.

This approach makes it possible to make an attempt to really find such funds, to expand the scope of the search, going beyond the standard set of familiar means. If we act by the usual methods, then most likely we will set ourselves only such goals for the achievement of which, as it seems to us, there are real means.

After the procedure for searching for means adequate to idealized goals, which should be carried out with the help of a tree of goals, it is necessary to remember the inevitability of a gap between the planned goals and the results obtained. It is impossible to completely eliminate this gap, but there are methods to reduce them. This is mainly forecasting, a purposeful study of the future result. We can offer a relatively simple technique that allows you to expand your ideas about the future - the “tree of consequences” (Figure 3.1.).

Thus, for the design of goal-oriented systems, we get a more universal tool than the usual tree of goals - a “combined graph”, synthesizing a tree of goals and a tree of consequences.

Rice. 3.1. Tree of goals-consequences

It is believed that many management problems are generated by the fact that management bodies do not take into account the effect of mismatch between goals and results, and sometimes they simply do not know about it. The difference between the final result and the goal remains unnoticed due to the fact that the real means, gradually revealed in the course of activity, gives a series of intermediate results, each of which slightly affects the goal. By the time the final result is obtained, the goal can already be significantly changed, the gap between them is absent or smoothed out and, therefore, invisible.

It is believed that an imperceptible change in the original goal can be considered a pattern of human activity in general and the management process in particular. A number of consequences that are important for management can be deduced from it:

1. It is impossible to absolutize the inviolability of the initial goals of management. Making adjustments to them is natural and requires the use of special procedures.

2. It is necessary to constantly monitor the intermediate results, predict the final result based on them and compare it with the goal.

3. Necessary adjustments should be made to the goals if they become unattainable or require new hard-to-reach or expensive means.

4. It is necessary to make adjustments to the means used if the intermediate results they give show that the final result will diverge significantly from the original goals.

Conclusion

In conclusion of the study conducted in the control work, it should be noted that modern system analysis is an applied science aimed at finding out the causes of real difficulties that arose before the “owner of the problem” (usually this is a specific organization, institution, enterprise, team), and at developing options for their elimination. . In its most advanced form, systems analysis includes direct practical interventions to improve problem situation. In order for system analysis to give the expected effect when solving specific problems, it is necessary to ensure that certain principles are observed.

Awareness of the dependence of the enterprise on external environment, from a society that develops according to its own laws, has led to the emergence of new types of managerial activity over the past decades - forecasting, strategic planning and management. Their essence lies in the scientific knowledge of the patterns of functioning and development of the enterprise and society, the search for optimal means and goals of the enterprise, harmonizing interests.

All these trends are becoming more and more pronounced in the socio-economic life of the Republic of Belarus. Therefore, the imperative of the time is the need to purposefully master the entire arsenal of techniques and methods for researching and managing enterprises in market conditions, mastering a systematic and situational approach. One of the universal methods for designing purposeful systems, one of which is the enterprise, is the goal-consequence tree.

Bibliography

Bovykin V.I. New management. Enterprise management at the level of the highest standards: theory and practice effective management. –M.: Economics, 1997. –366s.

Golubkov E.P. The use of system analysis in making planned decisions. -M.: Economics, 1982. –234s.

Kamionsky S.A. System analysis in modern management. // www.lib.subs.ru

Morrisey J. Target management of organizations. –M.: Sov. radio, 1979 –148s.

Peregudov F.I., Tarasenko F.P. Introduction to system analysis. –M.: Higher school, 1989 –367s.

System analysis in economics and organization of production. / Ed. S.A. Valuev, V.N. Volkov. -L .: Polytechnic, 1991. –228s.

Uemov A.I. System approach and general systems theory. –M.: Thought, 1978. –245s.

Shamov A.A. Territorial management of the national economy. –M.: Economics, 1984. –175s.

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://socrat.info/

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Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

specific feature social role science in modern conditions is the focus of scientific knowledge in general on the creation of effective means of managing both natural and social processes.

Back in the first half of the 20th century, the scale and nature of human impact on nature were such that there was an impressive interval between the possibilities that these conditions contained and their actual use. However, now the situation has changed in the most decisive way. The power of nature has not only ceased to seem infinite, but in many respects already now requires special efforts from society aimed at maintaining it, and even restoring it. In addition, human activity itself becomes a consciously regulated subject of activity: in other words, the impact of a person on the entire system of social, economic and political relations increases sharply, and at the same time, social knowledge of the supplier of instrumental and other means for such an impact increases.

These reasons were the prerequisites for the emergence general theory systems, which took shape as an independent discipline in the 40-50s of the 20th century and is designed to help humanity overcome the shortcomings of narrow specialization, strengthen interdisciplinary ties, develop a dialectical vision of the world, and systemic thinking.

Systems analysis eventually became an inter- and trans-disciplinary course, summarizing the methodology for the study of complex technical, social and political systems. With the growth of the population on the planet, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the threat of hunger, unemployment and various environmental disasters, it is becoming increasingly important to apply systems analysis.

In addition to knowledge of economics, the study of this topic requires knowledge of sociology, psychology, and organization. System analysis provides a toolkit called the system paradigm, without the use of which, the study of this problem becomes much more complicated.

1. The history of the emergence of the general theory of systems, system analysis

In the literature on this issue, there is a relatively clear division of scientists into two camps: supporters of abstract systems theory and supporters of the pragmatic use of systems methodology. Western authors (J. Van Gig, R. Ashby, R. Ackoff, F. Emery, S. Beer) are mostly inclined towards applied systems analysis, its application for the analysis and design of organizations. The classics of Soviet system analysis (A.I. Uemov, M.V. Blauberg, E.G. Yudin, Yu.A. Urmantsev, etc.) pay more attention to the theory of system analysis as a framework for increasing scientific knowledge, to the definition of philosophical categories “system ”, “element”, “part”, “whole”. The range of meanings of the concept of “system” in the Greek language is very extensive: combination, organism, device, organization, union, system, governing body. The first truly scientific work on this topic wrote the Polish Hegelian philosopher B. Trentowski. In 1843 he published the book "The Attitude of Philosophy to Cybernetics as the Art of Governing the People". Trentovsky aimed to build the scientific foundations practical activities leader. He emphasized that truly effective management should take into account all the most important external and internal factors affecting the object of management. The main complexity of management, according to Trentovsky, is related to the complexity of people's behavior. Using the knowledge of dialectics, Trentovsky argued that society, the collective, and the person himself are a system, a unity of contradictions, the resolution of which is development. However, in the middle of the 19th century, Trentovsky's knowledge turned out to be unclaimed. The practice of management could still do without the science of management. Cybernetics was forgotten for a while.

The next step in the study of systemicity as an independent subject is associated with the name of A.A. Bogdanov. From 1911 to 1925 Three volumes of the book "General Organizational Science (Tectology)" were published. Bogdanov came up with the idea that all existing objects and processes have a certain degree, a level of organization. All phenomena are considered as continuous processes of organization and disorganization. Bogdanov owns the most valuable discovery that the level of organization is the higher, the stronger the properties of the whole differ from the simple sum of the properties of its parts. A feature of Bogdanov's tectology is that the main attention is paid to the patterns of organization development, consideration of the relationship between stable and changeable, the importance of feedback, taking into account the organization's own goals, and the role of open systems. He emphasized the role of modeling and mathematics as potential methods for solving problems of tectology. A truly explicit and massive assimilation of systemic concepts, public awareness of the systemic nature of the world, society and human activity began in 1948, when the American mathematician N. Wiener published a book called “Cybernetics ". He originally defined cybernetics as "the science of control and communication in animals and machines". Such a definition was formed by Wiener due to his special interest in analogies of processes in living organisms and machines, but it unnecessarily narrows the scope of cybernetics. Already in the next book "Cybernetics and Society" N. Wiener analyzes the processes taking place in society from the standpoint of cybernetics.

Wiener cybernetics is associated with such advances as the typification of system models, the identification of the special significance of feedback in the system, the emphasis on the principle of optimality in the control and synthesis of systems, the awareness of information as a general property of matter and the possibility of its quantitative description, the development of modeling methodology in general and, in particular, the idea mathematical experiment with the help of a computer. In parallel, and as it were, independently of cybernetics, another approach to systems science was being developed - the general theory of systems. The idea of constructing a theory applicable to systems of any nature was put forward by the Austrian biologist L. Bertalanffy. Bertalanffy saw one of the ways to implement this idea in looking for the structural similarity of the laws established in various disciplines, and, generalizing them, to derive system-wide patterns. One of the most important achievements of Bertalanffy is his introduction of the concept of an open system. In contrast to the Wiener approach, where intrasystem feedback, and the functioning of systems is considered simply as a response to external influences, Bertalanffy emphasizes the special importance of the exchange of matter, energy and information with an open environment. The starting point of the general theory of systems as an independent science can be considered 1954, when the Society for Promoting the Development of General Systems Theory was organized. The Society published its first yearbook, General Systems, in 1956. In an article published in the first volume of the yearbook, Bertalanffy pointed out the reasons for the emergence of a new branch of knowledge: There is a general tendency to achieve unity between various natural and social sciences. This theory can be an important means of forming rigorous theories in the sciences of wildlife and society. The problem of studying control systems has always been relevant, but until recently it was mostly solved within the framework of mathematical disciplines, such as probability theory, mathematical statistics, logic, set theory, and others. Scientists of various specialties were involved in the development of system analysis: , Fedorov is a geologist, Bogdanov is a physician, Wiener is a mathematician, Bertalanfi is a biologist. This once again indicates the position of the general systems theory - at the center of human knowledge. According to the degree of generality, J. Van Gig puts the general theory of systems on the same level as mathematics and philosophy.

Despite its rapid development and introduction into many scientific disciplines, system analysis has not yet become an everyday tool for many managers, scientists, and specialists, especially in the field of domestic management. Perhaps this is due to the lack of social order and relevant literature.

2. System analysis in modern management

At first glance, the basic ideas of systems analysis are simple and seem obvious. For example, the central concept of this science - "system" reflects the idea that various elements, when combined, acquire a new quality that each of them individually lacks. For example, a pile of parts assembled into a car certainly acquires a new quality that the parts lack - the car can drive. Or, for example, in a disparate form, machines, raw materials, people, and so on, do not have the ability to create finished products, but if you combine them into a system - into a firm, then it acquires such an ability. Systems surround us everywhere: every object, phenomenon, process is a system. For example, any living organism is a system, since its cells, tissues, organs are interconnected. Systems, of course, are firms, corporations, banks, branches of the economy, the economy as a whole. Everywhere and in everything where relationships can be identified, one can speak of a system.

The fact that the combination of elements creates a new quality mankind has known for a long time, since the time of Aristotle; and at the everyday level, intuitively, each person uses this ability of systems, combining the objects around him into various combinations, which, acquiring new features that are not characteristic of each object separately, become means of achieving human goals.

Where does a new quality come from in a system if it was absent from its elements? Indeed, individual parts, for example, parts of a car, lack the ability to be a vehicle. And together, being connected in a special way, they suddenly acquire this quality. Where does it come from? It arises due to the connections in the system. It is the connections that carry out the transfer of the properties of each element of the system to all other elements. This is the “secret” of the emergence of new qualities in systems that were absent in elements. Such qualities can be called systemic, thus emphasizing that they are inherent only in systems, and not in their individual elements.

Awareness of the properties of the systems described above makes us pay special attention to the connections between the objects around us, people, processes, ideas, to everything that, when combined, can acquire a new, unexpected, unforeseen quality. "Systems" thinking, by encouraging us to carefully examine the connections in systems, leads to a deeper understanding of the causes of many phenomena that, in a disparate, unrelated form, seemed random, but when combined into a system, help to discover patterns. Thus, many economic problems are generated by political causes. Those, in turn, are rooted in the characteristics of social psychology, which are associated with certain historical traditions.

The systems approach forces us to look at the efficiency of the functioning of systems with different eyes: the interaction between the parts of the system is much more important than the effective work of its individual parts. For example, accurate effective work the marketing department of the company will not give a positive result if its interaction with the production departments is not established, finance department, company management.

None of the elements of a complex system can be known without taking into account its connections with other elements. An attempt to study, for example, the activities of an enterprise, only dividing it into divisions, is doomed to failure. We will never be able to understand why this or that company succeeds if we study each of its shops separately, without connection with the others. Only the general spirit of the corporation, the moral and material incentives operating in the enterprise as a whole, the coherence in the interaction of departments, due to the overall strategy, explain the result of its work. Therefore, the study of complex systems requires not only an analytical, dissecting approach, but also a different one - a holistic one, exploring the system in the unity of all its parts. This approach is based not on the analysis we are accustomed to, but on the opposite research method - synthesis, unification of parts, identification of a systemic quality inherent only in the entire system as a whole.

How to carry out the synthesis? First you need to formulate the reasons that unite the various parts into a whole. Often, to achieve any goals, it is not enough to use separate disparate means that are available. Then these means are combined into a system of means, which, thanks to its integral, new quality, has greater opportunities for the realization of goals than disparate means. Goal achievement is carried out due to the performance by the system of a certain function, role in another, wider system, in which it is included as a part. So the worker performs certain functions in the brigade, the brigade in the shop, the shop in the enterprise, the enterprise in the market. The combination of elements into a whole, which allows you to perform a certain role, the function of a system in a wider system and represents the implementation of synthesis.

Knowing what specific product a firm produces helps us understand the role of that firm in the market. And this, in turn, allows you to understand the features of the work of each of its workshops and departments, and then - and individual worker. Thus, the process of cognition should begin from the whole to the part, from the role of the whole system to the functions of the elements. Of course, in order to understand the work of each element, the whole will have to be mentally divided into parts, however, this analysis procedure must follow the synthesis.

The more complex the systems that we seek to explore or create, the more the importance of the systems approach increases. After all, it is he who gives the key to understanding the purpose of any part, any component of a complex system. This is especially important for the activities of a modern firm, embedded in dynamic systems, in particular, in systems of interethnic economic relations, transnational companies, Information Systems serving the global market, intergovernmental projects involving a significant number of public and private corporations.

The modern manager is increasingly aware of the fact that the company he leads is not isolated, independent organization. It is only part of a large system that has a multifaceted impact on the enterprise. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the impact of not only economic factors. The external environment surrounding any firm is diverse and is a truly complex system in which political factors, current legislation, the government, and factors of scientific and technological progress, and suppliers, and competitors, and consumers, and the socio-cultural environment play a huge role. , and economic factors. In the current conditions, with good reason, we can say that a modern enterprise has become a so-called open system, which is connected with the external environment by thousands of threads; it exchanges information, energy, materials, goods, people, and ideas with it. Even relatively recently, for example, at the end of the last century, when the basic, primary needs of people were mostly unsatisfied, the market was not saturated with goods. Any manufactured product found its consumer. Then the degree of openness of the firm as a system, i.e. communication with the outside world was much less. Now, when, figuratively speaking, not the seller, but the buyer has become the "legislator" in the market, the company is forced to become a truly open system, to become an organic part of society; otherwise, it will not be able to survive and win the competition.

The external environment of the company dictates its harsh conditions for building its internal environment. This is especially noticeable when you compare the internal structure of firms operating in different conditions, in different markets. For example, there is a difference in the internal structure of American and Japanese companies. The structures of enterprises operating in a dynamic or relatively calm environment differ significantly.

For a deeper understanding of the relationship between the external and internal environment of the company, it is advisable to introduce the concept of "polysystem". Its meaning lies in the fact that any object of the world around us belongs simultaneously to many systems. For example, an employee of a firm belongs to one of its divisions, the firm as a whole, a trade union organization, maybe a political party, a family, a sports club, a city, a country, etc. It is important to emphasize that there are contradictions between all systems to which a common element belongs: each of these systems strives for its own, special goal, using any of its elements as a means.

There is another, deeper level of polysystemicity. It consists in the belonging of individual elements of the system to other systems. So, any machine tool that works at an enterprise, and, being an element of this enterprise, at the same time belongs and belonged to many other systems: energy, technological, repair, as well as those systems that designed and built it. All this gives it specific, unique features, leaves its mark on the process of its use in production. Also, the belonging of each employee of the enterprise to many, many systems, not directly connected with the enterprise, gives rise to special features of the employee. Thus, literally every element of the enterprise has a duality - it simultaneously belongs to the enterprise itself and its external environment. Therefore, in any case, every firm is always an open system. Summing up the main provisions of the systems approach, one can argue - and this conclusion is of particular importance for understanding and organizing the activities of enterprises - that any real object is a system of elements, which, in turn, is part of a wider system. All systems and elements are interconnected by diverse links. Systems that are part of a larger system can be called subsystems; and systems covering them, i.e. including these systems in the form of their parts - supersystems.

3. Social specificity modern management

system analysis management

Global informatization and the expansion of the possibilities of physical movement of a person create a “kaleidoscope of civilizations” around him and in his mind, he lives simultaneously in many worlds and dimensions, becomes a direct participant not only in local, regional, but also planetary processes. The degree of its influence on the fate of mankind is increasing, since scientific and technological progress gives it new powerful means of influence.

The intellectualization of the work of a modern worker gives rise to a new self-awareness, makes him increasingly feel that he is not a narrow professional tool, not only a function, but a personality. The automatism of individual life, imposed by traditional social norms, disappears. More and more there is a need to compare their existence with the ultimate meaning of human destiny. Life imperceptibly spiritualizes, the spiritual component gradually intensifies. This happens in all spheres, in particular professional and household. Life as such disappears, ceases to be a sphere of recreation and entertainment and becomes a sphere of personal self-development.

The management structure should be adequate to a person - in terms of complexity, dynamism, completeness of coverage of all processes and problems. simple circuits is indispensable here. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a consciously and constantly reconfiguring control system. It is obvious that the usual functional principle of its design is already outdated and a transition to the problem-target principle is necessary, the essence of which is the purposeful identification of problems, monitoring the process of their development and their proactive resolution. The most difficult thing at the same time is the realization of all the dramatic complexity, multidimensionality of the life of a modern person. This complexity gives rise to new problems that prompt reflection and revision of the usual management mechanisms. The modern worker, more and more from the object of management becomes his subject. The effectiveness of the management mechanism through managers is increasingly questioned - a person himself wants to express his interests. And this has deep meaning: many aspects of the problems of modern man can be adequately expressed only by their carrier. However, on the other hand, their growing complexity and inconsistency for their expression requires special deep knowledge in the field of philosophical anthropology, social and individual psychology, sociology, cultural studies and many other humanities. Thus, science is transformed from an auxiliary element into the main link in the mechanism of organization and management. This is not about replacing the entire system of today's management with science, but only about new approaches to their integration, corresponding to the challenge of the time, about creating an organic unity of management processes and modern science.

The starting point for simulation of the control system modern organization there must, of course, be man himself in all the complexity and inconsistency of his existence.

The goals of the systems are fundamentally different from each other, and the resources to satisfy them are limited, so they fight for the possession of a person. With the exception of cases of obvious struggle, these processes remain outside the scope of public consciousness. Not only social systems influence the thoughts, feelings, behavior and well-being of a person. Its belonging to any other systems is also the most important factor of its existence, a source of psychological and social tension. You can solve this problem, for example, like this:

Reveal the maximum number of social, economic, political, ecological, geographical, ethnic, physical and other systems in which modern man is included.

Formulate the specific goals of each social system.

Determine what functions a person performs in achieving the goals of these systems.

To determine the spheres of the conflict of interests of these systems, the insufficiency of funds as a source of contradictions.

Determine the forms and intensity of influence on a person from non-social systems.

Identify what needs and interests of a person are satisfied by each system.

Consider all the above aspects in historical terms, indicate the origin and change of the identified systemic influences on a person.

Explore studied trends in terms of the future, using forecasting methods.

To formulate a strategy for restructuring systems that allows harmonizing their relations regarding the use of a person as a means, to find a mutually acceptable compromise.

Implement these procedures for each social group.

In the course of social management, a systematic analysis of the goal must be carried out not only from the formal, but also from the substantive side. Ultimately, the goals of any social system are the creation of means to satisfy the individual needs of the people included in it. And the needs of a modern person form the most complex dynamic, difficult to know and difficult to predict system, the simplification of which for the purpose of analysis and management often leads to hidden and obvious social problems. A person simultaneously strives: for stability and for development; to the realization of one's individuality and to belonging to collectives; to knowledge, and at the same time discards "extra" or negative information; to freedom, but fears its burden; to implementation ethical standards, but often experiences not good motives.

In order to harmonize conflicting goals, a common system of means should be created, which, to a certain extent, allows achieving both goals. The composition of the elements and the structure of this system will be determined by the set of goals for which it is being created, because. goals are system-forming, integrating factors. However, it is important to know that there are no exact rules that allow you to build a system of means based on goals. Scientists have proven that it is impossible to completely formalize our knowledge in any kind of human activity; in particular, it is impossible to completely formalize the process of determining goals, means, criteria, and the degree of their correspondence to each other. Therefore, the search for an adequate structure, for example, an enterprise, is carried out not only on the basis of unapplied laws and rules, but also with the help of informal reasoning, analogies, intuition, and experience.

So, if an enterprise operates in a relatively stable market situation and produces fairly simple and familiar products, then its goals are simple - to maintain or increase the volume of these products. These goals correspond to all the familiar shop form of enterprise organization with a linear management structure.

Conclusion

Like other scientific approaches, the systematic approach is not without methodological problems that do not have a satisfactory solution. In the process of applying a systematic approach, problems of dualism, or duality, are revealed. In the practice of systems analysis, these dilemmas have been named: simplicity vs. complexity, optimization vs. sub-optimization, idealization vs. reality, incrementalism vs. innovation, politics vs. science, connection with the surrounding reality, and neutral position.

Besides, public systems not amenable to strict definition in terms of their goals, philosophy and scope. An exhaustive and rigorous solution of social problems is never achieved. Despite the appearance of accuracy, there are neither completely right nor completely wrong decisions. According to Van Gig, "... everything that is currently being done in practice in this direction cannot be considered wrong, and what looks good in theory is right."

However, a systematic approach offers a procedure for planning, designing, evaluating and implementing solutions to problems that are systemic in nature. Therefore, in modern management, sociology, behavioral psychology, there is no alternative to the use of system analysis.

Modern system analysis is an applied science aimed at finding out the causes of real difficulties that arose before the "owner of the problem" and at developing options for eliminating them. System analysis will be useful both for narrow specialists and general theoretical scientists and will serve to bring them closer and enrich them.

List of used literature

Valuev S.A. "System Analysis in Economics and Organization of Production", 2001.

Ignatieva A.V., Maksimtsov M.M. "Research of control systems", 2002.

Kamionsky S.A. "Management in a Russian bank: experience in system analysis and management", 2003.

Lavrienko V.N., Putilova J1.M. "Research socio-economic and political processes", 2004.

1. Posted on www.allbest.ru

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The processes taking place in a civilized society make the enterprise an increasingly complex system, as the interests of personnel and product consumers, the economic, political and environmental environment become more complex, the mutual influence of scientific and technological progress and the socio-spiritual sphere increases. For this reason, the processes of enterprise management become more complicated. The importance of system-analytical activity, which ensures integrity in the development of an enterprise as a system, is growing. Not only in the activities of a manager, managerial functions are replaced by an intellectual role, but the trend of intellectualization is characteristic in general for the team of a modern enterprise.

Thus, the purpose of this work is to study system analysis in modern management. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Determine the essence of system analysis and highlight its main principles;

consider the enterprise as a purposeful system;

explore the target approach to the formation of an enterprise as a system.

The set goal and objectives determined the structure of the work, which consists of 3 points, sequentially revealing the topic of the work. The information base of the study was the materials of textbooks on system analysis, as well as materials found on the Internet. The methods of logical and system analysis and synthesis are applied in the work.

1. The concept of system analysis and its basic principles

At present, system analysis is a widely used methodological tool in the field of analysis, design and improvement of various economic systems, including enterprises.

System analysis is defined by:

As a set of rules for solving complex problems;

As a complex normative methodology for the analysis and synthesis of complex systems;

As ways to explore complex choice problems under uncertainty;

As a normative methodology for solving complex problems in the face of changing external influences, based on a systematic approach;

As a scientific and applied direction, providing, on the basis of a systematic approach, the solution of poorly structured problems in the presence of significant uncertainty.

Systems are the object of system analysis.

Systems analysis is based on a systematic approach to problem solving, which, in the case of complex large-scale systems, is the only guarantee of a decision that is close to optimal.

The essence of the system approach lies in solving particular problems that are subject to solving problems common to the entire system as a whole.

The system approach has the following distinctive features:

as a result of its adoption, it is possible to solve problems from new points of view;

requires a generalized understanding of the object of study, which is defined as a system;

the process of development, structure and functioning of the system is considered in conjunction;

dynamic understanding of the object, assuming that we are talking about a developing system that changes its state, structure and behavior in the process of development;

research is subject to the definition of a common goal;

understanding the research process itself as a system is the most important distinguishing feature.

In order for a system analysis to give the expected effect when solving specific problems, it is necessary to ensure compliance with certain principles that stem primarily from a systematic approach.

4. The principle of a single criterion. The main criterion for each particular task should be the efficiency of the system as a whole.

2. The enterprise as a purposeful system

After the First World War, many social, political, economic processes that took place in society forced us to look at the enterprise with new eyes. The realization came that it is more of an organism than a mechanism, that is, such an object, such a system that has its own laws of development. Such, for example, as growth, survival, the presence of complementary organs, the need for an intellectual governing body. It was a period when the managerial layer at enterprises intensively grew and developed - management.

To distinguish the goals of human-containing systems from any other, all systems should be divided into two classes - mechanical and organic systems. Mechanical systems can be built largely at the whim of their creators; they have properties set once and for all from outside and have no goals of their own. And organic systems, by analogy with living, biological organisms, have the ability to consciously change, to self-development. Such systems create the organs they lack, the means to achieve their goals. If the management of the enterprise creates conditions for its development, then such an enterprise is able to survive in the current economic conditions and achieve some success. This is a consequence of the fact that the enterprise becomes an open system by reflecting the surrounding world, its changing ideas, values and interests for the purposes of its employees. If you try to build an enterprise according to the laws of functioning of mechanisms, then such an enterprise cannot become anything more than a mechanism doomed to die in the conditions of the modern market, becoming a closed system, unviable and degrading.

The notion that the main goal of an employee is only to receive the maximum salary, that it is the material incentive that is the main motive of his labor activity, has long gone. Special studies have shown that the needs of a modern worker, which underlie his goals, are multifaceted and multifaceted. In civilized societies, it is not material incentives that come to the fore, but spiritual, psychological, and moral motives. Indeed, a modern person feels the need for self-realization, creativity, freedom, social recognition, a secure future and, of course, good material security. Only such a firm will be fully stable and prosperous, where the most important human and professional needs of its employees will be satisfied.

3. Target approach to the formation of an enterprise as a system

At first glance, there is such a “chain” of cause-and-effect relationships that are taken into account when creating an enterprise: the needs of the environment - the goals of the enterprise - the structure of the enterprise. However, in reality, the process of creating an enterprise structure is based on more complex dependencies.

Thus, for the design of goal-oriented systems, we get a more universal tool than the usual tree of goals - a “combined graph”, synthesizing a tree of goals and a tree of consequences.

Rice. 3.1. Tree of goals-consequences

1. It is impossible to absolutize the inviolability of the initial goals of management. Making adjustments to them is natural and requires the use of special procedures.

2. It is necessary to constantly monitor the intermediate results, predict the final result based on them and compare it with the goal.

3. Necessary adjustments should be made to the goals if they become unattainable or require new hard-to-reach or expensive means.

4. It is necessary to make adjustments to the means used if the intermediate results they give show that the final result will diverge significantly from the original goals.

Conclusion

In conclusion of the study conducted in the control work, it should be noted that modern system analysis is an applied science aimed at finding out the causes of real difficulties that arose before the “owner of the problem” (usually this is a specific organization, institution, enterprise, team), and at developing options for their elimination. . In its most developed form, systems analysis also includes direct practical intervention in a problem situation. In order for system analysis to give the expected effect when solving specific problems, it is necessary to ensure that certain principles are observed.

Awareness of the dependence of the enterprise on the external environment, on society, which develops according to its own laws, has led to the emergence of new types of managerial activity over the past decades - forecasting, strategic planning and management. Their essence lies in the scientific knowledge of the patterns of functioning and development of the enterprise and society, the search for optimal means and goals of the enterprise, harmonizing interests.

Bibliography

Bovykin V.I. New management. Enterprise management at the level of the highest standards: theory and practice of effective management. –M.: Economics, 1997. –366s.

Golubkov E.P. The use of system analysis in making planned decisions. -M.: Economics, 1982. –234s.

Kamionsky S.A. System analysis in modern management. // www.lib.subs.ru

Morrisey J. Target management of organizations. –M.: Sov. radio, 1979 –148s.

Peregudov F.I., Tarasenko F.P. Introduction to system analysis. –M.: Higher school, 1989 –367s.

System analysis in economics and organization of production. / Ed. S.A. Valuev, V.N. Volkov. -L .: Polytechnic, 1991. –228s.

Uemov A.I. System approach and general systems theory. –M.: Thought, 1978. –245s.

Shamov A.A. Territorial management of the national economy. –M.: Economics, 1984. -one

System Analysis- this is a set of studies aimed at identifying general trends and factors in the development of the organization and developing measures to improve the management system and all production and economic activities of the organization.

System analysis allows you to identify the feasibility of creating or improving an organization, to determine which class of complexity it belongs to, to identify the most effective methods of scientific organization of labor that were previously used.

A system analysis of the activities of an enterprise or organization is carried out at the early stages of work on the creation of a specific management system. This is due to the following reasons:

the duration and complexity of work related to the pre-project survey;
selection of materials for the study;
choice of research method;
substantiation of economic, technical and organizational feasibility;
development of computer programs.

The ultimate goal of system analysis is the development and implementation of the selected reference model of the control system.

In accordance with the main goal, it is necessary to carry out the following studies of a systemic nature:

identify general trends in the development of this enterprise and its place and role in the modern market economy;
establish the features of the functioning of the enterprise and its individual divisions;
identify the conditions that ensure the achievement of the goals;
determine the conditions that impede the achievement of goals;
to collect the necessary data for analysis and development of measures to improve operating system management;
use the best practices of other enterprises;
study the necessary information to adapt the selected (synthesized) reference model to the conditions of the enterprise in question.

The following characteristics are found in the process of system analysis:

the role and place of this enterprise in the industry;
the state of production and economic activity of the enterprise;
production structure of the enterprise;
management system and its organizational structure;
features of the interaction of the enterprise with suppliers, consumers and higher organizations;
innovative needs (possible connections of this enterprise with research and design organizations);
forms and methods of incentives and remuneration of employees

Thus, system analysis begins with the clarification or formulation of the goals of a particular management system (enterprise or company) and the search for a performance criterion that should be expressed as a specific indicator. As a rule, most organizations are multipurpose. A set of goals follows from the characteristics of the development of an enterprise (company) and its actual state in the period under consideration, as well as the state of the environment (geopolitical, economic, social factors).

Clearly and competently formulated goals for the development of an enterprise (company) are the basis for system analysis and development of a research program.

The system analysis program, in turn, includes a list of issues to be investigated and their priority. For example, a systems analysis program might include the following sections:

analysis of the enterprise as a whole;
analysis of the type of production and its technical and economic characteristics;
analysis of the divisions of the enterprise that produce products (services) - the main divisions;
analysis of auxiliary and service units;
analysis of the enterprise management system;
analysis of forms of links of documents operating at the enterprise, routes of their movement and processing technology.

Each section of the program is an independent study and begins with the setting of goals and objectives of the analysis. This stage of work is the most important, since the entire course of research, the selection of priority tasks and, ultimately, the reform of a particular management system depend on it.

In table. 2.1 shows how specific goals and objectives of the analysis can be linked.

As noted above, the primary task of system analysis is to determine the global goal of the development of the organization and the goals of functioning. Having specific, clearly formulated goals, it is possible to identify and analyze the factors that contribute to or hinder the speedy achievement of these goals. Let's look at this with specific examples.

Table 2.1. The main goals and objectives of enterprise analysis

Goal Statement	Analysis tasks	Notes
Increasing the output of competitive products	Market research (supply and demand)	Accepted as development strategy
Increasing the profitability of production	Study of financial condition enterprises	Used as a criterion
Ensuring the rhythm of production	Studying the work of the production and dispatching department	Determination of the optimal size of backlogs
Improving the soundness of production plans	Studying the work of the planning and economic department	Improving Planning
Implementation of marketing research methods	Studying the work of the marketing department	Expansion of the marketing department
Substantiation and development of the enterprise development program	Development of specific business plans for each product	Improved power balance

Figure 2.1 shows an example of structuring the selected goals of the enterprise.

Fig 2.1. Fragment of the organization goals tree

As can be seen from fig. 2.1, in order to achieve goal 1 "Improving the efficiency of the functioning of the enterprise", it is necessary to implement at least three goals:

1.1. "Introduction of new technology";

1.2. "Improvement of the organization of production";

1.3. "Improvement of the management system".

Having identified these sub-goals, it is necessary to investigate and analyze the factors that contribute to their achievement. Consider them in Table. 2.2 and 2.3.

It should be borne in mind that in order to analyze an organization based on a system of goals, it is necessary to identify and formulate the totality of all the goals of functioning at each level of the management system. In this case, the goal tree will be the most complete. the main task such structuring is to bring the goal to each specific unit and performer. This is the key to the successful implementation of the functional strategy of the organization.

Table 2.2. Factors Contributing to Goal Achievement

Table 2.3. Study of factors hindering the improvement of production and management efficiency

Introduction of new technology	Improving the organization of production	Improving the management system
1. Lack of funding for the purchase of new equipment	Lack of volumetric calculations for the introduction of production lines	Delays in making managerial decisions
2. Non-fulfillment of the plan for the introduction of new technology	Isolation of salary from the final result	Overloading of individual structural divisions
3. High energy intensity of technology	Large equipment downtime	Lack of personal responsibility for making managerial decisions
decisions
4. Inconsistency of design and technological studies of products	Late delivery of blanks	Lack of decision-making procedures
5.	Untimely revision of norms and prices	Untimely revision of job descriptions
6.	Low production culture	Lack of job descriptions

As a result of the system analysis, it is necessary to give proposals to justify the feasibility of rationalizing the management system.

Based on these proposals, the following works are carried out:

A decision is made on the implementation of the selected management system model;
Regulatory documentation is being developed;
The final scheme of the management process is being developed;
Specific organizational and technical measures are being developed to improve enterprise management;
Specific scientifically based management methods are selected;
A new corporate culture is being formed.

Description of the presentation SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN MANAGEMENT When studying complex, slide by slide

When studying complex, interconnected problems, system analysis is used, which has been widely used in various fields. scientific activity a person, and in particular in logic, mathematics, general systems theory, etc. System analysis consists of four main stages.

1. The first is to set the task - they determine the object, goals and objectives of the study, as well as the criteria for studying and managing the object. Incorrect or incomplete goal setting can nullify the results of all subsequent analysis. 2. During the second stage, the boundaries of the system under study are outlined and its structure is determined. Objects and processes related to the goal are divided into the system under study and the external environment.

3. The third, most important stage of system analysis is the compilation of a mathematical model of the system under study. First, the system is parametrized, the selected elements of the system and their interaction are described. Depending on the characteristics of the processes, one or another mathematical apparatus is used to analyze the system as a whole.

If complex systems are studied, referred to as generalized dynamic systems, characterized by a large number of parameters of different nature, then in order to simplify the mathematical description, they are divided into subsystems, typical subsystems are distinguished, and links are standardized for different levels of the hierarchy of similar systems. As a result of the third stage of system analysis, complete mathematical models of the system are formed, described in a formal, for example, algorithmic language.

4. The fourth stage is the analysis of the obtained mathematical model, the determination of its extreme conditions for the purpose of optimization and the formulation of conclusions.

Optimization consists in finding the optimum of the considered function (the mathematical model of the studied system, process) and, accordingly, finding the optimal conditions for the behavior of this system or the flow of this process. Optimization is evaluated according to criteria that take extreme values in such cases.

The structural-functional (structural) method is based on the allocation of their structure in integral systems - a set of stable relationships and relationships between its elements and their roles (functions) relative to each other. The structure is understood as something unchanged under certain transformations, and the function as the purpose of each of the elements of this system (the functions of the state, the functions of any body, etc.).

Modeling is a method of studying certain objects by reproducing their characteristics on another object - a model that is an analogue of one or another fragment of reality (real or mental) - the original model. According to the nature of the model, material (objective) and ideal modeling are distinguished, expressed in the corresponding sign form. With ideal modeling, models appear in the form of graphs, formulas, etc. Computer modeling is now widespread.

In economic research, methods such as: factor analysis— a method of studying economics and production, which is based on the analysis of the impact of various factors on the results economic activity, its effectiveness;

correlation analysis - a method in which, given the available data, some dependence is correlated for the future. A section of mathematical statistics that combines practical methods for studying the correlation between two (or more) random features or factors. Correlation occurs when the dependence of one of the signs on another is complicated by the presence of a number of random factors;

economic analysis is designed to substantiate decisions and actions in the field of economics, socio-economic policy from a scientific point of view, to promote the choice the best option actions; macroeconomic analysis covers the economy of a country or even the world economy, entire sectors of the economy and social sphere; microeconomic analysis extends to individual objects and processes, most often takes place in the form of an analysis of the financial and economic activities of enterprises, firms, including an analysis of production volumes, costs, profitability;

retrospective analysis is the study of past trends; prospective analysis is aimed at studying the future; marketing research - marketing analysis - studying the market for goods and services, supply and demand, consumer behavior, market conditions, price dynamics in order to better promote their products on the market; the method of comparative analysis consists in comparing private and general economic indicators in order to identify the best results;

the method of graphic images is widely used in economic research, it helps well to perceive the relationship between different economic indicators, evaluate their "behavior" under the influence of changes in the economic situation. This method is especially suitable for microanalysis. In addition, it should be added about the existence of three principles: - the interaction of theory and practice, the unity of micro- and macro-analysis, real historicism.

System analysis in management is a set of studies aimed at identifying general trends and factors in the development of the organization's management and developing measures to improve the management system and all production and economic activities of the organization. The areas of application of system analysis in management can be determined in terms of the nature of the tasks being solved.

By directions: tasks related to the transformation and analysis of the goals and functions of management; tasks of developing or improving management structures; tasks of designing management systems. According to the levels of economic management, tasks can be distinguished: the national, national economic level; industry level; regional character; level of associations, enterprises.

System analysis in management has a number of features. First of all, these include such as presenting it as a system, attracting experts in various fields of knowledge, organizing brainstorming; application for solving problems with decision uncertainty that cannot be posed and solved by mathematical methods; the use of not only formal methods, but also methods of qualitative analysis, i.e. methods aimed at enhancing the use of intuition and experience of specialists; combining different methods using a single methodology; the possibility of combining knowledge, judgments and intuition of specialists in various fields of knowledge, while the main attention is paid to goals and goal setting.

Problems of system analysis and methods for their solution are classified depending on the tasks to be solved, which can be well structured, or quantitatively formulated, in which significant dependencies are clarified, unstructured, or qualitatively expressed, containing only a description of the most important resources, features and characteristics, quantitative dependencies between which are completely unknown; loosely structured or mixed, which contain both qualitative elements and little known, indefinite sides that tend to dominate.

To solve well-structured, quantitatively expressed problems, problems of linear, nonlinear, dynamic programming, problems of queuing theory, game theory, etc. are used. Methods and procedures for unstructured and weakly structured problems: abstraction and concretization, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, formalization and concretization, composition and decomposition,

Linearization and selection of nonlinear components, structuring and restructuring, prototyping, reengineering, algorithmization, modeling and experimentation, clustering and classification, expert evaluation and testing, verification, program control and regulation.

Control test 1. Empirical methods include: 1. Generalization. Hypothesis. Analysis. Thought experiment. 2. The methods used at the theoretical level of research in management include: Synthesis. Induction. Deduction. Modeling. 3. The method that allows you to generalize single facts to draw conclusions is: Analysis. Induction. Decomposition. Structurization.

4. The thought process, which is based on proof from the general to the particular, is called: Induction. Deduction. Analysis. Synthesis. 5. As a result of what thought process, the object of study, considered as a system, is mentally or practically divided into its constituent elements: Synthesis. Analysis. Deductions. Induction.

7. System analysis in management is: The process of improving the management system in business. A set of studies aimed at identifying general trends and factors in the development and improvement of the organization's management. Analysis of the production and economic activities of the organization. 8. System analysis in management has the following features: Represents it as a system. It is used to solve problems with decision uncertainty. It provides an opportunity to combine the knowledge, judgments and intuition of specialists in various fields of knowledge. All of the above.

9. System analysis helps to solve problems: Unstructured and weakly structured. Well structured. Unstructured, loosely structured, and well structured. 10. For unstructured and weakly structured tasks, methods are used: Analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. Compositions and decompositions. Expert assessment and testing. All right.