Ecological characteristics of the oil and gas complex. Ecology of the oil and gas production complex Compensation for damage to the natural environment
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By discipline Environmental Protection
Environmental Assessment oil and gas industry
Introduction
The state of the environment natural environment is one of the most acute socio-economic problems that directly or indirectly affect the interests of every person.
Mankind transforms animate and inanimate nature much faster than their evolutionary restoration takes place. The consumption of oil and gas is incomparable, for example, with the rate of their formation.
Humanity is currently in a period of over-intensive use of resources. environment- the consumption of resources exceeds their growth, which inevitably leads to the exhaustion of resources.
The current ecological state of the territory of Russia can be defined as critical. Intensive environmental pollution continues. The decline in production was not accompanied by a decrease in pollution, because. in the conditions of market relations, they began to save even more on environmental costs. Against the backdrop of deteriorating socio-economic living conditions for Russian citizens, the problem of environmental problems has become particularly acute. It poses a real threat to the very biological foundations of the health and livelihoods of the country's population.
At the same time, it is important to take into account that the negative consequences of environmental processes are characterized by a significant inertia. So, if today the emission of ozone-depleting substances completely stops, then their amount already accumulated in the atmosphere will destroy the ozone layer for decades to come. The consequences of the release of radioactive substances from nuclear bombs exploded in the atmosphere and underground and from operating nuclear power plants will also have a negative impact on the state of the environment for many years to come.
Subsoil protection provides for the implementation of a set of measures aimed at preventing oil losses in the subsoil due to poor quality of well drilling, violations of the technology for developing oil deposits and operating wells, leading to premature flooding or degassing of reservoirs, fluid flows between productive and neighboring horizons, destruction of non-bearing rocks, casing columns and cement behind it.
Environmental protection provides for measures aimed at ensuring the safety of settlements, the rational use of land and water, the prevention of pollution of surface and groundwater, the air basin, the preservation of forests, nature reserves, protected zones, etc.
Monitoring is a system of long-term observations, assessment, control and forecast of the state and change of objects. It is customary to divide monitoring into basic (background), global, regional and impact (in especially dangerous zones and places), as well as by methods of conducting and objects of observation (aviation, space, human environment).
Oil pollution monitoring is a separate section of the environmental quality management system, which includes the collection and accumulation of information about the actual parameters of the main components of the environment and the preparation of a forecast of changes in their quality over time.
The concept of monitoring provides for a special system of observation, control, evaluation, short-term forecasting and determination of long-term trends in the state of the biosphere under the influence of technogenic processes associated with the exploration and development of oil fields.
1. Environmental assessment of the oil and gas industry
oil producing man-made pollution
The oil and gas industry is one of the most environmentally hazardous industries. It is characterized by high earth capacity, significant polluting capacity, high explosion and fire hazard of industrial facilities. Chemical reagents used in drilling wells, extraction and treatment of oil, as well as produced hydrocarbons and impurities to them are harmful substances for flora and fauna, as well as for humans.
Oil and gas production is dangerous due to the increased accident rate of work, because the main production processes take place under high pressure. Field equipment and pipeline systems operate in aggressive environments.
Let us illustrate in figures the main patterns of the influence of oil and gas industry facilities on the environment.
The determining factors of the global oil and gas industrial technogenesis are:
The scale of oil and gas production;
The level of their loss of natural and processed form.
At modern ways development, about 40-50% of proven oil reserves and 20-40% of natural gas remain unextracted from the bowels, from 1-17% of oil, gas and oil products are lost in the processes of production, preparation, processing, transportation and use.
Large complexes of the oil and gas industry and settlements transform almost all components of nature (air, water, soil, flora and fauna, etc.).
More than 3 billion tons of industrial solid waste and 500 km 3 of sewage are annually thrown into the atmosphere, water bodies and soil in the world.
The nomenclature composition of toxic pollution contains about 800 substances, including mutagens (affecting heredity), carcinogens, nerve and blood poisons (functions nervous system), allergens, etc.
Recently, Russian oil-producing enterprises alone have annually emitted more than 2.5 million tons of pollutants into the atmosphere, burned about 6 billion m
Unregulated in an ecological sense, the growth in the production of oil, gas and other fuel and energy resources has led to dangerous degradation processes in the lithosphere: landslides, earthquakes, sinkholes, local movements of the earth's crust, etc., which negatively affects the distribution of the Earth's geomagnetic and gravitational fields.
According to the second factor of regional-ecological significance:
Losses of oil in the world during its production, processing and use exceed 45 million tons per year, which is about 2% of annual production. Moreover, 22 million tons of them are lost on land, about 7 million tons - in the sea, and up to 16 million tons enter the atmosphere due to incomplete combustion of petroleum products during the operation of automobile, aircraft and diesel engines.
Flares account for the largest amount of emissions of substances polluting the atmosphere, especially in emergency situations. Calculations showed that 75% of the emissions are carbon monoxide: CO. With incomplete combustion of petroleum gas, it enters the upper atmosphere, where it is oxidized to CO 2 and participates in the creation of the "greenhouse" effect.
Emission of pollutants (pollutants) from oil production facilities creates zones at the field where surface concentrations exceed MPC by 3-10 times.
At present, the scale of impact on nature has begun to exceed its recovery potential.
The volume of pollutants in the air and water, soil is constantly growing. The natural environment is irreversibly and dangerously changing. Industrial facilities are sources of emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere and cause an increased risk of so-called acid rain. The natural environment not only changes itself, but also changes a wide variety of biological species (biocenoses).
Thus, in all kinds production activities enterprises of the oil and gas industry, the environment is used as a source of consumed natural resources and as a natural reservoir for storing hydrocarbon raw materials and for dumping unsuitable for further use at this stage of development of industrial waste.
In matters of environmental protection, there are two extreme opposite opinions.
One is that intervention in the environment must be sharply limited, because. modern methods management can lead to catastrophic consequences.
Another opinion is that the potential for self-restoration of nature is quite large and therefore it is not necessary to spend large amounts of money on its protection and reclamation work.
With regard to the oil and gas region, the concept of approach to environmental problems should also take into account the following factors:
1. In order to survive, a person must manage the land, extract oil, gas and other minerals.
2. At the present stage of development of science and technology, there are no such technologies for the extraction, transport and refining of oil that would be implemented without a negative impact on nature.
Rational nature management is a compromise between the need for action to ensure economic activity and the corresponding state of the natural environment.
(i.e. it is necessary to optimally combine factors 1 and 2: to extract oil and develop deposits, minimizing negative consequences, restoring disturbed territories as much as possible, preventing accidental oil spills).
Successful implementation of any compromise solutions can only be achieved through the formation and observance of restrictive measures that determine: 1) the content and 2) the conditions for the reasonable use of natural resources and 3) the environmental safety of the decisions made.
The international community, seeking to give development a sustainable and long-term character so that it meets the interests of the current generation, without depriving descendants of the opportunity to satisfy their needs, within the framework of the UN adopted a number of important decisions and policy documents. This is first of all:
Declaration of the UN Conference on the Environment, held in Stockholm in 1972;
Declaration of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in 1992. in Rio de Janeiro;
Program of Action for the 21st Century, adopted by the UN General Assembly at its nineteenth special session in 1997.
Our country does not remain aloof from the general planetary trends. In Russia, in order to implement a consistent transition to sustainable development Presidential Decree in April 1996. also adopted the "Concept of the transition Russian Federation towards sustainable development”. It is also important that this document reflects one of the basic principles of the Declaration adopted in Rio de Janeiro: in order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection must be an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.
However, on the way to implement the concept of sustainable development, Russia faces a number of intractable problems. It is no secret that many sectors of the domestic economy are structurally deformed and inefficient, and the negative impact on the environment in Russia is higher than in technologically advanced countries. We still have not found application in a number of developed countries, for example, in Japan, the practice of excluding the cost of treatment facilities from the taxable base of the property of enterprises and providing preferential targeted investment loans aimed at improving the environment.
As in any period of transition for the country, the risk of deterioration of the environmental situation in existing industries has now significantly increased, which is explained by constant financial shocks, chronic non-compliance with technological regimes, dilapidated equipment, etc. The former practice, based on coercive methods of observing the environmental safety of production (through norms, laws, rules), still maintains a stable position today. The economic mechanism of environmental protection, as before, is a system of payments for the use of natural resources, for emissions and discharges of pollutants, waste disposal and other types of harmful effects on nature. This system, given the new economic and legal relations, is obsolete and does not meet modern requirements.
There is no doubt that the creation of favorable conditions for reducing environmental pollution is possible only through the combined efforts of the government, legislators and producers of the national product. There is a need to create a mechanism for cooperation between environmental organizations and industrialists, aimed at the joint preparation and implementation of environmental programs and projects, the search for sources of their financing, and the rapid exchange of information in this area. Moreover, it would be expedient to change the methods for calculating production efficiency in such a way that this indicator is directly dependent on environmental safety.
1.1 The concept of environmental protection
The modern concept of environmental protection is based on the provisions of the science of the interaction between society and nature, environmental state policy and the principles of environmental protection developed in the practice of developing countries.
Awareness of the danger of degradation of the natural environment led to the emergence of a new form of interaction between society and nature - the protection of the natural environment. Initially, it manifested itself in the form of conservative, reserved protection of rare, noteworthy objects of nature, natural monuments, natural ecological systems. The intensive exploitation of natural resources, caused by the development of industry and agriculture, has led to the need for a new type of environmental protection activity - rational use natural resources, in which protection requirements are included in the process of economic activity on the use of natural resources.
The growth in the scale of industrial activity has led to an increase in the negative impact of man on nature as his habitat, and this, in turn, has endangered his life and health, the interests of present and future generations of people. Under such conditions, the conscious thought began to prevail that there is and operates not only the dependence of nature on man, but also man on his environment. In this regard, one of the main forms of protection has arisen - the protection of the human environment, the focus of which is on a person, his life, health, his right to a healthy and favorable environment for life.
IN modern conditions not only the content of the form of nature protection activities is being improved, but also the goals of protecting the natural environment and methods for their implementation are being specified. From solving problems of a purely quantitative nature (protection of individual natural objects, rational use of certain natural resources), society is gradually moving to the fundamental problems of its interaction with nature - ensuring the quality of the natural environment, i.e. maintaining such a state of natural and human-transformed ecosystems, in which their ability to constantly exchange substances and energy within nature, between man and nature and reproduce life is preserved in full.
In natural ecosystems that have not experienced a significant degree of anthropogenic impact, the quality of the natural environment is provided by nature itself. When doing business in such conditions, the challenge is not to upset the existing balance. In disturbed ecosystems, the improvement of the quality of the natural environment is achieved by regulating the degree of satisfaction of the economic interests of manufacturing enterprises and the requirements of environmental protection of nature. This method of regulation is called environmental quality management. It reveals the essence of environmental protection in modern conditions - the achievement of an optimal ratio of economic and environmental interests of society, which ensures the quality of human life, i.e. its material and spiritual needs are satisfied on the basis of the further development of the economy and a healthy, productive, diverse natural habitat surrounding it is preserved.
1.2Legal aspects of environmental protection
Environmental policy and the principles of its implementation underlie the formation, development and improvement of the system of environmental legislation.
Environmental legislation is a set of legal norms adopted by the state and aimed at protecting and preserving natural values, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, ensuring, shaping and improving the quality of the environment in the interests of present and future generations.
According to its structure, environmental legislation consists of the main (basic) law and sectoral legislative acts. The main environmental law is comprehensive, i.e. in its content, it covers not one or a group, but the entire set of objects or the entire natural environment as a whole. characteristic feature of this law is the combination of environmental interests with economic activities that affect the natural environment, the greening of industrial activities, and compliance with the requirements of health protection.
Sectoral environmental legislation has a four-tier structure, subdivided into laws, government regulations, regulations of ministries and departments, acts local authorities authorities. Industry principle legal regulation environmental protection dominates in the legislation of the Russian Federation. The main environmental laws of the Russian Federation are devoted to the use and protection of individual objects of nature.
The main feature of environmental legislation at the present stage is the increase in its active role in regulating economic relations, in introducing environmental rules into regulations governing the planning, design, construction, commissioning, operation of enterprises, equipment and other facilities that have a direct and indirect impact on environment.
The objects of protection are understood as natural benefits, values of nature, its sights and monuments, natural resources, human environment. Such natural objects are: earth, subsoil, water, air, flora and fauna. In addition, the laws mark landscapes (typical and rare landscapes, landscapes, characteristic landscapes), natural monuments, places of interest and objects of nature, nature reserves, reserves, resorts, recreation areas, green spaces of settlements.
The classifying feature, which determines the assignment of certain objects of the material world to protected objects of nature, is the ecological relationship with the natural environment, due to which the natural substance withdrawn by man from nature ceases to be an object of protected nature and goes into the category of commodity values.
In addition to individual natural objects, environmental legislation provides for the concept of "natural resources". The Law on Nature Protection of the Russian Federation emphasizes that the totality of natural resources constitutes natural wealth (Article 14 of the Law).
Natural resources are divided into two types - ecological and economic. In the first case, they cover all of nature as the source of life. In the second, they are interpreted in a narrower sense - as sources of material production of society, objects of consumption of nature by society, serving as natural raw materials, material for human economic activity. The limited economic resources of nature, their irreplaceability (minerals) or their relatively long reproduction (forests) necessitates the organization of their rational use.
The objectives of environmental protection are divided by legislation into general and special. The general goals are to ensure a favorable quality of the environment, ecological balance, human health and human well-being, the preservation of the beauties of nature, a productive and diverse natural environment for people.
Special goals indicate specific tasks arising from the general goal, in relation to certain types environmental protection activities of enterprises, the protection of individual natural objects and complexes. In particular, special purposes are disclosed in the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on land, waters, subsoil and forests.
Ways to achieve goals and objectives are diverse. In modern environmental literature, quite often one has to deal with an equivalent assessment of such concepts as environmental protection, environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, provision of nature management, etc. Protection is increasingly used in relation to nature in its proper sense, and protection - to the environment surrounding man. This interpretation is accepted by the law of the Russian Federation on nature protection, it is also typical for international documents.
The law on nature protection also reveals ways to solve environmental issues. They consist in carrying out measures to prevent, prevent and eliminate pollution of the environment, other harmful effects of economic activity, in the organization of a reasonable, scientifically based, rational and planned use of natural resources, restoration and reproduction of natural resources, the formation of a favorable environment for humans, education ecological consciousness in society, a rational attitude to the natural environment as the environment of human life and the material basis for the development of society.
The protection of the natural environment is provided by various methods - biological, chemical, physical, mechanical, sanitary and hygienic, etc. Legal protection of the environment is one of the ways of environmental protection, in which the ecological function of the state is manifested.
It consists in the issuance and application of laws, resolutions, and other normative acts aimed at protecting the natural environment.
The legal method of environmental protection includes:
Objects of nature to be protected; fixative, restrictive, permissive measures of protection;
Control over their observance and implementation;
Measures of responsibility and compensation for harm.
On the basis of environmental and economic norms, technical norms and standards are developed in which environmental imperatives are implemented. According to the specified norms and standards, planning, design, construction and operation of production and other facilities is carried out.
These groups of norms reveal one side of the legal mechanism of the natural environment, its other side is the system of guarantees. It includes: economic guarantees (planning, material incentives), organizational (management, control), legal (responsibility), ideological (education).
The system of legal priorities is important for evaluating the results and choosing a solution. The legislation establishes sectoral priorities (agricultural land, drinking water, etc.) and general priorities, which are human health, human well-being.
This whole set of norms forms a legal branch - environmental law.
The subject of environmental law is the environmental relationship between enterprises and nature. These relations are divided into two types: resource (land, water, forest) - relations for the use of the natural environment and environmental - for its protection.
These two types of relations exist in the unity of their interconnections. But this unity is contradictory. The use of the natural environment necessitates its protection. Protection, in order to fulfill its tasks, limits its use by the requirement to comply with the laws of the development of nature, i.e. rationalizes it.
The unity and interconnection of resource and environmental relations underlie legal regulation environmental relations.
This regulation has three stages. At the first stage (resources), the main attention was paid to the organization of the use of natural resources to meet the needs of the national economy. Legal regulation was built on the basis of land law. Gradually, within the framework of land law, the share of norms regulating water, mountain and forest relations began to increase. In the Russian Federation, this regulatory process has led to the formation of natural resource law, integrating the land, mining (subsoil), water, and forestry branches of law.
At the second stage (environmental), the main task of the legal regulation of environmental relations manifested itself in the protection of the environment. The variety of forms of environmental protection (conservation, rational use, rehabilitation) contributed to the isolation of this system of legal regulation into an independent legal branch.
At the third stage (ecological) there is a need for a closer unity of these two relatively independent systems on a common ecological basis. Economic activity is the motivating factor.
This problem arose in connection with the solution of issues of environmental management of large regions and natural complexes. This required a comprehensive solution of economic problems with the priority of environmental (rather than economic) laws.
Thus, the development of forms of interaction between society and nature at the present stage naturally led to the emergence of environmental law as a system of norms regulating resource and environmental relations in the process of economic use of the natural environment.
This system is based on the current environmental and resource legislation, as well as environmental and legal acts of economic, administrative, labor and other branches of law. Its principles are enshrined in the Law on Nature Protection.
1.3 Compensation for environmental damage
In principle, any economic activity associated with interference with the natural environment violates the established ecological ties and dependencies in it, causes harm to it, which can be expressed in pollution through the release of harmful production wastes, the use of chemical plant protection products in agriculture, damage, deterioration, deterioration of the quality of individual components of nature, the destruction of ecological ties and ecological balance during the construction of industrial facilities, and similar results of human transformation.
According to its consequences, the harm caused to the natural environment can be economic and environmental.
Economic harm is manifested in the form of loss of property, estimated income. It is caused to the nature user.
Environmental harm is expressed in losses in the natural environment due to its pollution, depletion, destruction. Its features are in two features: the remoteness of the fact of causing harm from its manifestation in reality; irreparable and irreversible harm when it is caused to irreproducible objects of nature, human health, his life, the genetic program of the living.
Economic damage is compensated according to the rules of property liability: the provision of an equivalent thing or by natural or monetary compensation.
In-kind and monetary compensations are also used for compensation of environmental damage. However, in-kind compensation is possible here in strictly limited cases, when it is possible to restore losses in the natural environment and its resources. Monetary compensation is expressed in the costs of restoring, improving, improving the natural environment, because not all of them can be valued in money, and the alleged damage, due to the remoteness of its manifestation, in some cases does not have a real amount.
Economic and environmental harm are interrelated. So, economic harm entails environmental harm, and vice versa, the deterioration of the environmental situation causes losses in the economy.
Another important circumstance that affects the methods of compensation for damage to the natural environment is the division of this harm into lawful and unlawful. Legitimate harm is permitted by law due to the inevitability of economic activity. Illegal or unlawful harm occurs as a result of violation of environmental legislation in economic activity.
The objective boundary between them is the limits of economic impact on the environment established by law, which exclude the occurrence of harmful consequences. Such objective criteria for differentiation include state environmental quality standards, other conditions that determine the possibility and acceptability of a normal environmental risk.
The rightful harm is planned. It proceeds from the real possibilities of restoring losses in the natural environment. Therefore, the infliction of such harm in the process of production and economic activity and its compensation are provided for in state planning targets. The obligation of ministries and departments, enterprises and organizations to compensate for legitimate harm arises from their economic activities upon the fact of causing harm and is called economic responsibility.
Unlawful harm is an integral part of an environmental offense. It is compensated if there is a fault of the tortfeasor in the order of legal, or rather, civil liability.
These two types of liability perform the following functions - reparative (compensation for harm caused), repressive (punishment for harm by recovering the cost of the harm caused or imposing the obligation to eliminate its consequences in kind); educational (influence on legal and environmental education nature user and prevention of harm).
If legal liability measures are associated, as a rule, with a violation of established legal regulations in the field of environmental protection, then economic measures usually occur upon the fact of causing harm to the natural environment.
Economic measures serve three functions. Of paramount importance is their stimulating function, which makes it possible to materially interest enterprises that pollute the natural environment in carrying out a set of environmental measures to ensure environmental safety. Another function is compensatory, aimed at restoring losses in the natural environment. It should also be noted the preventive effect of such measures to prevent possible deviations from environmental safety requirements in the planning, location and design of polluting enterprises and other facilities.
Economic measures include various types of economic payments for emissions of pollutants into the environment, payments for the use of natural resources, compensation for losses in the natural environment. As a rule, they are applied in cases of lawful infliction of harm in the course of economic activity. The amount of such payments increases if the user of natural resources exceeds the limits of environmental impact established for him.
The most common measure of economic impact is economic payments, which are established for the use of the natural environment for the collection and disposal of production waste. They exist in the form of economic fines, contributions, discharges from resource-using enterprises. Household payments are collected in accordance with the established procedure at the expense of the enterprise and directed to the implementation of measures to protect the natural environment.
Economic standards for payment for emissions of pollutants into the natural environment take into account the characteristics of natural complexes, the composition and properties of emissions, and the costs necessary to eliminate or prevent pollution. The source of such payments is the profit (income) of the enterprise. For exceeding the permissible emissions, accidental pollution of the natural environment, the amount of the fee is increased by a multiple of the standard. Emissions fees are collected in an indisputable manner.
Environmental offenses of a lesser degree of danger are the subject of administrative responsibility. The most common measure of administrative liability for environmental offenses is a fine imposed in accordance with the law by the state environmental authority.
In addition, among the measures of administrative influence, the following are applied: warning, remark, public censure, seizure of illegally produced products, tools, tools and other items used for the misappropriation of natural objects. As a measure of administrative restraint, such a means of influencing the violator as restriction or prohibition, termination of the activity of an economic facility that pollutes the environment is used.
2 . Organization and management of environmental protection at the enterprises of the oil and gas industry
The environmental protection service at oil-producing enterprises is created with the aim of organizing the environmental protection activities of enterprises and all its divisions. It is responsible for ensuring the implementation of measures for the protection of the environment, regulated by the relevant regulations. In its work, the service is guided by the principles of environmental protection management, which are based on targeted and integrated approaches to the problem.
The environmental activities of enterprises are built taking into account the unity of purpose and the main interests of environmental protection at all levels of management from the enterprise to the national economy as a whole. The main goal of the environmental protection activities of oil and gas producing associations and their enterprises and organizations is to reduce the negative impact production processes on the. environment. Consequently, the main task of environmental protection services is to organize work to reduce the negative impact of enterprises on the environment of the region.
Environmental protection covers a whole range of technical, technological, organizational and economic measures carried out with one goal - to reduce the impact of production processes on the environment. Hence the need arises to develop an approach to organizing the management of this area of enterprise activity.
The principle of comprehensiveness in the management of environmental protection involves taking into account all aspects of environmental protection, including the issues of determining the environment in the production process, the sources and extent of pollution, assessing the economic damage caused to the national economy by environmental pollution, implementing environmental protection measures and determining their economic efficiency, overall assessment environmental activities of enterprises, development of effective ways to reduce the negative impact of production processes on the environment. Determination of ways to improve the environmental performance of oil and gas producing associations and its enterprises involves not only the development and implementation of the most effective measures, but also the improvement of the regulation and planning of environmental protection costs, the improvement of the system of economic incentives for the implementation of measures, incentives, improved propaganda, etc.
One of the most important principles of managing the environmental activities of enterprises is to take into account the specifics of the industry's impact on the environment. The main specificity of the oil industry is the territorial dispersion of field facilities, the long length of oil pipelines and water conduits, the toxicity and environmental hazard of the materials and chemicals used, oilfield wastewater and production waste for the environment, the water intensity of technological processes and consumption a large number fresh water. This increases the risk of pollution of water bodies, land and air in large areas and damage to a large number of enterprises and farms located on the territory of the oil-producing region. Therefore, environmental protection is put forward among the main production tasks of enterprise teams.
An important principle of environmental protection management is the national economic, state approach to the problem. The essence of the national economic approach is, first of all, that the activity of enterprises should be assessed in terms of the damage that is caused various industries national economy by environmental pollution by this enterprise. In addition, when calculating the economic efficiency of environmental protection measures, it is necessary to take into account the economic effect of preventing pollution. The measures carried out by oil enterprises, despite the high costs of their implementation, are effective from the point of view of national economic interests. Such an approach will make it possible to overcome the subjective barrier to the implementation of environmental measures, which is expressed in relation to the costs of environmental protection on the part of manufacturers as inefficient, reducing the profitability of their own production.
To coordinate the environmental activities of all enterprises and organizations that are part of the oil and gas producing association, a special department for environmental protection operates in the management apparatus of the production association in accordance with the existing "Model Regulations on the Department for the Protection of the Environment, the Environment and the Subsoil of the Production Enterprise".
According to the standard provision, the department is subordinate to to CEO or chief engineer of the enterprise. The main function of the department is to manage the departments of the environmental protection service of enterprises and organizations and departmental control over their activities. The department is responsible for the development and implementation of measures aimed at reducing the harmful effects of the enterprise's production activities on the environment, for the technically correct and promising development of enterprises and organizations in environmental protection issues.
In accordance with the main tasks for the protection and rational use of natural resources, the environmental protection department of a manufacturing enterprise is entrusted with the following functions:
1. Development and submission in accordance with the established procedure to the higher organization, coordinating organizations of consolidated projects of integrated programs, long-term and annual plans for nature protection and rational use of natural resources for a manufacturing enterprise and control over the implementation of these plans and programs.
2. Development and coordination with environmental authorities, as well as with the State Sanitary Supervision, the State Inspectorate for Fish Protection, the State Inspectorate for Regulation of the Use and Protection of Waters and the State Inspectorate for Controlling the Operation of Gas Cleaning and Dust Collecting Plants in the prescribed manner of consolidated integrated programs, long-term and annual plans implementation of the achievements of science and technology for the protection of nature and the rational use of natural resources of a production enterprise and control over the implementation of these programs and plans.
3. Determining the conformity of the technique and technology used in manufacturing plant, the current level of development of science and technology in terms of the requirements for nature protection and rational use of resources.
4. Coordination of orders, terms of reference and conditions for the creation and implementation of new technological processes, technical means in terms of nature protection, including technological processes borrowed from other industries and purchased abroad,
5. Participation in the creation and implementation of new technological processes, technical means and organization of equipping pollution sources with treatment facilities that ensure the reduction of emissions of harmful substances into water bodies, the atmosphere and soil to the standards of maximum permissible emissions (discharges) or temporarily agreed emissions (discharges). Control over the operation of these facilities.
6. Consideration of project documentation and issuance of conclusions regarding compliance with the rules of nature protection and rational use of natural resources, including:
projects of new technological processes, technical means, preparations;
projects for the reconstruction of technological processes, technical means, including the use of equipment, technological processes; introduction of launch complexes, etc.
7. Organization of conferences, meetings, seminars, schools of excellence and exhibitions on nature protection and rational use of natural resources.
8. Departmental planned and selective control over the activities of enterprises and organizations in terms of compliance with the rules of nature protection and rational use of natural resources.
9. Participation in planning and control over the rational use of material, financial and human resources for the protection of the environment and the bowels of the production enterprise.
In order to ensure effective control over the state of the natural environment on the territory of oil and gas fields, the prompt implementation of measures to prevent environmental pollution, effective, active environmental protection services have been created at all enterprises and divisions (NGDU, UBR). The main duty of such a service is the organization of work on environmental protection.
The main work of this division is the annual certification of all sources of environmental pollution, the development of measures to reduce the negative impact of production processes on the environment, the analysis and control of the results and their implementation, the involvement of all heads of enterprises, workshops and divisions and public organizations in the cause of environmental protection.
2.1 Principles of environmental protection management in the oil industry and gas industry
The problem of nature protection cannot be solved in isolation from a number of issues related to the functioning of the economic mechanism of nature management.
The main functions of management are planning, organization, control, regulation, accounting, etc.
The planning function in environmental quality management is of paramount importance, and two sides are distinguished in environmental management: management through the organization economic activity and direct management of environmental objects.
The main goal of management should be the development of the economy while reducing the consumption and use of environmental resources. At the same time, it is necessary to seek to limit the negative impact of production on the environment and, if possible, to improve the state of the environment.
In accordance with the current principles, the responsibility for the state of environmental protection is assigned to the chief engineers of enterprises and organizations of production associations, who are responsible for:
Organization of the investigation and operational management of the elimination of pollution of water sources and land in case of burst emissions;
Environmental protection and organization of investigation, operational management of the elimination of pollution of water sources and land;
Environmental protection and organization of an investigation, operational management of the elimination of pollution of water sources during burst emissions during well drilling;
protection of subsoil and the environment in the exploration and development of oil fields.
A set of measures for the protection and rational use of natural resources is being introduced at enterprises and organizations that are part of production associations.
When drilling wells, the following activities are carried out:
Implementation of the cluster method of well construction in order to reduce the occupation of agricultural land;
Preservation of the fertile soil layer, reclamation of temporarily allotted lands after drilling is completed;
Organization of land accounting;
Cleaning and reuse drilling fluids;
Isolation of absorbing and freshwater horizons to exclude their pollution;
The use of non-toxic reagents for the preparation of flushing liquids;
The use of appropriate types of flushing fluids to prevent oil and gas shows;
Cementing of wells up to the mouth to exclude pollution of freshwater horizons;
Elimination of drilling waste and fuels and lubricants without causing damage to nature;
Provision of workshops and subdivisions of the UBR with schemes of entrances to drilling rigs, construction of power lines and water conduits;
Implementation of other measures for environmental protection and rational use of natural resources.
During the production, preparation and transportation of oil and gas, the following activities are carried out:
Purification and reuse of oilfield wastewater in the reservoir pressure maintenance system (RPM) of oil and gas fields;
Construction of facilities for the treatment and disposal of wastewater;
Organization of preliminary discharge of associated water at the fields;
Protection of pipelines and equipment from corrosion, selection and application of inhibitors and bactericides;
Regular monitoring of the technical condition and tightness of the well stock, pipelines and equipment, timely detection and elimination of leaks;
All-round reduction of fresh water consumption;
Collection and utilization of associated petroleum gas;
Use of wastewater from third-party enterprises for waterflooding of productive formations;
Repair and replacement of old pipelines and equipment of oil and injection wells;
Quality control of pipeline construction;
Development of measures to protect the environment during repair and restoration work on wells;
Protection of land resources, restoration of land after pollution; elimination of oil sludge without damaging the environment, etc.
Environmental protection laboratories have been organized in the oil and gas production departments (NGDU) as part of the research and industrial works workshop (TsNIPR). The laboratory performs the following works:
Study of the chemical composition of waters from control water points, compilation of overview maps of the areas of operation of the OGPD and a diagram of river basins with the application of possible sources of pollution, development of measures to prevent pollution of water sources;
Certification of oil and water pipelines, analysis of their operation and causes of accidents, identification of dangerous places, development of measures to improve their reliability and reduce accidents;
Determination and study of the corrosion rate at installations and pipelines, development of measures to reduce accidents:
Testing and implementation of new corrosion inhibitors and bactericides;
Substantiation of consumption rates of inhibitors, control over the state of the dosage of inhibitors into the pipeline system;
Quality control of wastewater treatment injected into productive formations;
Study of the parameters of working areas (measurements of the noise level, vibration, efficiency of ventilation installations, illumination of workplaces, gas contamination in workshops and workplaces), development of measures;
Determination of oil losses during preparation, infield gathering and transportation.
The Environmental Protection Service of the UBR has the following responsibilities:
Organization of land accounting;
Drawing up a schedule and control over the return of temporarily occupied lands;
Ensuring the maximum implementation of the cluster method of well construction in order to reduce the occupation of agricultural land;
Provision of workshops and subdivisions of the UBR with schemes of entrances to drilling rigs, construction of power lines and water conduits, agreed with land users;
Providing driver training for all Vehicle and special equipment about the routes of travel to the objects and the inadmissibility of entering agricultural land;
Implementation of control over the implementation by all divisions and shops of the UBR of measures for the protection of the environment and the rational use of natural resources.
The tasks of the environmental protection services also include the development of a plan for environmental protection measures, operational (quarterly or monthly) plans for the implementation of measures, and monthly monitoring of the implementation of these measures. Every month, a certificate on the implementation of environmental protection measures is submitted to the labor and wages department, where the reasons for the non-fulfillment of measures are deciphered. Information on the implementation of the action plan for environmental protection is taken into account when remunerating engineering and technical workers for the results of the production activities of enterprises.
The quality of oilfield wastewater treatment remains unsatisfactory, which is primarily due to the lack of treatment facilities and the emergency state of existing facilities. There are emissions of petroleum gas into the atmosphere and its flaring due to the lack of facilities for its disposal or the absence of consumers, especially for hydrogen sulfide-containing associated gas. The facts of volley discharges of polluting industrial effluents into water bodies, damage to land as a result of breaks in oil pipelines and waste water bodies have not been eliminated. There are many accidents at oil-extracting enterprises. Accounting for water consumption and water disposal is not organized everywhere, there is practically no accounting for oil and wastewater losses during production, treatment and transportation, and the release of other pollutants into the environment.
2.2 System information support
The information support system consists of quantitative indicators about resources, polluting agents, their volumes, sources of pollution, sanitary state of the environment, etc.
At present, data on resource use and environmental pollution in the industry are submitted to policymakers as a summary report on statistical reporting forms No. 2-TP (vodkhoz) "Report on the protection of atmospheric air", No. 2-TP (vodkhoz) "Report on water use ", No. Z-OS "Report on the construction of water protection facilities and the termination of the discharge of polluting wastewater". The information contained in these documents adequately reflects the quantity and quality of substances polluting water bodies and the atmosphere. However, it is still difficult to control the filling of documents. Of particular difficulty in obtaining the necessary information is the primary accounting of pollution. Poor technical equipment with instrumental equipment does not allow the departments responsible in the industry for nature protection to carry out sufficiently accurate control. In this regard, methodological developments on environmental and economic assessment, built on aggregated indicators using a minimum of information, are of particular importance for the industry. The use of data on individual activities as the basis for information support will allow, along with the improvement of planning, to organize quality control and accounting.
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The environmental hazard of production is typical for many industries - chemical, food, textile, woodworking, mining, production building materials, transport, etc. The oil and gas industry is no exception.
The first characteristic feature of the oil and gas production is the increased danger of its products, i.e. produced fluid - oil, gas, highly mineralized and thermal waters, etc. These products are fire hazardous, dangerous for all living organisms in terms of chemical composition, hydrophobicity, if gas in high-pressure jets can diffuse through the skin into the body, in terms of abrasiveness of high-pressure jets. The gas, when mixed with air in certain proportions, forms explosive mixtures. The degree of such danger was clearly manifested during the accident, which occurred not far from the city of Ufa. There was a gas leak from the product pipeline, an accumulation of explosive components formed. From the spark (trains were moving on this section) there was a powerful explosion, which led to many casualties.
The second feature of oil and gas production is that it is capable of causing deep transformations of natural objects of the earth's crust at great depths - up to 10-12 thousand meters. Large-scale and very significant impacts on reservoirs (oil, gas, aquifers, etc.) . Thus, intensive oil extraction on a large scale from highly porous sandy reservoirs leads to a significant decrease in reservoir pressure, i.e. formation fluid pressure - oil, gas, water. The load from the weight of the overlying rocks was initially maintained both due to stresses in the rock skeleton of the formations and due to the pressure of the formation fluid on the pore walls. With a decrease in reservoir pressure, the load is redistributed - the pressure on the pore walls decreases and, accordingly, the stresses in the rock skeleton of the reservoir increase. These processes reach such a wide scale that they can lead to earthquakes, as was the case, for example, in Nefteyugansk. It should be noted here that oil and gas production can affect not only a single deep-lying reservoir, but also several reservoirs of different depth at the same time. In other words, the equilibrium of the lithosphere is disturbed; the geological environment is disturbed.
In the practice of oil and gas production, long-term outflows of mineralized waters from wells and sulfur manifestations from reservoirs are also known.
In order to maintain reservoir pressure, the injection of surface water and various mixtures into reservoirs is widely used, which leads to a complete change in the physical and chemical situation in them. Gridin believes that water-oil emulsions, various suspensions are formed in the reservoirs, the chemical composition of the waters changes, the pores can become clogged with sediments formed during the reaction of surface water with reservoir waters, foreign bacteria can develop there, etc.
During the construction of the main production facility oil and gas production, i.е. when drilling a well in the interval opened by it, all layers receive a hydraulic communication channel between themselves and the atmosphere. Under certain conditions, resulting from a violation of drilling technology or its imperfection, the exposed layers communicate with each other and water, oil and gas can flow between the layers. In emergency situations during open spouting, fluids can pour out onto the surface and directly pollute the environment - soils, lands, waters, atmosphere, vegetation.
After the elimination of fountains, high-pressure fluids often flow through the overlying formations to the day surface in the form of griffins. In cases of jamming fountains (gas) with the help of atomic explosions, some slight increases in the level of radioactivity were observed.
Modern technology well casing is imperfect and does not provide reliable isolation of the formations behind the casing string. For this reason, inter-layer fluid flows from high-pressure reservoirs to low-pressure reservoirs occur through the annulus of most operating wells, i.e. most often from the bottom up. As a result, the quality of the entire hydrosphere deteriorates sharply.
In the process of drilling wells, even without disrupting the technology, drilling fluids enter the absorbing horizons, as well as the penetration of the fluid filtrate into the near-wellbore space. Thus, the pollution of the hydrosphere is carried out at all stages of the life of the well, at all stages of its operation.
It is the processes listed above that led to pollution drinking water on the territory of Tatarstan. Its residents in many settlements are forced to use imported drinking water.
The third feature of the oil and gas production is that almost all of its facilities, used materials, equipment, machinery are a source of heightened danger. This also includes all transport and special equipment - automobile, tractor, air, etc. Dangerous pipelines with liquids and gases under high pressure, all power lines, many chemicals and materials are toxic. Highly toxic gases, such as, for example, hydrogen sulfide, can come from the well and stand out from the solution; are environmentally hazardous flares in which unused associated petroleum gas is burned.
In order to avoid damage from these hazardous objects, products, materials, the system for collecting and transporting oil and gas must be sealed.
However, accidents at these facilities, as well as at steam and clay pipelines, lead to very serious environmental consequences. So, gusts of oil pipelines and clay pipelines pollute land, soil, water.
The fourth feature of the oil and gas production is that for its facilities it is necessary to withdraw the corresponding plots of land from agricultural, forestry or other use. In other words, oil and gas production requires the allocation of large plots of land (often on highly productive lands). Oil and gas production facilities (wells, oil collection points, etc.) occupy relatively small areas in comparison, for example, with coal pits that occupy very large areas (both the quarry itself and overburden dumps). However, the number of oil and gas production facilities is very large. Thus, the stock of wells in oil production is close to 150,000. Due to the very large dispersion of oil and gas production facilities, the length of communications is very large - permanent and temporary roads, railways, waterways, power lines, pipelines for various purposes (oil, gas, water, clay, product pipelines, etc.). Therefore, the total area allocated for oil and gas production - arable land, forests, hayfields, pastures, reindeer mosses, etc. large enough.
The fifth feature of the oil and gas production is a huge number of vehicles, especially automotive vehicles. All this equipment - automobile, tractor, river and sea vessels, aircraft engineering, internal combustion engines in the drives of drilling rigs, etc. pollute the environment in one way or another: the atmosphere - with exhaust gases, water and soil - with petroleum products (diesel fuel and oils).
In terms of the level of negative impact on the environment, oil and gas production occupies one of the first places among the sectors of the national economy. It pollutes almost all spheres of the environment - the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and not only surface, but also underground waters, the geological environment, i.e. the entire thickness of the formations penetrated by the well together with the fluids that saturate them.
The nature of the impact on the environment is due, in particular, to the fact that all technological processes oil and gas production - exploration, drilling, production, processing, transport - have a negative impact on the environment.
It should be taken into account that the period covering exploration, prospecting and the actual construction of oil and gas facilities (OGC) is, as a rule, much shorter than the planned life. However, technogenic impacts in this period are characterized by a much greater intensity than during operation, although they are of a different nature. Environmental damage is mainly due to physical and mechanical impacts on soils, soils, flora, fauna, destabilization of the hydrological situation, activation of erosion processes, reduction of vegetation, pollution of water bodies, death of ichthyofauna, scaring away of animals, negative, as a rule, impact on the way of life of the indigenous population. developed territories, etc. These types of environmental damage become especially dangerous in combination with the low technophilicity of the developed territories.
Already only the indicated circumstances put forward environmental problems oil and gas construction in a number of the most important, requiring deep and comprehensive study, their mandatory consideration in the design, engineering surveys and construction of oil and gas complex facilities.
The solution to the problem of environmental support for oil and gas construction is carried out on the basis of a systematic program-target approach, since each time an interconnected solution of a whole range of tasks is required related to determining the sources of harmful effects and pollution throughout the totality of oil and gas construction technologies; ecological reserves of developed territories; the nature of the interactions of the construction industry with the components of the natural environment, taking into account regional factors; environmental situation at the start of construction (background state) and the forecast for the period of construction and operation, i.e. assessment of real and potential environmental hazard for the entire period of the facility's existence for normal and emergency situations; systems of criteria and quantitative indicators of landscape resilience to impacts and the effectiveness of environmental protection measures, etc.
The environmental problems of oil and gas construction have become especially acute during the development of oil, gas and gas condensate fields in the North and the Far North. Western Siberia and the European part of Russia. The extreme nature of the ecological situation there is due to the widespread occurrence of permafrost (PFR), low biological activity, and scarcity of local flora and fauna due to a long period of negative temperatures. Specific natural-climatic, engineering-geological, geocryological, hydrological, geobotanical, etc. the conditions of permafrost areas, as well as the increased fragility and vulnerability of the ecosystems of the Far North, are also complicated by the social and domestic problems of small peoples inhabiting these areas, which places special demands on tactics and strategies for the development of Arctic and subarctic hydrocarbon deposits. Technical solutions for the production, collection, treatment and transport of oil and gas, organization and construction technology are being continuously improved in this direction.
The main directions of improvement are the reduction of terms and the improvement of the quality of construction, the reduction of the area of expropriated land, the industrialization of construction and the corresponding reduction in the employment of workers, the seasonal regulation of construction. An increasingly rigid focus on environmental conservation has led to a change in the structure and composition of projects, the inclusion in them of independent environmental sections, not only constructive, but technological and organizational, preceding and completing the main construction and installation work. Accordingly, the structure of investments in oil and gas construction is also undergoing changes. The volume of financing of all environmental protection measures - or integrated engineering and environmental support - should reach 7-10% of total costs, depending on the environmental characteristics of a particular region being developed.
In areas with difficult natural and climatic conditions, the composition and structure of engineering surveys change radically. They include additional detailed geocryological surveys, a large biological block, a study of social problems of development, etc. A new element of the survey should be an inventory of environmental violations, on the basis and results of which a system of permanent engineering and environmental monitoring is formed throughout the developed territory.
The significant increase in business environmental costs recorded by KPMG analysts makes it possible to predict an increase in demand for environmental engineers. How things are with salary offers in those industries where the work of environmentalists is most relevant, and why 85% of graduates of environmental faculties do not work in their specialty, the Research Center of the recruiting portal has figured out the site.
Demanded but unpaid
KPMG published a report according to which the environmental costs of business in the world increase by 2 times every 14 years. According to analysts, the growth of this type of costs is already having a significant impact on business profitability. KPMG experts argue that such a rapid increase in environmental costs may threaten the sustainable development of a number of industries. This is especially true for enterprises Food Industry and beverage manufacturers. This also applies to the oil and gas and mining industries, electric power, metallurgy and air transportation.
Russia, as a rule, belatedly adopts global trends, however, in our country, issues of environmental support for production and construction are increasingly attracting the attention of specialists. So in the medium term, we can predict an increase in demand for environmental engineers. And to Russian companies prepared to expand its green workforce, the Recruitment Portal Research Center website compared the salary expectations of environmental engineers working in industries that will be most affected by rising environmental costs.
Environmental engineers who are looking for work in the field of oil and gas engineering have the biggest salary claims: they want to receive an average of 41,000 rubles. Their colleagues, who plan to work in the automotive, energy and beverage industries, are counting on a salary of 40,000 rubles. For 38,000 rubles. claim ecologists from the metallurgical industry and construction. And at food industry enterprises, environmentalists are ready to work for 37,000 rubles.
An interesting fact is that among environmental engineers, job seekers in the automotive industry, the oil and gas industry, metallurgy, the percentage of working applicants is very high, it is 69%. For comparison, on average in the market, the share of working applicants is 50.8%, i.e. a quarter less. This means that the majority of environmentalists in these industries are looking for a job without leaving the previous one, and the share of applicants without work experience is not so large here. It follows from this that environmentalists are in demand, they do not remain without work, but the conditions offered by employers are not very attractive. Therefore, having got a job, specialists do not stop looking for something more interesting.
Of course, this applies to those specialists who work in the field of education received, and this is about 15% of all graduates who have received an environmental diploma. The remaining 85%, frightened by low starting salaries and the lack of significant growth prospects along with huge responsibility, leave to work in other areas: sales, advertising, etc. Moreover, only 18% of ecologists receive a second higher education, which means that the majority of ecologists who do not work in the field of environmental protection do not have a higher education in the profile of their real work.
Job Responsibilities
The environmental engineer ensures that the activities industrial enterprise did not harm the environment. His responsibilities include:
Monitoring compliance with environmental legislation at the enterprise;
- participation in the environmental review of projects, technologies, equipment of the enterprise;
- drawing up plans for environmental protection, monitoring their implementation;
- development of measures to prevent environmental pollution;
- development and approval of design and permit documentation;
- assessment of industrial environmental hazards and risks;
- drawing up reports on the implementation of environmental protection measures.
Salary offers and requirements of employers
The average salary offer for environmental engineers in Moscow is 36,000 rubles, in St. Petersburg - 28,000 rubles, in Volgograd - 16,000 rubles, in Yekaterinburg - 23,000 rubles, in Kazan and Ufa - 17,000 rubles, in Nizhny Novgorod, Samara and Rostov-on-Don - 18,000 rubles, in Novosibirsk and Chelyabinsk - 20,000 rubles.
Graduates of environmental faculties the first time after graduation will have to work literally "for the idea." Starting salaries for young professionals who do not have experience in environmental protection, alas, are not too high. So, in the capital they range from 20,000 to 25,000 rubles, in St. Petersburg - from 16,000 to 20,000 rubles, in Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod - from 9,000 to 12,000 rubles. Young professionals should be proficient in specialized software, know the environmental legislation, the requirements of regulatory and methodological materials for environmental protection, the system of environmental standards and regulations.
| City | Income level, rub. (no work experience) |
|
| Moscow | 20 000 - 25 000 | Higher specialized education |
| St. Petersburg | 16 000 - 20 000 | |
| Volgograd | 9 000 - 11 000 | |
| Ekaterinburg | 13 000 - 16 000 | |
| Kazan | 9 000 - 12 000 | |
| Nizhny Novgorod | 9 000 - 12 000 | |
| Novosibirsk | 11 000 - 14 000 | |
| Rostov-on-Don | 10 000 - 13 000 | |
| Omsk | 10 000 - 12 000 | |
| Samara | 10 000 - 13 000 | |
| Ufa | 9 000 - 11 000 | |
| Chelyabinsk | 11 000 - 14 000 |
Jobs offer higher salaries to environmental engineers with at least 1 year of work experience. Employers require applicants to have knowledge of the procedure for conducting environmental monitoring, experience in compiling and submitting reports to supervisory authorities. Applicants are also expected to have strong environmental calculation skills. Salary offers for specialists meeting the specified requirements in Moscow are increased to 30,000 rubles, in the northern capital - up to 23,000 rubles, in Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod - up to 14,000 rubles.
| City | Income level, rub. (with 1 year work experience) |
Requirements and wishes for professional skills |
| Moscow | 25 000 - 30 000 | - Knowledge of environmental monitoring procedures - Knowledge of the procedure for reporting to supervisory authorities (quarterly, annual, etc.) - Skills in carrying out calculations for environmental protection |
| St. Petersburg | 20 000 - 23 000 | |
| Volgograd | 11 000 - 13 000 | |
| Ekaterinburg | 16 000 - 19 000 | |
| Kazan | 12 000 - 14 000 | |
| Nizhny Novgorod | 12 000 - 14 000 | |
| Novosibirsk | 14 000 - 17 000 | |
| Rostov-on-Don | 13 000 - 15 000 | |
| Omsk | 12 000 - 14 000 | |
| Samara | 13 000 - 15 000 | |
| Ufa | 11 000 - 14 000 | |
| Chelyabinsk | 14 000 - 17 000 |
Entry into the next salary range is open to environmental engineers with more than 2 years of experience, who previously participated in the development and approval of design and permit documentation. An additional advantage in employment will be the presence of professional certificates. The salary of such specialists in Moscow reaches 42,000 rubles, in the city on the Neva - 33,000 rubles, in Nizhny Novgorod - 20,000 rubles, in Kazan - 19,000 rubles.
| City | Income level, rub. (with 2+ years experience) |
Requirements and wishes for professional skills |
| Moscow | 30 000 - 42 000 | Experience in the development of design and permit documentation and its coordination with Rostekhnadzor, Rospotrebnadzor, etc. Possible request: certification in the field of environmental safety |
| St. Petersburg | 23 000 - 33 000 | |
| Volgograd | 13 000 - 18 000 | |
| Ekaterinburg | 19 000 - 26 000 | |
| Kazan | 14 000 - 19 000 | |
| Nizhny Novgorod | 14 000 - 20 000 | |
| Novosibirsk | 17 000 - 24 000 | |
| Rostov-on-Don | 15 000 - 21 000 | |
| Omsk | 14 000 - 20 000 | |
| Samara | 15 000 - 21 000 | |
| Ufa | 14 000 - 19 000 | |
| Chelyabinsk | 17 000 - 24 000 |
In order to qualify for the maximum salary, applicants must have experience as an environmental engineer in big company from 3 years. Experienced professionals should have experience in creating an environmental management system for an enterprise, practical knowledge and skills in implementing an ISO 14001 environmental management system. Fluency in English will also come in handy. The highest salary offers recorded among the vacancies of the capital reach 100,000 rubles. In St. Petersburg, experienced environmental engineers earn up to 78,000 rubles, in Nizhny Novgorod - up to 47,000 rubles, in Kazan - up to 46,000 rubles.
| City | Income level, rub. (with experience from 3 years) |
Requirements and wishes for professional skills |
| Moscow | 42 000 - 100 000 | Experience in creating a system for managing the environmental aspects of an enterprise Possible Wish: Knowledge in English at a conversational or fluent level |
| St. Petersburg | 33 000 - 78 000 | |
| Volgograd | 18 000 - 44 000 | |
| Ekaterinburg | 26 000 - 63 000 | |
| Kazan | 19 000 - 46 000 | |
| Nizhny Novgorod | 20 000 - 47 000 | |
| Novosibirsk | 24 000 - 56 000 | |
| Rostov-on-Don | 21 000 - 50 000 | |
| Omsk | 20 000 - 48 000 | |
| Samara | 21 000 - 50 000 | |
| Ufa | 19 000 - 45 000 | |
| Chelyabinsk | 24 000 - 56 000 |
Applicant portrait
The study of the resume database made it possible to draw up a portrait of a typical applicant for the position of an environmental engineer. Among applicants for this position young women with higher education are in the lead. Representatives of the stronger sex in this area are a minority - 24%. Most applicants are under 30 years old (77%). Higher education 93% of environmental engineers have. 12% of specialists are fluent in English.
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