The evolution of the service sector in asia. Service sector in the modern economy Specificity of Russia's GDP

In modern conditions successful development national economy and its inclusion in the system of international division of labor is impossible without the development of the service sector. The structure of the GDP of all developed countries is characterized by a high share of the tertiary sector (65-70% and more). In Russia, the share of services in total GDP increased from 34.9% in 1990 to 60.4% in 2003 (i.e., 1.7 times), subsequently slightly decreasing to 57.9% in 2007. . (Table 1).

Table 1

The share of the gross value added of the service sectors in GDP (at current basic prices, as a percentage of the total), classification of OKVED *

As a result, “nominally”, in terms of the share of the service sector in GDP, Russia is at the level of developed countries with a post-industrial economy. However, it would be premature to talk about the final transition of the Russian economic system to post-industrialism. In particular, in international markets, Russia continues to act primarily as a supplier of raw materials. Nevertheless, the dynamics of the country's economy after the transition from administrative-planning to market principles of management is increasingly determined by the dynamics of the service sector. In these conditions, it seems relevant to study the role of the non-material sector in the modern reproduction process within the framework of the national economy of Russia 1.

The most noticeable growth in the share of gross value added in the structure of GDP in current prices was observed in the period from 1990 to 2007 in the following industries: in communications - by about 1.7 times; in wholesale and retail trade - by about 3.4 times (the greatest growth was observed in 1991-1992 - from 12.2 to 29.1%); in financial activities- approximately 5.8 times (the greatest growth was observed in 1992-1994 - from 2.2 to 5.2%); in real estate transactions (in the OKONKh nomenclature) - by about 37 times - from 0.1% in 1991 to 3.7% in 2003 (the most rapid development occurred in 1998-2002).

Analysis of the real dynamics of GDP and its components shows that the GVA in constant prices in the service sectors fell more slowly than in the real sector of the economy, and in some sectors, even in the most difficult for Russian economy During periods, the volume of GVA in constant prices not only did not decrease, but also increased at a high rate (Table 2).

table 2

Dynamics of GVA in service sectors and GDP,% (in constant prices of 1995, 1995 = 100), classification of OKONKh *

* According to .

In particular, such branches of the service sector include real estate transactions, finance, credit, insurance, health care, physical culture and social security, education, culture and art (their physical volume of production increased throughout the period 1991-2003), and also communications, trade and procurement, information and computing services (in these industries, despite the fact that the final dynamics turned out to be positive, in the period up to 1999 there was a decrease in the physical volume of GVA).

On the whole, for the entire service sector, the physical volume of output reached the 1995 level in 1997, while for the real sector sectors this happened only two years later (in 1999). in some sectors that provide services, the physical volume of GVA decreased more than in the real sector of the economy (for example, geology and exploration, science and scientific services).

Thus, if we consider the structure of GDP in constant prices of 1995, then the share of all sectors of the service sector in GDP by 2003 turned out to be 11.4 percent. p. less than the same indicator in current prices (Fig. 1). This indicates that the share of service industries in GDP was growing not only because the physical volume of production in service industries fell more slowly than in the real sector, but also largely because the growth in prices for services outpaced the growth in prices for goods. thereby creating a large added value in the service sectors (this was especially clearly manifested in 1991-1994 and 2001-2003).

Speaking about the role of the service sector in the functioning of the domestic economy, one cannot but mention the quality and quantity of factors of production used in it. The main production resource in this area is labor. Therefore, an increase in the output of many sectors of the service sector, naturally, could not occur without an increase in the number of people employed in these sectors and, accordingly, the cost of wages.

All sectors of the service sector are characterized by the presence of an element associated with inflation in wages. The decline in wages after 1998 led to the fact that inflation lost its decisive significance for its dynamics, and as a result of this, the growth rates of labor costs have sharply decreased since 1995, when the period of hyperinflation had passed.

It can be argued that in most service industries that provide predominantly non-market services (education, health care, science and scientific services, culture and art), wage played a compensating role (the growth of incomes of people employed in these sectors partially compensated for the rise in prices for goods and services for the population), i.e., the increase in wages in this sector of the economy was mainly determined by the inflation rate. However, since this measure was clearly insufficient, there was a significant reduction in the number of people employed in these sectors.

At the same time, in wholesale and retail trade, in transport and in communications, financial activities, the growth rates of wages were determined not only by the inflation rate, but also by the fact that wages played a stimulating role, attracting specialists from other sectors of the economy and raising the prestige of these rapidly developing activities. Nevertheless, it is worth noting the fact that the official growth rate of wages, for example, in the "financial activity" sector, exceeded the same indicator in the "education", "culture and art" sectors by only 1.5 times, which clearly did not correspond to the prevailing situation on the labor market and was an indirect evidence of an increase in the share of unofficial wages in the most dynamically developing branches of the service sector (Table 3).

Table 3

The number of employees and the wage fund in the service sectors (in actual prices, as a percentage of the total), classification of OKVED *

The requirements for the level of education of personnel formed in the service sector were, for the most part, very low (work as a seller, courier, etc. did not imply higher or secondary specialized education), and the level of wages, nevertheless, was higher than in real sector (for example, engineers). This mismatch between the level vocational training and the level of wages, of course, attracted in the service sector not only specialists who had already received education in other specialties and previously worked in the real sector, but also young people who had just made their choice future profession... As a result, a significant part of young people during that period either, in general, abandoned higher or secondary specialized education, or chose professions related to activities in the service sector. As a result, a structure of specialists has developed that does not correspond to the current situation of industrial growth.

At the same time, labor productivity (the ratio of output in current prices to the number of people employed in the corresponding type of activity) in the service sector throughout the period from 1991 to 2006 was lower than the average for the economy (Table 4). At the same time, since 1995, the level of labor productivity in the non-material sector in relation to the average for the economy has been steadily declining (with the exception of 2003). The lowest indicators were observed for the types of activities “education” and “health care”, which is understandable given the fact that many relevant organizations provide non-market services to the population.

Table 4

The ratio of the level of labor productivity in the service sector and in the economy,%, classification of OKVED *

Attention is drawn to the lower than in the real sector, labor productivity in trade organizations, despite the fact that the output of the "trade" industry grew at the most significant rates. A similar situation was observed practically in the entire analyzed period for the types of activities "transport and communications", "transactions with real estate, rent and provision of services", "public administration". Thus, it can be argued that currently labor resources in the domestic economy are distributed inefficiently: by the end of 2006, labor productivity was lower than in the real sector, for almost 65% of those employed in the service sector (excluding those employed in education and health care) ...

In conditions of economic growth, provided mainly by the branches of the real sector, one of the important limiting factors is called the deficit labor resources... In addition to demographic problems, the reason for this deficit, in our opinion, is the ineffective distribution of labor resources between the real sector and the intangible sphere, when the share of the service sector in GDP production is decreasing (since 2003, see Table 1).

A significant problem in a number of industries providing services is also the lack of own fixed assets and significant investments to increase fixed capital. These "capital-intensive" areas of activity include, first of all, transport and communications; public administration and military security; housing(as part of the section "transactions with real estate") and utilities (as part of the section "other utilities, social and personal services"), to a lesser extent - health care; education; trade, hotels and restaurants.

Thus, transport and communications account for about 30% of the fixed assets of the economy, operations with real estate - about 25%, healthcare - 5%, and public administration - 3%. The share of the service sector in fixed assets in the economy as a whole increased from 49.7% in 1995 to 70% in 2006.Since 1998, the growth rate of the volume of fixed assets in this area ranged from 108 to 135% per year in the current prices, and from 100.6 to 101.5% in constant. At the same time, the dynamics of the volume of fixed assets in the real sector until 2000 was negative even at current prices and only since 2005 exceeded the dynamics of fixed assets in the service sector.

These structural changes in fixed assets were accompanied by a change in the structure of investments in fixed assets: if in 1990 the share of service industries in the total volume of investments was 30.7%, then by 1998 it increased to 58.2%, slightly decreasing by 2006 up to 54.3%. However, it should be noted that the disproportion in the structure of fixed assets turned out to be much stronger than in the structure of investments: the share of the service sector in the total volume of investments remained more or less stable in 1998-2006. (at the level of 50-55%), while its share in the total volume of fixed assets increased by 16% over the same period. In our opinion, this discrepancy can be explained by several reasons. First, more sustainable financial position allowed service enterprises to sell their investment projects with a smaller share of construction in progress than was possible in the real sector. Secondly, the very nature of investments in the intangible sector is different than in industry: investment objects are usually not so large-scale, respectively, the investment cycle and risks are much smaller, and this is a lot important factor in the context of high inflation, which devalues ​​investments in the form Money temporarily not involved in the process of creating material fixed assets.

Higher financial stability enterprises in the non-material sphere was provided through the redistribution of the economy's profits in favor of this sphere. If in 1991 the share of the service sector in the total gross profit and gross mixed income of the economy was 36.6%, then already in 1995 it exceeded 53%, and in 2002 reached its historical maximum - 67.5%. The data for 2006 indicate that this share has decreased by 10%. p., nevertheless remaining quite high - about 57%. Moreover, more than 90% of the profits received by enterprises in the service sector fell on enterprises of four types of activities (in descending order): trade, real estate transactions, transport and communications, and financial activities. The outsiders turned out to be economic entities that provided services in the field of health care, education and government controlled, which, however, is natural, since most of them do not pursue the goal of maximizing profits, but operate on a budgetary basis to ensure the rights of citizens to free education, medical assistance etc.

In our opinion, such a radical change in the structure of the distribution of national profits is caused primarily by imbalances in the dynamics of prices for goods and services during the transformation of the Russian economy and the consolidation of this price imbalance during the period of economic growth.

The service sector was one of the factors that aggravated inflation in the Russian economy in the post-Soviet period. The dynamics of price indices for its sectors shows that in the intangible sphere, prices throughout the entire period 1991-2003. grew faster than commodity prices. So, in 1991-1992. in the service sector prices increased 21 times (in industry - 18 times), and in 1992-1995. - 96 times (in industry - 91 times), and only in 2000-2003. this growth decreased to 15-30% per year (in industry - 5-14%).

The 1998 crisis had a positive effect on the ratio of price dynamics in the service sector and in the real sector, somewhat smoothing out the price situation, which was negative for the sectors of the real sector, that developed in 1990-1997. in favor of service industries. However, after 2000, the service industries again began to outpace the real sector of the economy in terms of price growth rates, and by 2003 the price indices for services exceeded the price indices for goods by almost 1.5 times (i.e., by about the same, by how much in 1995). In this way, " positive effect The 1998 crisis was over. In 2004-2005. the rise in prices for goods (primarily due to the rapidly growing prices for energy resources) for the first time exceeded the price dynamics in the service sector by an average of 10-14 percent. item for the period. But by 2006 this difference had decreased to 0.9 percent. P.

Generally speaking, the ratio of price dynamics for services and goods in the context of price liberalization was primarily influenced by pricing factors. When forming prices for goods, the manufacturer is guided by the cost price and the ratio of supply and demand. In the economic conditions that developed in the country in 1990-1998, aggregate demand was limited by the low paying capacity of the population and the branches of the real sector. At the same time, the formation of prices for most services has its own specifics due to the peculiar nature of the demand for this type of "product", primarily because services are produced directly at the time of consumption, that is, only when the consumer already "agrees" with the price ... It should also be noted that in many cases (this primarily concerns the services of transport, communications, trade intermediation and housing and communal services), service enterprises operate in a local monopoly market, which also allows them to set prices, focusing mainly not on demand. but at your own level of profitability.

Thus, the following pricing system operated on the market, primarily of "production" services: in conditions of high inflation and the collapse of the material and technical supply system, enterprises in the real sector were forced to turn to the services of resellers in order to sell as many products as possible for the shortest period. Resellers, due to objective reasons (high wage costs, high rents, increased tariffs for transportation and electricity), as well as often taking advantage of the position of a local monopolist and relying on their own ideas about profitability, set high prices for their services. In turn, enterprises of the real sector, deprived of working capital, were forced to turn to the services of financial intermediation.

Prices for financial intermediation services were determined, among other things, by the level of profitability of state valuable papers type GKO-OFZ. When deciding whether to issue a loan, banks and investors choose from two alternatives: either investing money in government bonds, which, according to the terms of circulation, are risk-free and highly profitable even with high inflation, or issue a loan to an enterprise, risking not getting it back. As a result, in the context of hyperinflation, prices for financial intermediary services also grew at a very high rate. Enterprises in the real sector found themselves “cornered” and had to pay for services at prices that grew faster than the prices of goods.

The level and dynamics of prices for services, along with prices for raw materials, redistributed national profits in favor of the service sector and extractive industries, thereby narrowing the opportunities for the development of high-tech manufacturing industries, which in turn hampered the development of the entire Russian economy.

During the period under review, not only the role of the service sector as a whole in the formation of GDP and in the functioning of the economy changed, but also the structure of the service sector itself (Fig. 2) 2, which was caused by the transition to market principles of management. Such traditional species activities, such as transport or housing and communal services, have reduced their output (and, accordingly, the share in the output of the service sector). The output of the communications industry has increased, which, in particular, is a consequence of the emergence and rapid development of mobile telephony in the country.

The most significant changes are related to the changing role of trade. If in 1990 the output of this industry was only about 17.5% of the output of the entire service sector, then in 2000 its share was already 39%, and in 2007 - 35%. This is due to the influence of several main factors. First, there was a need to expand this industry during the transition from planned to market economy, when all enterprises of the real sector needed the services of resellers to establish new inter-industrial relations. Secondly, most of the short-term investments (and in Russia the overwhelming majority of investments before 1998 were short-term) were directed specifically to the trade sector, since here the payback period is the lowest, which attracted investors in conditions of high inflation. At the same time, there was also such a phenomenon as holding gains, that is, a change in the value of goods as a result of an increase in prices during the time they were in stocks. Thus, trade enterprises were able to attract financial resources to increase the volume of services in order to meet the growing demand from the economy.

The choice of your business is largely determined by the economic prospects of a particular activity. A budding entrepreneur should pay attention to the rapidly developing sector of the Russian economy - the service sector.

The service sector is a set of activities aimed at the production and sale of services to the population.

Since the end of the nineties, the attitude of the state to the production and supply of services to the population has changed. Over the past years, the share of the service sector in GDP has noticeably increased, but nevertheless, Russia lags behind European countries and the United States in these parameters. For example, the US economy is sometimes called a service economy, since the share service in is 77%.

In addition, the service sector plays an important role in the employment of the population. The production of services in some cases does not require large investments and guarantees the creation of jobs and economic stability. In other cases, it will ensure the improvement and development of the industry.

Today, the service sector is significantly improving, new technologies are being introduced and modern forms service and interaction with customers, competition among service companies is also increasing.

The classifications and are varied according to the selected criteria. However, there are some that give a general idea of ​​this type of business as a service sector.

According to the criterion "needs of the population": services for benefits (consumer services, transport, communications), for benefits (education, science, physical culture and sports, art), production in social sphere(Housing and communal services, healthcare, trade).

According to the criterion of "tangibility - intangibility" Lovelock distinguishes:

a) services that are tangible actions that are aimed at the human body (health care, sports and tourism, catering, transport, beauty salons and hairdressers, etc.);

b) services that are tangible actions that are directed at other physical objects ( freight transport, veterinary services, equipment repair and maintenance, household services);

c) services that are intangible actions aimed at (media, information, education, cultural institutions);

d) services representing intangible actions with intangible assets (insurance, banks, legal services and others)

According to the criterion "economically significant prices" are divided into market (transport, trade, education, health care, household, financial intermediation and others) and non-market (science, free education and medicine, defense, management)

According to the criterion "object of service provision", the European Union distinguishes three types: a) for the consumer (auto repair, beauty salons, public catering, hotel business etc.); b) for business (legal, audit, consulting, information, computer, wholesale, other); c) for the consumer and business.

It is necessary to pay attention to such a factor in the development of the service sector as territorial distribution. Each region, due to its natural and ethnic characteristics, forms a certain set of consumer services. It should be noted that the volume paid services in Russia in recent years has increased markedly.

So, if the service sector is the final choice of a novice businessman, then it is necessary to have some features of services in the form. Services are produced and consumed at the same time, so their sale depends on the qualifications of the person. They are intangible, so consumer confidence is an important factor in the economic growth of an enterprise. There are difficulties in identifying and recording services.

The service sector is one of the three components of the economy, along with industry and agriculture. This term is understood as a set of branches of the national economy, the labor of workers who are directly aimed at creating special kind product consumed directly in the process of its production. The service sector includes all types of commercial and non-commercial services.

In the countries of the European Union and the United States, the share of those employed in the service sector is 74 and 81% of the total working-age population. In Japan, this figure reaches 71%, and in countries with undeveloped economies, the share of the service sector is less than 50%. For example, in Kyrgyzstan, this figure is 48%, and in Tajikistan, only 27% of the working-age population is employed in the service sector. IN Russian Federation in 2014, 65% of the citizens employed in the economy were employed in the service sector.

The total turnover of the service sector in 2014 amounted to 74.68 trillion. rubles. This amount does not include trade services, as well as services for the sale, repair and maintenance of cars, but it includes the turnover of communications and transport services. It should be noted that it increases every year, and the turnover in this area of ​​the economy has more than tripled over the past ten years. And compared to 2013, the growth in turnover in the service sector amounted to 7.78%. However, if we recalculate in 2013 prices, the growth will be much more modest, just over 1%.

As for the distribution of turnover in the service sector among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the largest turnover falls on the Central Federal District - 33.7% of the total, and the smallest in the North Caucasian Federal District - 4.3%. In general, the share of each district as a percentage of the turnover of the service sector in the Russian Federation is as follows:

• Central Federal District - 33.7%
• Volga Federal District - 17.5%
• Northwestern Federal District - 10.7%
• Siberian Federal District - 9.9%
• Southern Federal District - 9.2%
• Ural Federal District - 8.4%
• Far Eastern Federal District - 6.2%
• North Caucasian Federal District - 4.4%

The structure of the service sector (excluding trade services) includes 10 main areas. At the end of 2014, the largest turnover was recorded in the provision of housing and communal services - 20.22 trillion. rubles. In addition, the leading five include transport services, communication services, personal services, as well as paid medical services... In general, the structure of the service sector as a percentage of the total amount looks like this:

• Housing utilities – 26.9%
• Transport services - 18.6%
• Communication services - 17%
• Personal services - 10.8%
• Health care services - 7.8%
• Education services - 6.5%
• Hotel and tourist services – 4.4%
• Culture services, as well as physical culture and sports - 2.1%
• Legal services - 1.3%
• Social services for people with disabilities and elderly people - 0.3%
• Other services - 4.3%

In monetary terms, an average of 51.1 thousand rubles were rendered per person in Russia in 2014. This is 6% more than in 2013. Most of all services were rendered in housing and communal services - in the amount of 13.84 thousand rubles per person.

Of the 65% of workers employed in the service sector, most of all are in trade - 24.6% of all those employed in this. The second place is occupied by transport and communication services, in general, 15.3% of workers in the industry work here. The third place is taken by the services of the education system - about 13.8% of those employed in the service sector.

In the service sector, salaries are generally below the national average. But in some segments of this type of activity, they are quite high. For example, in the financial services sector, the average salary is 66,605 rubles, which is more than 2 times higher than the national average. And in general, by segments in the service sector, the average salary is distributed as follows:

• Financial services - 66,605 rubles.
• Public administration and social insurance- 40,219 rubles.
• Transport and communications - 36,769 rubles.
• Real estate transactions - 36,520 rubles.
• Housing and communal services - 27,430 rubles.
• Health care - 26 450 rubles.
• Education system - 25,096 rubles.
• Hotel services and restaurants - 19 720 rubles.
• The average salary in the country in 2014 was 32,600 rubles.

Housing and communal services

This type of service occupies the largest share in the total turnover of the entire service sector - 26.9%. Of these, the share of housing services accounted for 5.7%, and the share of utilities - 21.5%. In monetary terms, this is 420 billion rubles and 1572 billion rubles, respectively. At the same time, it should be noted that housing and communal services are interrelated and cannot be provided independently of each other.

Housing and communal services are a type of service provided to the consumer to improve comfortable living conditions. TO housing services includes services that are provided to maintain the proper technical condition of buildings, structures and equipment. In addition, this category of services includes landscaping and landscaping.

Utilities are economic activities aimed at providing the consumer with cold and hot water, sewerage, electricity and gas supply. In addition, the structure of utilities often includes export household waste... In the structure of utility bills, payments for heating and electricity prevail, 34.7% and 22.4%, respectively.

Every year the tariffs for utility bills are increasing, and therefore the turnover of utility services is growing. In 2014, compared to 2013, the turnover increased by 19%. For 2015, the Government of the Russian Federation provides for a program to increase tariffs for housing and communal services (except for electricity) only in the second half of the year. Moreover, the growth indices for each subject of the Russian Federation are different. The largest increase in tariffs is provided in the Belgorod region by 14%, the Republic of Tatarstan - by 13.6% and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - 12.9%. The smallest increase in prices for utilities is planned in the Kemerovo region - 6.1%, the Republic of Khakassia - 6.5% and the Amur region - 6.6%.

As far as electricity is concerned, here also, each constituent entity of the Russian Federation has its own tariffs. When analyzed in the context of Federal Districts, the highest cost of kW / h of electricity in the Central Federal District is 3.17 rubles. And the smallest in the Siberian Federal District - 1.78 rubles per 1 kW / h. It should be noted that compared to the beginning of 2015, in the 1st quarter of 2015, electricity prices increased in the two Federal Districts, Privolzhsky and Siberian, by 1.68% and 1.13%, respectively. And the largest price decrease was recorded in the Far Eastern Federal District - 6.1%. As of the 1st quarter of 2015, the prices for 1 kW / h of electricity for the population in the Federal Districts of the Russian Federation are as follows:

• Central Federal District - 3.17 rubles.
• Southern Federal District - 3.1 rubles.
• Northwestern Federal District - 2.76 rubles
• Far Eastern Federal District - 2.64 rubles.
• North Caucasian Federal District - 2.42 rubles.
• Volga Federal District - 2.41 rubles.
• Ural Federal District - 1.87 rubles.
• Siberian Federal District - 1.78 rubles.

1. Studies in macroeconomics.

When I read textbooks on macroeconomics, I am reminded of a lecture course in psychiatry that I took when I was a medical student in my youth. Most often, I remember a classic type of mental impairment called "paralogical thinking". This is a way of reasoning as in the well-known anecdote: "the box is square, which means it contains a round one. If it is round, then it is orange. Well, if it is orange, then it is an orange!"

Don't believe me? Then I will cite a well-known life situation: in one country, for example, a million cubic meters of industrial timber was produced, a million tons of pig iron were cast and a billion cans of pork stew and condensed milk were rolled up in case of hunger. Let's say that all of this is worth a trillion dollars and constitutes the gross national product. After a couple of decades, the GNP of this country increased fivefold. And in fact, four trillion were made of erotic massages, manicures, pedicures, hair styling and makeup, and another trillion served visitors in strip bars and topless cafes. Cast iron, condensed milk and stew were imported from abroad in wooden boxes, which were used instead of wood, which they did not chop and saw themselves. Paid in dollars as usual. They printed a lot of dollars so that there would be enough for everyone.

What, in this case, should the author of a normal macroeconomics textbook explain to me? He must show me on his fingers why it has become unprofitable in the country to produce wood, cast iron, stew and condensed milk; why they began to do erotic massages instead, and why trading partners still accept paper dollars for payment and give them stew and condensed milk, although these dollars are no longer provided with anything other than erotic massage.

The Economic Dictionary defines the concept of "services" as "any intangible economic activity(hairdressing salons, catering, insurance, banking, etc.) that directly or indirectly contribute to the satisfaction of human needs ”1. In the mass perception, the concept of "services" is identified with a complex of high-tech and intellectual financial, business services, with the branches of science, education, and healthcare.

Wherein services sector is considered not as a single industry, but as a large-scale sector of the economy with a complex structure, which is reflected in the definition of the term "service sector". As the researchers write, the service sector should be considered “not as a special branch of the national economy, characterized by a certain content of specific labor, but as a special, most promising area economies with specific subject-subject relations and connections in exchange ”. Another definition sounds like this: "the service sector is a set of industries, sub-sectors and types of activity, the functional purpose of which in the system of social production is expressed in the production and sale of services and spiritual benefits for the population" (as well as for production and society as a whole).

Indeed, the modern service industry includes a large number of "industries, sub-industries and activities", grouped together using different classifications. For example, the WTO identifies more than 150 types of services classified into 12 sectors:

• 1) business services;
• 2) communication services;
• 3) construction and related engineering services;
• 4) distribution services;
• 5) educational services;
• 6) financial services;
• 7) services related to protection environment;
• 8) services in the field of health care;
• 9) services in the field of social security;
• 10) travel services;
• 11) services related to the organization of leisure, cultural and sports events;
• 12) transport and others not included in the listed ones. Also in world practice, the OECD classification is widely used.

In Russia, service activities are determined on the basis of two classifiers: the All-Russian classifier of types of economic activity and the All-Russian classifier of services to the population. They differ from each other, firstly, in the principle of combining various types of services in a category, and secondly, in the approach to assigning certain types activities to the service sector or to industrial production. This leads to certain contradictions and inaccuracies in statistics, complicates the analysis economic activity, exchange of information, including at the international level.

In the post-industrial economy, the service sector becomes a system-forming sector of the economy. It is in this area that 70-80% of GDP is produced in developed countries today, it is this area that is the main place for the application of labor resources. high level education, qualifications and provides the predominant number of jobs in the economy. In developed countries, the service sector accounts for more than 70% of the employed and more than 2/3 of capital investment. Modern information and communication technologies are especially actively used in the service sector. In recent decades, the service sector has been gaining stable positions in the world economy, and international trade in services has been developing. Currently, it is estimated World Bank, the share of income from the service sector in the structure of world GDP is about 68%. All this gives scientists reason to call the modern economy a service economy, or a service economy.

The scale and features of the development of the service sector, or the service economy, just allow us to characterize the current stage of economic development as postindustrial. However, in different countries the world level of development of the service sector is different. Researchers distinguish four groups of countries, using the share of service revenues in GDP as a criterion for differences. TO first group they include countries in whose GDP the share of income from the service sector is over 70% (Great Britain, Luxembourg, USA, Denmark, France, Netherlands). In second group they include countries with an indicator value of 65-70% (Austria, Italy, Finland, Spain). Third group countries are countries such as Norway, Costa Rica, Chile, Colombia. The share of income from the service sector in the GDP of these countries is 50-65%. This group includes Russia, where in 2004 the share of revenues from the service sector amounted to about 52% of GDP. TO fourth group include countries with a value of less than 50% (Burundi, Botswana, Ghana, Mali, etc.).

The upward trend in the service economy emerged in the developed countries of the world back in the 1970s. For example, in Denmark already in 1975 the share of income from the service sector in GDP was 76.5%. However, this trend was predicted much earlier. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. F. Quesnay, A. Smith, K. Marx, A. Marshall addressed the issue of services from the standpoint of economic theory. Since the 1930-1940s. the concepts of economic development of society are being developed, taking into account the shift in emphasis from the sphere of industrial production to the service sphere of the economy. For example, the authors of the theory of structural changes A.J.B. Fisher and K. Clarke distinguish three sectors of social production. They refer to the primary sector as industries related to obtaining primary resources (agriculture and mining), to the secondary sector - manufacturing and construction, while the tertiary sector is represented by the service sector.

W. Rostow identifies five stages of economic development (growth). Each stage is determined by the level of development of technology, sectoral structure economy, consumption structure. The first stage - "traditional society" - is different high proportion Agriculture in the production of gross product, low level of technology development. The second stage - "the period of prerequisites for take-off" - is associated with the development of trade, penetration of the achievements of science and technology into agricultural production. The third stage - "take-off" - is associated with the industrial revolution. The fourth stage - "movement to maturity" - is characterized by the rapid development of science, industry, the emergence of new industries, an increase in the share of skilled labor. W. Rostow calls the fifth stage the “era of mass consumption”: at this stage of development, the economy is subordinated to the tasks of personal consumption and the economy of services, rather than industry, begins to play the main role.

A prominent place in a number of studies on the topic of "post-industrial society" is occupied by the works of D. Bell, in which the author identifies three stages of economic development: pre-industrial, industrial, post-industrial. According to D. Bell, the transition from an industrial society to a post-industrial one goes through a number of stages, and at each stage the importance of the service sector increases. At the first stage, industrial development promotes the expansion of transport and other services related to the movement of goods. The second stage is associated with the expansion of the distribution sphere, i.e. wholesale and retail, financial sphere, insurance services in conditions of mass consumption of material goods. At the third stage, with the growth of national income, the demand for intangible goods also grows: educational, medical, environmental services, services related to the field of recreation and leisure.

Researchers note that the rapid development of the service economy is due to a number of factors associated with various aspects of society. This and new policy states, and the scientific and technological revolution (STR), and the transition of the economy to a new technological order, the basis of which is ICT, and business development trends, and social changes, and the processes of internationalization and globalization, and the growth of openness of national economies.

Thus, the state influences the service sector, on the one hand, by easing regulation or even deregulation of such industries as transport, telecommunications, insurance, and on the other, by tightening legislation in matters of environmental protection and consumer protection. Scientific and technological revolution leads to the emergence of a whole range of innovative services related to ICT, which removes barriers to the provision of services at a distance, stimulates the development of the world market for services. The progress of technology is accompanied by qualitative shifts in the systems of organization, management and production structure. Speaking about new trends in business development, it should be noted the expansion of service activities by enterprises, the spread of franchising, greater attention to consumer needs, increased requirements for hiring personnel. Social change are expressed in the growth of incomes of the population and a corresponding change in the structure of expenses and lifestyle 1. The integration of countries into the world trade and cultural space affects a whole range of services: transport, financial, tourism, medical, educational, telecommunications, etc.

International trade in services is governed by the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which aims to reduce government measures that impede the free movement of services across borders or discriminate against service companies formed with foreign capital. Since most services are invisible, intangible, the trade in services is often called "invisible" exports and imports. All theories of the international division of labor and international trade (D. Ricardo's theory of relative advantages, A. Smith's theory of absolute advantages, etc.) are applicable to trade in services in the same way as to trade in goods.

Speaking about international trade in services, they mean the following options for their delivery. Firstly, cross-border supply: delivery of services from the territory of the country where the supplier is located to the territory of the country where the consumer is located (distance learning). Secondly, consumption abroad, which involves the movement of the consumer (or the movement of his property) to the country where the service is provided (travel services, medical clinic services). The third method of delivery involves moving natural person- a service provider to the territory of the country where the consumers of the service are located (services of a specialist, doctor, teacher). The fourth way assumes commercial presence one country on the territory of another, where the service is provided.

In recent years, the service sector has undergone qualitative changes. First, the role and importance of “knowledge-intensive” branches of the service economy (education, R&D, healthcare, finance, telecommunications) has increased. Secondly, the active use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress has changed the technology of providing traditional services. For example, appeared Email, distance learning, online shopping, etc. Third, services have become full-fledged objects of international trade. According to the WTO, for the period 1980-2005. global export of commercial services increased 6.7 times (from $ 362 billion to $ 2,414.7 billion). At the same time, the import and export of services can either be independent or accompany trade in goods on the world market (insurance, banking, consulting services).

The leader in trade in services is the United States, whose share in world exports and imports of commercial services in 2005 was 14.6% and 12.2%, respectively. This is followed by France, Great Britain, Germany, Japan. But if in Great Britain, France, the export of services exceeds their imports, then Germany, Japan are among the countries in which there is an excess of imports of services over their exports. In 2005, Russia's share in world exports and imports of services was 1.0% and 1.6%, respectively 1.

The service sector in each country is individual and unique. With the development of world trade in services, international competition in this area also increases. Some countries have already taken solid positions in their niches. Researchers talk about Swiss banking system and plastic surgery, about the English insurance industry and the auction trade, about the American system of business education and the hospitality industry. Singapore is the world's financial center, while Mexico specializes in tourism services.

• Dictionary of Economics: translation from English. / ed. P.A. Vatnik. SPb .: Economic School, 1998.S. 611.
• Klikich L.M. Service Industry Evolution: A Non-Equilibrium Approach. М „2004. S. 18.
• Rutgayzer V.M., Koryagina T.I., Arbuzova T.I. and others. Service sector. New development concept. M., 1990.S. 5.
• In accordance with the pattern discovered in the 19th century. E. Engel and dubbed "Engel's Law", income growth leads to a decrease in the share of consumer spending on basic necessities and an increase in the share of spending on luxury goods and recreation.
• Commercial presence is understood as the creation or acquisition of a branch, representative office, institution, i.e. legal entity, for example, the activities of a foreign bank, a foreign insurance company, a service company in the territory of another country.